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Learning Theories

By: Kimberly Magana

Connectivism

Adult Learning Theory

Sociocultural Theory

Connectivism

Connectivism, a relatively recent learning theory, was introduced by George Siemens to address how learning occurs in the digital age. The theory proposes that learning happens through the creation and maintenance of connections within networks, encompassing both social relationships and digital technologies (Siemens, 2005). Unlike traditional theories, connectivism views knowledge as distributed across various nodes, and learning as the ability to form and navigate these connections. It emphasizes the importance of technology in the learning process, reflecting the increasingly interconnected nature of today’s world.

Types of Learning and How it Occurs

Major Theorist

Role of Memory

Socialcultural Theory

Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in shaping cognitive development. This theory suggests that learning is inherently a social process, where individuals construct knowledge through interactions with others and through the use of cultural tools, such as language. Vygotsky believed that the environment, particularly the people within it, plays a critical role in helping learners develop new skills and understandings, making collaboration and community central components of the learning process (Vygotsky, 1978).

Types of Learning and How it Occurs

Major Theorist

Role of Memory

Adult Learning Theory (Andragogy)

Adult learning theory, or andragogy, was popularized by Malcolm Knowles and focuses on understanding how adults learn differently from children. Knowles emphasized that adult learners are self-directed, goal-oriented, and learn best when the material is applicable to their real-world experiences (Knowles, 1980). The theory highlights the importance of leveraging adults’ prior knowledge and experiences to enhance learning, along with promoting autonomy and practical application, making it highly suitable for adult education and professional development.

Types of Learning and How it Occurs

Major Theorist

Role of Memory

References: Daniels, H. (2016). Vygotsky and pedagogy. Routledge. Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1064-1069. Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. Cambridge Adult Education. Merriam, S. B., & Bierema, L. L. (2014). Adult learning: Linking theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons. Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

How Learning Occurs and Types of Learning

Learning in connectivism occurs by building and nurturing networks, which involve connecting with people and technology to acquire and share information. This type of learning is ideal for informal environments and digital settings where knowledge is rapidly changing (Goldie, 2016). Connectivism is especially relevant in today’s interconnected society, where digital tools allow learners to access, share, and apply information on demand.

Role of Memory

In sociocultural theory, memory is enhanced through social interaction, language, and scaffolding provided by others. Vygotsky's perspective suggests that memory is developed as learners participate in culturally meaningful activities and collaborate with peers and more knowledgeable individuals (Vygotsky, 1978). Social context is crucial, as it enables the internalization of new information and skills through meaningful interaction and communication.

Major Theorist and Characteristics

Malcolm Knowles, who is closely associated with adult learning theory, also known as andragogy, emphasizes that adult learners are self-directed and learn best when the material is relevant to their real-life situations. Knowles highlights that leveraging the experiences of adult learners is crucial for effective learning, as it connects new information to prior knowledge.

Major Theorist and Characteristics

George Siemens, the major theorist of connectivism, suggests that learning occurs by forming connections between different nodes, which can include both social interactions and digital resources. Siemens' theory emphasizes the importance of networks and technology in facilitating the learning process.

How Learning Occurs and Types of Learning

Learning in adult learning theory takes place through self-directed activities, reflection, and practical application. Adults are motivated by learning opportunities that directly affect their personal and professional situations (Merriam & Bierema, 2014). This theory is particularly effective for experiential learning, professional development, and situations where real-world applications and learner autonomy are central to the learning process.

Major Theorist and Characteristics

Lev Vygotsky is the major theorist associated with sociocultural theory, which emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in learning. According to Vygotsky, learning is mediated by language and cultural tools, highlighting the importance of collaborative activities and guided participation.

Role of Memory

In connectivism, memory is viewed as being distributed across a network rather than stored solely within the individual. Siemens (2005) argued that memory relies on the ability to access and make connections between various information nodes, whether human or digital. This approach suggests that learning is not only about retaining information but also about developing the capacity to connect and interact with diverse information sources.

Role of Memory

In adult learning theory, memory is closely related to relevance and prior experience. Knowles (1980) highlighted that adults remember information best when it has practical applications in their personal or professional lives. Adults often rely on past experiences to understand and connect with new concepts, emphasizing the role of experience and relevance in memory retention.

How Learning Occurs and Types of Learning

Learning in sociocultural theory occurs through collaboration, where learners engage in activities alongside those who provide guidance, such as teachers or peers. It is primarily dependent on social environments, with cultural tools and language serving as the means for knowledge construction. This theory best explains learning through social experiences, language acquisition, and collaborative tasks that involve cultural immersion (Daniels, 2016).