Neuroscience Throughout Psychology
4300BC - 2024
1873
170 BC
1800
1664
1921
1849
1897
1758
1596
4300 BC
Greek Galen
Cerebri Anatome
Neurotransmitters
Challenges
Camillo Golgi
The Speed of Nerves
Synapse
Rene Descartes
Ancient Egypt
Franz Joseph Gall
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Braedon Mondragon, Park University, PS404: History and Systems of Psychology, Dr. Beryl Mandernach
Neuroscience Throughout Psychology
4300BC - 2024
1980
2010s
2022
2000
Beyond
2024
2020
2002
1990
1971
Neuroplasticity
Emergence of AI
ChatGPT
Connectomics
Open Opportunities
Recent Research
Creating Conversation
Neuroethics
MRI
The Human Genome Project
+info
+info
+info
+info
+info
Braedon Mondragon, Park University, PS404: History and Systems of Psychology, Dr. Beryl Mandernach
2020
Premiering in 2020, Dr. Andrew Huberman began his widely popular HubermanLab Podcast. Huberman is an American neuroscientist and professor at Stanford University, overseeing a research lab at the campus. He often invites on experts in the fields of medicine, psychology, and other sciences to discuss topics and research. With over 5 million followers on Instagram, he is a popular figure in the field and commonly promotes things like biohacking. This is a way to improve aspects of your life through changes made to your chemistry and physiology, usually through scientifically supported evidence.
HubermanLab Podcast
210 - 130 BC
Greek Physician Galen
The well renowned Greek Galen served multiple Roman Emporers during his time as a physician. He waas one of the first to draw the conclusion that the brain was the organ responsible for behaviors, not the heart.
1758 - 1828
Phrenology
By the 18th century, new and exciting theories and expirements throughout the field of psychology had emerged. The German anatomist and physiologist Franz Joseph Gall was one of the first to heavily study and teach what he called phrenology, or the way that skull shape and head structures could be indicative of personality traits, characteristics, or behaviors.
2010s
A New and Scary Intelligence
Even though the term Artificial Intelligence (AI) had been around since the 1950s, advacements in technology allowed for groundbreaking reveals of different AI systems. One famous project, beginning in 1990, was a robot named Kismet, that could mimic human emotions. Throughout the 2010s, AI programs skyrocketted in popularity and fuctionality.
4300 BC
Ancient Egypt
While ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, mostly regarded the heart as the most important organ of the body, which was thought to contain the soul, they also recognized the importance of the brain.
1800 - 1900s
Challenging the Church
Throughout the early days of psychology and neuroscience, many theorists had a difficult time sharing their ideas, as most of them directly conflicted with the current beliefs in the Church, which held a lot of power.
1990
International Research
Adopted by the United States in 1984 and beginning in 1990, the Humane Genome Project (HGP) conducted research at an international level with the goal of identifying and mapping all of the genes in the human genome. The project lasted for 13 years and ended with a stated 92% of the human genome being mapped. Researchers from across the US, UK, France, China, and Germany contibuted to the project, and the HGP is still the largest scientific collaboration project in the world.
1821 - 1894
Hermann Van Helmholtz
A German physicist, Helmholtz, made major discoveries in calculating the speed of nerve signal fibers by using a galvanometer, needle and mirror to reflect light across a room. He also studied aspects of sensory perception and ophthalmology.
1921
Otto Loewi
Loewi was a German pharmacologist who conducted an expirement on the vagus nerves of frogs. He found that by changing the amount of saline solution used to stimulate the nerve, the frog's heart rate could be controlled. He was credited for the discovery of the first known neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
ChatGPT
2022
An AI chatbot called ChatGPT had been around for a few years at this point, however, with the release of GPT-3 in 2022, the full effects and influence of a comprehensive language learning model (LLM) AI were realized. Users could reliably direct conversations and intentions of the LLM, which had the ability to search the internet for sources of information in real-time, and much faster than a human could. Ethical and security issues continue to dominate the field of AI, with concerns about rogue and sentient AI being brought up
1857 - 1952
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Sherrington, a British neurophysiologist, proposed the term synapse for the connection between neurons that allows a signal to be shared. His work made significant contributions to the study and understanding of reflexes. He would go on to win a Nobel Prize in 1932.
2024
Current Studies
As recently as this year, studies in neuroscience have made pivitol discoveries pertaining to disease treatment. While dopamine was thought to be the sole neurotransmitter responsible for motor control, research from UC Irvine has found links to opthalmic acid acting in a similar manner. Discoveries like these can help patients with Parkinson's Disease with new treatment options.
2000
Connectomics
The extreme and rapid advancements in technology through the 20th century opened up many different avenues for neuroscience study. With improvements to things like MRI, EEG, MEG, and electron microscopes, scientific study of individual genes and other microscopic research could be conducted. Connectomics specifically refers to the study and mapping of the connections within the nervous system.
1971
New Technology
By the 1970s, new imaging technology began emerging. Paul Lauterbur, an American chemist, began discovering new ways to utilize magnetic field gradients to capture images. He began with pictures of tubes of water, then a clam, and finally the thoracic cavity of a mouse.
1843 - 1926
Camillo Golgi
The Italian biologist made many influential contributions to early neuroscience through his work on the Golgi staining method. Through this method, it became possible to vizualize the tissues of the nervous system under light microscopy. This work, along with a number of other important discoveries, led to his Nobel Prize in 1906.
2002
Considerations Moving Forward
Every field struggles with ethical questions, especially at the start. Neuroscience has faced many controversial issues throughout its history, particularly during some of the Nazi studies performed in WWII. Societies and associations specifically focused on the ethics of neuroscience began emerging to address these issues through publications and meetings.
2024+
The Future of Neuroscience
With a history of controversy and slow adoption within the general field, neuroscience has pushed the boundaries and limitations for centuries. Most new discoveries within the field are often thought to lack credibility and are often labeled as psuedoscience. While this may be true in some aspect, a comprehensive look at its history has shown that even ideas that are rejected today played a major role in the progression of neuroscience. Technological advancements continue to push the limits of our understanding and abilities within the field.
1980
An Idea That Took Decades
While the idea of neuroplasticity had been studied since the 1920s, it was laregly rejected within the community. By the 70s and 80s, enough research had found evidence of the theory to cause significant advacements and a more general acceptance of the idea. With a solid foundation of research findings from those like Lashley, Gonzalo, Diamond, and Franz, one of the more modern pioneers is Michael Merzenich, who is highly awarded throughout science and medicine.
1596 - 1650
Rene Descartes
While Descartes was an extremely influencial mathematician, and well versed in metaphysics, he was most importanly a physiologist. It was in this field that most of his notable contributions towards the study of neuroscience were made. Descartes was the first to argue that mechanical processes themselves could be the root of observable behaviors.
1621 - 1675
Thomas Willis
Another influential anatomist was Thomas Willis, an English physician. One of his most notable contributions came from his discovery of the Circle of Willis, which is the bundle of arteries at the base of the brain. He was also the first to introduce the term neurology through his work in Cerebri anatome in 1664.
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Transcript
Neuroscience Throughout Psychology
4300BC - 2024
1873
170 BC
1800
1664
1921
1849
1897
1758
1596
4300 BC
Greek Galen
Cerebri Anatome
Neurotransmitters
Challenges
Camillo Golgi
The Speed of Nerves
Synapse
Rene Descartes
Ancient Egypt
Franz Joseph Gall
+info
+info
+info
+info
+info
Braedon Mondragon, Park University, PS404: History and Systems of Psychology, Dr. Beryl Mandernach
Neuroscience Throughout Psychology
4300BC - 2024
1980
2010s
2022
2000
Beyond
2024
2020
2002
1990
1971
Neuroplasticity
Emergence of AI
ChatGPT
Connectomics
Open Opportunities
Recent Research
Creating Conversation
Neuroethics
MRI
The Human Genome Project
+info
+info
+info
+info
+info
Braedon Mondragon, Park University, PS404: History and Systems of Psychology, Dr. Beryl Mandernach
2020
Premiering in 2020, Dr. Andrew Huberman began his widely popular HubermanLab Podcast. Huberman is an American neuroscientist and professor at Stanford University, overseeing a research lab at the campus. He often invites on experts in the fields of medicine, psychology, and other sciences to discuss topics and research. With over 5 million followers on Instagram, he is a popular figure in the field and commonly promotes things like biohacking. This is a way to improve aspects of your life through changes made to your chemistry and physiology, usually through scientifically supported evidence.
HubermanLab Podcast
210 - 130 BC
Greek Physician Galen
The well renowned Greek Galen served multiple Roman Emporers during his time as a physician. He waas one of the first to draw the conclusion that the brain was the organ responsible for behaviors, not the heart.
1758 - 1828
Phrenology
By the 18th century, new and exciting theories and expirements throughout the field of psychology had emerged. The German anatomist and physiologist Franz Joseph Gall was one of the first to heavily study and teach what he called phrenology, or the way that skull shape and head structures could be indicative of personality traits, characteristics, or behaviors.
2010s
A New and Scary Intelligence
Even though the term Artificial Intelligence (AI) had been around since the 1950s, advacements in technology allowed for groundbreaking reveals of different AI systems. One famous project, beginning in 1990, was a robot named Kismet, that could mimic human emotions. Throughout the 2010s, AI programs skyrocketted in popularity and fuctionality.
4300 BC
Ancient Egypt
While ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, mostly regarded the heart as the most important organ of the body, which was thought to contain the soul, they also recognized the importance of the brain.
1800 - 1900s
Challenging the Church
Throughout the early days of psychology and neuroscience, many theorists had a difficult time sharing their ideas, as most of them directly conflicted with the current beliefs in the Church, which held a lot of power.
1990
International Research
Adopted by the United States in 1984 and beginning in 1990, the Humane Genome Project (HGP) conducted research at an international level with the goal of identifying and mapping all of the genes in the human genome. The project lasted for 13 years and ended with a stated 92% of the human genome being mapped. Researchers from across the US, UK, France, China, and Germany contibuted to the project, and the HGP is still the largest scientific collaboration project in the world.
1821 - 1894
Hermann Van Helmholtz
A German physicist, Helmholtz, made major discoveries in calculating the speed of nerve signal fibers by using a galvanometer, needle and mirror to reflect light across a room. He also studied aspects of sensory perception and ophthalmology.
1921
Otto Loewi
Loewi was a German pharmacologist who conducted an expirement on the vagus nerves of frogs. He found that by changing the amount of saline solution used to stimulate the nerve, the frog's heart rate could be controlled. He was credited for the discovery of the first known neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
ChatGPT
2022
An AI chatbot called ChatGPT had been around for a few years at this point, however, with the release of GPT-3 in 2022, the full effects and influence of a comprehensive language learning model (LLM) AI were realized. Users could reliably direct conversations and intentions of the LLM, which had the ability to search the internet for sources of information in real-time, and much faster than a human could. Ethical and security issues continue to dominate the field of AI, with concerns about rogue and sentient AI being brought up
1857 - 1952
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Sherrington, a British neurophysiologist, proposed the term synapse for the connection between neurons that allows a signal to be shared. His work made significant contributions to the study and understanding of reflexes. He would go on to win a Nobel Prize in 1932.
2024
Current Studies
As recently as this year, studies in neuroscience have made pivitol discoveries pertaining to disease treatment. While dopamine was thought to be the sole neurotransmitter responsible for motor control, research from UC Irvine has found links to opthalmic acid acting in a similar manner. Discoveries like these can help patients with Parkinson's Disease with new treatment options.
2000
Connectomics
The extreme and rapid advancements in technology through the 20th century opened up many different avenues for neuroscience study. With improvements to things like MRI, EEG, MEG, and electron microscopes, scientific study of individual genes and other microscopic research could be conducted. Connectomics specifically refers to the study and mapping of the connections within the nervous system.
1971
New Technology
By the 1970s, new imaging technology began emerging. Paul Lauterbur, an American chemist, began discovering new ways to utilize magnetic field gradients to capture images. He began with pictures of tubes of water, then a clam, and finally the thoracic cavity of a mouse.
1843 - 1926
Camillo Golgi
The Italian biologist made many influential contributions to early neuroscience through his work on the Golgi staining method. Through this method, it became possible to vizualize the tissues of the nervous system under light microscopy. This work, along with a number of other important discoveries, led to his Nobel Prize in 1906.
2002
Considerations Moving Forward
Every field struggles with ethical questions, especially at the start. Neuroscience has faced many controversial issues throughout its history, particularly during some of the Nazi studies performed in WWII. Societies and associations specifically focused on the ethics of neuroscience began emerging to address these issues through publications and meetings.
2024+
The Future of Neuroscience
With a history of controversy and slow adoption within the general field, neuroscience has pushed the boundaries and limitations for centuries. Most new discoveries within the field are often thought to lack credibility and are often labeled as psuedoscience. While this may be true in some aspect, a comprehensive look at its history has shown that even ideas that are rejected today played a major role in the progression of neuroscience. Technological advancements continue to push the limits of our understanding and abilities within the field.
1980
An Idea That Took Decades
While the idea of neuroplasticity had been studied since the 1920s, it was laregly rejected within the community. By the 70s and 80s, enough research had found evidence of the theory to cause significant advacements and a more general acceptance of the idea. With a solid foundation of research findings from those like Lashley, Gonzalo, Diamond, and Franz, one of the more modern pioneers is Michael Merzenich, who is highly awarded throughout science and medicine.
1596 - 1650
Rene Descartes
While Descartes was an extremely influencial mathematician, and well versed in metaphysics, he was most importanly a physiologist. It was in this field that most of his notable contributions towards the study of neuroscience were made. Descartes was the first to argue that mechanical processes themselves could be the root of observable behaviors.
1621 - 1675
Thomas Willis
Another influential anatomist was Thomas Willis, an English physician. One of his most notable contributions came from his discovery of the Circle of Willis, which is the bundle of arteries at the base of the brain. He was also the first to introduce the term neurology through his work in Cerebri anatome in 1664.