English Grammar & Use - B1+ Suite
B1 Base
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PRESENT PERFECT
FOUNDATION MODULE1
- The Meaning of 'Perfect'
- Perfect Points of View
- Be Kind to Present Perfect
OUTCOME STATEMENT: Develop a clear undestanding of what Perfect is so that this knoweledge can guide you in its use. Deeper knowledge of signalling words used with Perfect tense
STUDY TIME: 40 Mins QUIZ: 30 Questions
PRESENT PERFECT
FOUNDATIONS1
- The Meaning of 'Perfect'
- Perfect Points of View
- Be Kind to Present Perfect
1. Definitions
- What 'Perfect' means
- What POVs are
- Timestamps
2. POVs in Present Perfect
3. Be Kind to Present Perfect
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 1 of 5
Welcome to the module We are goint to look at
- What the term 'Perfect' actually means in the context of 'Present Perfect'
- Words used with Present Perfect that show the speaker's point of view about time
This module covers only the Present Perfect, but is part of a module series that also covers the Past and Future Perfect forms. So let's start with what 'Perfect' means...
Don't worry if you don't follow all the speech bubbles on the animation: there is a review when the timer reaches zero
SOMETHING COMPLETED...
PRESENT PERFECT
...BEFORE, IN or DURINGPRESENT TIME
I've finished my work so I'm going home now.
Finished my work
Goinghomenow
Now we know what 'Perfect' means and that Present Perfect is used to combine something 'past' with NOW Have a look at the graphic below, then when you are ready, click NEXT
The Meaning of the word 'Perfect' in 'Perfect Tenses'
NEXT
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 2 of 5
OK, we have defined the meaning of 'Perfect' so it's time to take a look at
- Points of View (POV): the ways we 'look at' time
- Timestamps
Have a look at the meanings of POV
POV
TIMESTAMP
??
NEXT: POV Phrases
Signalling Words
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 3 of 5
Here are the two main POVs & their associated
POV 1. LOOKING FORWARD from one point in time to another point in time
This POV is indicated by the words: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP) & BY (TIMESTAMP)
These POV words create a continuous period between a start point and an end point
END POINT= NOW
START POINT9am
I have been here since 9am and up to now I have received 100 emails so far!
Up to now, I have written 25 pages of the report.
I haven't seen him so far today.
POV 2. LOOKING BACKWARD from NOW to YOUR BIRTH
START POINT= NOW
END POINT= BIRTH
This POV is indicated by the word: BEFORE (TIMESTAMP)
This POV word creates a block of time moving backwards from the start point NOW to the end point YOUR BIRTH
I have been to Paris many times before.
I haven't ever worked before!
Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris1998 2004 2008 2012 2016 2018
NO WORK DONE IN THIS BLOCK OF TIME
NO W
NO W
BI R T H
BI R T H
My
My
It's time to investigate the POVs with Present Perfect in more detail
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 4 of 5
ReviewGraphic 1
ReviewGraphic 2
Now let's see the signal words in action, click 1 to start
Click each panel for detail
LOOKING BACK from
PRESENT PERFECT:
NOW
1. BEFORE (NO TIMESTAMP)
e.g. I have done this many times before. I have never been here before.
2. BEFORE (NOW)
e.g. I have done this many times before now. I have never been here before now.
BEFORE NOW or BEFORE?' 'now' isn't needed in PRESENT PERFECT because it's implied, However, it is often used for emphasis.
Please call me before you have left the office!
Before followed by a Present Simple or PresentPerfect verb has a future meaning!
DO NOT USE 'WILL': 'Call me before you will leave the office' is wrong!
PRESENT PERFECT: Before with 'future' meaning
LOOKING FORWARD to
PRESENT PERFECT:
NOW
UP TO (TIMESTAMP)
SO FAR
SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
BY (TIMESTAMP)
WHEN?
Deeper Dives!
WorksheetDownload
Click the buttons for a much deeper look at:
UP TO
BEFORE
When you are ready, click to move on
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 5 of 5
Dear readers, I hope I'm not insulting your intelligence when I remind you again that PRESENT PERFECT is a PRESENT TENSE! Just reflect on the implications of that for a second. A lot of errors in the use of Present Perfect happen because people try to use words that reference the PAST, i.e. a past TIMESTAMP such as "at 9am", with Present Perfect. Present Perfect loves certain time reference words, but hates others. Don't mix them up! Be kind to Present Perfect, give it what it loves!
Present Perfect loves...
Present Perfect hates...
Module Close & Practice
Present Perfect 'It's complicated'
WORKSHEETDOWNLOAD
- This week/month/year/decade/century
- Since 1970 (since Tuesday/Since 9am)
Present Perfect LOVES these Time Reference Words
e.g. I've been to Paris 5 times.
Present Perfect both LOVES & HATES these words. It all depends on the time or day!
1. Before midday: "This morning" is Present e.g. "What have you done this morning?"
1. After midday: "This morning" is Past i.e. What did you do this morning?
2. Before leaving work: "Today at work" is Present e.g. "Today at work, I have written 3 reports"
2. After leaving work: "Today at work" is Past i.e. "Today at work, I wrote 3 reports."
1. also: This afternoon - before 6pm is present, after is past
3. Said on Sat/Sun: "This weekend" is Present e.g. "What have you done this weekend?"
3. Said on Monday: "This weekend" is Past i.e. "What did you do this weekend?"
Present Perfect HATES these Time Reference Words: they signal the Past simple or continuous!
- At 9am (at the weekend etc)
- Last week/month/year/century
- When (any 'when' reference)
- 1 second ago (i.e. 'any' time ago)
means: when I was a child
NOW
before > POV = LOOKS BACK from now to my birth!
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
I don't want to go to Paris again this year. I've been there 5 times before.
PAST
I've been to Milan 10 times before. I've never seen him before. Have you done this before?
SIGNAL WORD: BEFORE
My Birth
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 2: BEFORE = LOOKING BACK FROM NOW/THE PRESENT TO YOUR BIRTH
TIMESTAMP
The word "timestamp" derives from rubber stamps once used in offices to indicate when a document was recieved. These physical 'timestamps' are not used much now because most communication is electronic and automatically timestamped. However, when you take a train or bus, your ticket needs to be 'timestamped' to show proof of when you started your journey.
Regarding this module: We use the word 'Timestamp' to indicate any date/time reference. So "now", "then" "lunchtime" "yesterday afternoon" are all 'timestamps'. Some Point of View phrases require you to use a timestamp, others don't:
- Since + (TIMESTAMP) - you can't use 'since' without a timestamp in any tense.
- Before - in Present Perfect, 'before' doesn't need to be completed with a timestamp.
In this module, when a POV words requires a timestamp, you will see: e.g. Since (TIMESTAMP) When a word does not require a timestamp you will just see the word: e.g. So far
Vintage timestamp circa 1960
Validate your bus ticketwith a timestamp
BY with PRESENT PERFECT is unusual. It is only really used in 2 ways:
- By the end of the day/week/month/year:
e.g. I have usually finished all my homework by now. (A comment which means that there is deviation from the usual schedule)e.g. By this time, they have probably reached their destination. (A prediction based on expectation) By this time, we have usually already started the staff meeting. (A comment which means that there is deviation from the usual schedule) e.g. By the end of the day, I have usually checked all my emails. (Used to inform people of our standard workflow in line with a schedule) By the end of the week, we have usually finished our reports. (Used to inform people of the standard workflow to schedule) e.g. By this point, you have probably realized the importance of the task. (A prediction based on expectation. The context could be a training session for example)
2. To say what we EXPECT TO HAVE HAPPENED in PRESENT TIME. This use is a type of prediction about the PRESENT e.g.
- They left an hour ago. The journey to their destination usually takes 45 minutes, so...
I'M SURE THEY HAVE ARRIVED BY NOW Note the background use of Present Simple also with this use
1. To comment on DEVIATION FROM OUR NORMAL PRESENT SIMPLE ROUTINE e.g.
- I usually finish my work by Thursday (Present Simple Routine)
Now, imagine that today is Thursday and I haven't finished my work. In this scenario I might say;
- I've usually finished my work by now.
This highlights that I am not in line with my usual schedule.
Further examples:
Although BY with PRESENT PERFECT is unusual, it is very common with Past & Future Perfect and also with Modal Perfect (see the related AIM4 Modules for all the detail)
up to > POV = LOOKS FORWARD from ARRIVAL IN PARIS to now
NOW
PAST
P PR E E R S F E E N C T T
I've been here in Paris for 3 days up to now, but I haven't seen much so far, because I've been ill since I arrived.
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
SIGNAL WORDS: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
I've been in Rome for 25 years so far. I've been in Rome for 25 years up to now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been in Rome since 1999. (1999 = TIMESTAMP)
Arrived in Paris
Day 2in Paris
Day 3in Paris
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 1: LOOKING FORWARD FROM A POINT IN THE PAST TO NOW/THE PRESENT
I've been working for 8 hours so far. I've been working for 8 hours up to now. (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been working since 9am (9am = TIMESTAMP)
The signal word 'BY' is unusual with Present Perfect and has a very specific meaning...
I've usually finished my homework by now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've often completed my work by Thursday (Thursday lunchtime = TIMESTAMP) Note the presence of adverbs of frquency: usually/often Please read the notes about 'BY' with Present Perfect, when you close this window.
Well, 'Perfect' comes from the Latin word 'Perfectus' which means 'completed'. So 'PRESENT Perfect' sort of means 'Completed NOW'. It combines a PAST event with NOW or NOW with the something from the PAST!
Well, we often use it to talk about life's experiences, like 'I have been to London twice'. We use it to give news, such as 'Apple have released a new IPad'.So, basically for anything that is completed, but still connected to now, e.g. 'I have just eaten' which means my stomach contains food now!
Well, fundamentally, Present Perfect is a PRESENT tense and Past Simple is a PAST tense. You can't use words like 'yesterday' with Present Perfect. With Past Simple you must define WHEN an action happened, but with Present Perfect you don't need to...because Present Perfect is always relevent to NOW!
Hi Prof.In 'Present Perfect', what does the word 'Perfect' mean?
Ah, ok. So, Present Perfect combines Past & Present. So, what do we use it for?
OK, so how is it different from the Past Simple?
NON-COMBINED
I ARRIVED HERE 20 MINUTES AGO (Past)
I AM HERE NOW (Present)
UP TO NOW, I'VE BEEN HERE FOR 20 MINUTES.I'VE BEEN HERE FOR 20 MINUTES SO FAR.
Present & Past COMBINED
Present Perfect Combines The Present moment with Past Events or Situations
Well, 'Perfect' comes from the Latin word 'Perfectus' which means 'completed'. So 'PRESENT Perfect' sort of means 'Completed NOW'. It combines a PAST event with NOW or NOW with the something from the PAST!
Well, we often use it to talk about life's experiences, like 'I have been to London twice'. We use it to give news, such as 'Apple have released a new IPad'.So, basically for anything that is completed, but still connected to now, e.g. 'I have just eaten' which means my stomach contains food now!
01:00
Well, fundamentally, Present Perfect is a PRESENT tense and Past Simple is a PAST tense. You can't use words like 'yesterday' with Present Perfect. With Past Simple you must define WHEN an action happened, but with Present Perfect you don't need to...because Present Perfect is always relevent to NOW!
OK, so how is it different from the Past Simple?
Ah, ok. So, Present Perfect combines Past & Present. So, what do we use it for?
Hi Prof.In 'Present Perfect', what does the word 'Perfect' mean?
POINT OF VIEW(POV)
The term "Point of View" has various meanings, e.g.
- the perspective from which a story is narrated (i.e. first, second or third person)
- an opinion (What's your point of view about xx?)
- A WAY OF LOOKING AT SOMETHING
So, the main meaning of POV is 'perspective'. When talking about tenses, we use POV to indicate a speaker's perspective regarding time. Because Present Perfect tense is used to COMBINE time periods (PAST withn NOW) speakers generally use one of the following POVS: When we use Perfect tenses there are a series of words we use which indicate the speaker's POV, words such as Since, Before and So Far We're going to look at those words and learn how to use them correctly.
- LOOKING FORWARD from the PAST to NOW
- LOOKING BACKWARDS from NOW to the PAST
You have finished this module. Now do the quiz on AIM4
Everything you need to know about: UP TO
The phrase "up to" is versatile in English, serving various functions depending on context. Here’s an in-depth look at its different uses:
Conclusion "Up to" is a flexible and commonly used phrase in English that helps convey limits, ranges, capabilities, responsibilities, and actions. Its meaning can shift slightly depending on context, so careful consideration of the surrounding text or conversation is essential for accurate interpretation.
- Quantity: You can bring up to three guests.
- Degree: The temperature can reach up to 40 degrees Celsius.
- Time: The meeting will last up to two hours.
- Extent: She can jump up to six feet high.
- Children aged up to 12 get free admission. (From birth to 12 years old)
- I have saved up to $500. (Anywhere between $0 and $500)
- The lift can carry up to 10 people.
- This software supports up to 1 TB of data.
4. Indicating Responsibility or Choice
- It’s up to you to decide.
- The success of this project is up to the team.
- There were up to 100 people at the party. (Approximately 100, possibly slightly less)
- What are you up to?
- He’s getting up to no good again.
1. Indicating Maximum Limit
UP TO is commonly used to indicate the maximum limit of something, whether in terms of quantity, degree, time, or extent: 2. Expressing Range
UP TO implies a range from zero to the specified limit.
3. Indicating Capability or Capacity
UP TO can describe what someone or something is capable of handling.
4. Indicating Responsibility or Choice
The 'to be up to + infinitive' structure indicates that the responsibility or choice depends on someone. 5. Indicating Nearness in Amount
In informal contexts, UP TO can suggest an approximation close to a particular number or value.
6. Being Engaged in an Activity
To Be UP TO/To Get UP TO is used to describe what someone is doing, often with a sense of mystery or suspicion.
- Save up to 50% on all items!
- Get up to 5 GB of free data with your new plan.
- Employees are entitled to up to 20 days of paid leave per year.
- You have up to 30 days to return the product.
- What are you up to this weekend? (Reply: I’m finishing my homework.)
Examples in various contexts: 1. Commercial and Advertising Contexts UP TO is frequently used in marketing and advertising to highlight potential benefits or maximum discounts. 2. Legal and Formal Contexts In legal documents and formal agreements, "up to" sets clear boundaries for obligations or entitlements. 3. Everyday Conversational Use
In casual conversations, "up to" is often used to talk about plans or actions. Subtleties and Considerations
Precision: While "up to" indicates the upper limit, it often leaves the lower limit unspecified, which can sometimes lead to ambiguity.
Context-Dependent Meaning: The meaning of "up to" can vary significantly based on context, so understanding the surrounding text or conversation is crucial.
Implied Conditions: In some contexts, "up to" can imply certain conditions must be met to reach the upper limit (e.g., "up to 50% off" might require buying multiple items or meeting other conditions).
!! The difference between SINCE & FOR periods!!
Both 'since' and 'for' refer to periods in Perfect Tenses, e.g. I have been here since 9am - I have been here for 2 hours
However 'since' nominates the start of the period - and while the period exists, this will not change: e.g.
But the 'for' period changes as time moves forward because it 'counts' time
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
- I have worked in Rome since 1997
this was in 2006
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
- I have worked in Rome for 9 years
I said this in 2006
this is in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
- I have worked in Rome since 1997
I said this in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
- I have worked in Rome for 27 years.
Since 'Time Count' ago = For 'Time Count'
I said this in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
- I have worked in Rome since 27 years ago.
Since + (TIMESTAMP) in Present Perfect defines the; start point of a period that reaches the present
pr es e n t
Period = FROM START POINT 9AM TO
time line: 9am = START WORK
NOW
SINCE 9AM I HAVE; HAD 3 COFFEES HAD 3 MEETINGS MADE 2 PHONE CALLS HAD LUNCH HAD 2 VIDEO CONFERENCES WRITTEN 6 REPORTS
NO CHANGE!!
Common ways of using SINCE with PRESENT PERFECT:
- Since + specific point in time:
- Since + specific Past Simple event:
- Ever since + specific Past Simple event:
- Since + specific age:
- Since + age/year range:
- Since + 'time count' ago:
e.g. 9am I have been here since 9am I have lived here since 2010. She has worked at the company since last year. I haven't seen him since January. e.g. We have been friends since we met in college. e.g. Ever since I moved here, I have enjoyed the city. e.g. I have known him since I was ten years old. e.g. I have known her since my twenties. I have had this book since the nineties (the 1990s) e.g. I visited Paris two years ago, and I have wanted to go back since then. e.g. I haven't seen him since two weeks ago. (= I haven't seen him for two weeks)
'9 years' CHANGES TO '27 yeas'
Using "since" in these ways helps to link the present perfect tense with a starting point in the past, emphasizing the duration or continuation of an action or state up to the present moment.
NOW
before > POV = LOOKS BACK from now to my birth!
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
I don't want to go to Paris again this year. I've been there 5 times before.
PAST
I've been to Milan 10 times before. I've never seen him before. Have you done this before?
SIGNAL WORD: BEFORE
My Birth
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 2: BEFORE = LOOKING BACK FROM NOW/THE PRESENT TO YOUR BIRTH
A quick challenge about POVs!
In the panels below, read the 'communicative aim' and then click the sentences which you think can be used to acheive that aim.
To respond to - "I'm expecting a package in the post today, is it here?' - which sentence below can we use? Click on 1 or 2
To communicate - "The book's exisitence is news to me' - which sentence below can we use? Click on 1 or 2
1. It hasn't arrived so far.
1. I haven't heard of the book before.
2. It hasn't arrived before.
2. I haven't heard of the book so far.
1. It hasn't arrived so far.
is correct
With Perfect Tenses (Present, Past & Future) SO FAR looks forward from ONE POINT IN TIME to ANOTHER POINT IN TIME in our example: from the start of 'TODAY' to 'NOW' SO FAR also creates the sense that the situation may change GOING FORWARD
e.g. I'm running a marathon, but I've only run 20 KM so far! (Implies that I'm going to keep running) I haven't seen him so far today. (Implies that I may see him later)
1. I haven't heard of the book before.
is correct
In Present Perfect, BEFORE looks back from NOW to the speaker's BIRTH
2. I haven't heard of this book so far.
is not correct for the meaning of "This book's existence is news to me"
In Present Perfect, SO FAR looks forward from A POINT IN THE PAST to NOW There is no point in the past in our example
2. It hasn't arrived before now.
is not a correct response for "I'm expecting a package in the post today, is it here?
There is no reason to look back to your birth when the time period in question is 'today'
SO FAR doesn't need a TIMESTAMP in PRESENT PERFECT because NOW is always implicit 'SO FAR' means the same as 'UP TO NOW'
Using SO FAR with PRESENT PERFECT:
So far today: e.g. I haven't seen him so far today
However, we often define the time frame we are speaking about by including a present timestamp, e.g.
So far this week/month/year: e.g. I haven't seen him so far this week
So far in my life: e.g. I haven't been to America so far in my life
So far in this film/book/TV series etc: e.g. Nobody has died so far in this film. I thought it was supposed to be a horror movie!!
WHEN? DON'T USE INTERROGATIVE 'WHEN' WITH PRESENT PERFECT
You can't ask questions using the word WHEN in Present Perfect tense. When have you been there? is WRONG Ask: When did you go there?
However, you can use non-interrogative WHEN with Present Perfect! e.g. When you have finished writing the report, call me This is using WHEN with a future meaning and in this use, WHEN is followed by a Present Tense
- When you finish, call me (Present Simple)
- When I am finishing, I'll call you (Present Continuous)
- When I have finished, I'll call you (Present Perfect)
"Signalling words" (also known as "time expressions" or "time markers") are words or phrases that indicate the tense or time frame of an action in a sentence. They help the reader or listener understand when something happened, is happening, or will happen. For example, the word 'yesterday' is a signalling word that indicates an action took place in the past. Different tenses have their own signalling words, e.g. Present Perfect: up to, since, so far, before Past Simple: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2010 Future: tomorrow, next week, in two days These words act as guides, signalling which tense is appropriate for the sentence, making them essential tools for understanding and using grammar correctly.
Click the 7 shapes to reveal the 7 points
What you need to know about: BEFORE (and AFTER)
1. BEFORE looks back from a time point, i.e. it refers to something earlier than the time or event referenced in the phrase. e.g. I had met her before she left (she left, but before that event, I had met her) Please call me before 5pm. (last possible moment for the call = 4.59pm NOT 5PM)
2. With Present Perfect there is no need to use a TIMESTAMP in the sentence because it's always implicitly NOW. However Future Perfect, it needs a timestamp i.e. I've never been here before. (before NOW) e.g. I will have finished before 9pm
3. Before (and After) operate as prepositions and can be followed by gerunds. The gerund acts as the TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before leaving work, I will have completed all my tasks. After finishing this report, I will have completed all my tasks.
4. Before (and After) can also be followed by nouns. The noun acts as the TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before lunch, I had sent over 50 emails. After lunch, I'm attending a meeting.
5. Before (and After) can also be followed by a subject + verb. The subject/verb acts as TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before I had lunch, I had sent over 50 emails. After I had sent the email, I switched my PC off.
6. Don't use the 'Will' future with Before (and After). If your sentence refers to the future, use a Present Tense e.g. I will have finished cooking before you get home (NOT ...before you will get home) After I have returned home, I will cook (NOT After I will have returned home...)
7. NEVER USE AN INFINITIVE WITH BEFORE (and AFTER): 'Before to leave' is wrong 'After to arrive' is wrong. Study the 'A4E Gerunds & Infinitives Guide' for more information.
up to > POV = LOOKS FORWARD from ARRIVAL IN PARIS to now
NOW
PAST
P PR E E R S F E E N C T T
I've been here in Paris for 3 days up to now, but I haven't seen much so far, because I've been ill since I arrived.
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
SIGNAL WORDS: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
I've been in Rome for 25 years so far. I've been in Rome for 25 years up to now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been in Rome since 1999. (1999 = TIMESTAMP)
Arrived in Paris
Day 2in Paris
Day 3in Paris
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 1: LOOKING FORWARD FROM A POINT IN THE PAST TO NOW/THE PRESENT
I've been working for 8 hours so far. I've been working for 8 hours up to now. (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been working since 9am (9am = TIMESTAMP)
The signal word 'BY' is unusual with Present Perfect and has a very specific meaning...
I've usually finished my homework by now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've often completed my work by Thursday (Thursday lunchtime = TIMESTAMP) Note the presence of adverbs of frquency: usually/often Please read the notes about 'BY' with Present Perfect, when you close this window.
To be more emphatic, you can say UP UNTIL instead of UP TO e.g. UP UNTIL NOW: e.g. Up until now, I have always arrived on time, so why are you so angry that I'm a little late today?
UP TO NOW: e.g. Up to now, I have met all my deadlines. UP TO today: e.g. Up to today, I have kept all my promises. Up to the present: e.g. Up to the present, our team has remained unbeaten.UP TO this moment: e.g. I have been thinking about what to do up to this moment, but now I know! UP TO this very second (idiomatic): e.g. I have been working on it up to this very second!
Common ways of using UP TO with PRESENT PERFECT:
UP TO must always be completed with a TIMESTAMP - It cannot be used without one Examples:
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PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS_Meaning of Perfect & POVs
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Transcript
English Grammar & Use - B1+ Suite
B1 Base
START
PRESENT PERFECT
FOUNDATION MODULE1
OUTCOME STATEMENT: Develop a clear undestanding of what Perfect is so that this knoweledge can guide you in its use. Deeper knowledge of signalling words used with Perfect tense
STUDY TIME: 40 Mins QUIZ: 30 Questions
PRESENT PERFECT
FOUNDATIONS1
1. Definitions
2. POVs in Present Perfect
3. Be Kind to Present Perfect
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 1 of 5
Welcome to the module We are goint to look at
- What the term 'Perfect' actually means in the context of 'Present Perfect'
- Words used with Present Perfect that show the speaker's point of view about time
This module covers only the Present Perfect, but is part of a module series that also covers the Past and Future Perfect forms. So let's start with what 'Perfect' means...Don't worry if you don't follow all the speech bubbles on the animation: there is a review when the timer reaches zero
SOMETHING COMPLETED...
PRESENT PERFECT
...BEFORE, IN or DURINGPRESENT TIME
I've finished my work so I'm going home now.
Finished my work
Goinghomenow
Now we know what 'Perfect' means and that Present Perfect is used to combine something 'past' with NOW Have a look at the graphic below, then when you are ready, click NEXT
The Meaning of the word 'Perfect' in 'Perfect Tenses'
NEXT
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 2 of 5
OK, we have defined the meaning of 'Perfect' so it's time to take a look at
- Points of View (POV): the ways we 'look at' time
- Timestamps
Have a look at the meanings of POVPOV
TIMESTAMP
??
NEXT: POV Phrases
Signalling Words
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 3 of 5
Here are the two main POVs & their associated
POV 1. LOOKING FORWARD from one point in time to another point in time
This POV is indicated by the words: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP) & BY (TIMESTAMP)
These POV words create a continuous period between a start point and an end point
END POINT= NOW
START POINT9am
I have been here since 9am and up to now I have received 100 emails so far!
Up to now, I have written 25 pages of the report.
I haven't seen him so far today.
POV 2. LOOKING BACKWARD from NOW to YOUR BIRTH
START POINT= NOW
END POINT= BIRTH
This POV is indicated by the word: BEFORE (TIMESTAMP)
This POV word creates a block of time moving backwards from the start point NOW to the end point YOUR BIRTH
I have been to Paris many times before.
I haven't ever worked before!
Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris - Paris1998 2004 2008 2012 2016 2018
NO WORK DONE IN THIS BLOCK OF TIME
NO W
NO W
BI R T H
BI R T H
My
My
It's time to investigate the POVs with Present Perfect in more detail
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 4 of 5
ReviewGraphic 1
ReviewGraphic 2
Now let's see the signal words in action, click 1 to start
Click each panel for detail
LOOKING BACK from
PRESENT PERFECT:
NOW
1. BEFORE (NO TIMESTAMP)
e.g. I have done this many times before. I have never been here before.
2. BEFORE (NOW)
e.g. I have done this many times before now. I have never been here before now.
BEFORE NOW or BEFORE?' 'now' isn't needed in PRESENT PERFECT because it's implied, However, it is often used for emphasis.
Please call me before you have left the office!
Before followed by a Present Simple or PresentPerfect verb has a future meaning!
DO NOT USE 'WILL': 'Call me before you will leave the office' is wrong!
PRESENT PERFECT: Before with 'future' meaning
LOOKING FORWARD to
PRESENT PERFECT:
NOW
UP TO (TIMESTAMP)
SO FAR
SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
BY (TIMESTAMP)
WHEN?
Deeper Dives!
WorksheetDownload
Click the buttons for a much deeper look at:
UP TO
BEFORE
When you are ready, click to move on
YSP B+ GRAMMAR SUITE: PRESENT PERFECT FOUNDATIONS: Module 1 screen 5 of 5
Dear readers, I hope I'm not insulting your intelligence when I remind you again that PRESENT PERFECT is a PRESENT TENSE! Just reflect on the implications of that for a second. A lot of errors in the use of Present Perfect happen because people try to use words that reference the PAST, i.e. a past TIMESTAMP such as "at 9am", with Present Perfect. Present Perfect loves certain time reference words, but hates others. Don't mix them up! Be kind to Present Perfect, give it what it loves!
Present Perfect loves...
Present Perfect hates...
Module Close & Practice
Present Perfect 'It's complicated'
WORKSHEETDOWNLOAD
Present Perfect LOVES these Time Reference Words
e.g. I've been to Paris 5 times.
Present Perfect both LOVES & HATES these words. It all depends on the time or day!
1. Before midday: "This morning" is Present e.g. "What have you done this morning?"
1. After midday: "This morning" is Past i.e. What did you do this morning?
2. Before leaving work: "Today at work" is Present e.g. "Today at work, I have written 3 reports"
2. After leaving work: "Today at work" is Past i.e. "Today at work, I wrote 3 reports."
1. also: This afternoon - before 6pm is present, after is past
3. Said on Sat/Sun: "This weekend" is Present e.g. "What have you done this weekend?"
3. Said on Monday: "This weekend" is Past i.e. "What did you do this weekend?"
Present Perfect HATES these Time Reference Words: they signal the Past simple or continuous!
means: when I was a child
NOW
before > POV = LOOKS BACK from now to my birth!
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
I don't want to go to Paris again this year. I've been there 5 times before.
PAST
I've been to Milan 10 times before. I've never seen him before. Have you done this before?
SIGNAL WORD: BEFORE
My Birth
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 2: BEFORE = LOOKING BACK FROM NOW/THE PRESENT TO YOUR BIRTH
TIMESTAMP
The word "timestamp" derives from rubber stamps once used in offices to indicate when a document was recieved. These physical 'timestamps' are not used much now because most communication is electronic and automatically timestamped. However, when you take a train or bus, your ticket needs to be 'timestamped' to show proof of when you started your journey.
Regarding this module: We use the word 'Timestamp' to indicate any date/time reference. So "now", "then" "lunchtime" "yesterday afternoon" are all 'timestamps'. Some Point of View phrases require you to use a timestamp, others don't:
- Before - in Present Perfect, 'before' doesn't need to be completed with a timestamp.
In this module, when a POV words requires a timestamp, you will see: e.g. Since (TIMESTAMP) When a word does not require a timestamp you will just see the word: e.g. So farVintage timestamp circa 1960
Validate your bus ticketwith a timestamp
BY with PRESENT PERFECT is unusual. It is only really used in 2 ways:
e.g. I have usually finished all my homework by now. (A comment which means that there is deviation from the usual schedule)e.g. By this time, they have probably reached their destination. (A prediction based on expectation) By this time, we have usually already started the staff meeting. (A comment which means that there is deviation from the usual schedule) e.g. By the end of the day, I have usually checked all my emails. (Used to inform people of our standard workflow in line with a schedule) By the end of the week, we have usually finished our reports. (Used to inform people of the standard workflow to schedule) e.g. By this point, you have probably realized the importance of the task. (A prediction based on expectation. The context could be a training session for example)
2. To say what we EXPECT TO HAVE HAPPENED in PRESENT TIME. This use is a type of prediction about the PRESENT e.g.
- They left an hour ago. The journey to their destination usually takes 45 minutes, so...
I'M SURE THEY HAVE ARRIVED BY NOW Note the background use of Present Simple also with this use1. To comment on DEVIATION FROM OUR NORMAL PRESENT SIMPLE ROUTINE e.g.
Now, imagine that today is Thursday and I haven't finished my work. In this scenario I might say;
- I've usually finished my work by now.
This highlights that I am not in line with my usual schedule.Further examples:
Although BY with PRESENT PERFECT is unusual, it is very common with Past & Future Perfect and also with Modal Perfect (see the related AIM4 Modules for all the detail)
up to > POV = LOOKS FORWARD from ARRIVAL IN PARIS to now
NOW
PAST
P PR E E R S F E E N C T T
I've been here in Paris for 3 days up to now, but I haven't seen much so far, because I've been ill since I arrived.
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
SIGNAL WORDS: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
I've been in Rome for 25 years so far. I've been in Rome for 25 years up to now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been in Rome since 1999. (1999 = TIMESTAMP)
Arrived in Paris
Day 2in Paris
Day 3in Paris
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 1: LOOKING FORWARD FROM A POINT IN THE PAST TO NOW/THE PRESENT
I've been working for 8 hours so far. I've been working for 8 hours up to now. (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been working since 9am (9am = TIMESTAMP)
The signal word 'BY' is unusual with Present Perfect and has a very specific meaning...
I've usually finished my homework by now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've often completed my work by Thursday (Thursday lunchtime = TIMESTAMP) Note the presence of adverbs of frquency: usually/often Please read the notes about 'BY' with Present Perfect, when you close this window.
Well, 'Perfect' comes from the Latin word 'Perfectus' which means 'completed'. So 'PRESENT Perfect' sort of means 'Completed NOW'. It combines a PAST event with NOW or NOW with the something from the PAST!
Well, we often use it to talk about life's experiences, like 'I have been to London twice'. We use it to give news, such as 'Apple have released a new IPad'.So, basically for anything that is completed, but still connected to now, e.g. 'I have just eaten' which means my stomach contains food now!
Well, fundamentally, Present Perfect is a PRESENT tense and Past Simple is a PAST tense. You can't use words like 'yesterday' with Present Perfect. With Past Simple you must define WHEN an action happened, but with Present Perfect you don't need to...because Present Perfect is always relevent to NOW!
Hi Prof.In 'Present Perfect', what does the word 'Perfect' mean?
Ah, ok. So, Present Perfect combines Past & Present. So, what do we use it for?
OK, so how is it different from the Past Simple?
NON-COMBINED
I ARRIVED HERE 20 MINUTES AGO (Past)
I AM HERE NOW (Present)
UP TO NOW, I'VE BEEN HERE FOR 20 MINUTES.I'VE BEEN HERE FOR 20 MINUTES SO FAR.
Present & Past COMBINED
Present Perfect Combines The Present moment with Past Events or Situations
Well, 'Perfect' comes from the Latin word 'Perfectus' which means 'completed'. So 'PRESENT Perfect' sort of means 'Completed NOW'. It combines a PAST event with NOW or NOW with the something from the PAST!
Well, we often use it to talk about life's experiences, like 'I have been to London twice'. We use it to give news, such as 'Apple have released a new IPad'.So, basically for anything that is completed, but still connected to now, e.g. 'I have just eaten' which means my stomach contains food now!
01:00
Well, fundamentally, Present Perfect is a PRESENT tense and Past Simple is a PAST tense. You can't use words like 'yesterday' with Present Perfect. With Past Simple you must define WHEN an action happened, but with Present Perfect you don't need to...because Present Perfect is always relevent to NOW!
OK, so how is it different from the Past Simple?
Ah, ok. So, Present Perfect combines Past & Present. So, what do we use it for?
Hi Prof.In 'Present Perfect', what does the word 'Perfect' mean?
POINT OF VIEW(POV)
The term "Point of View" has various meanings, e.g.
- the perspective from which a story is narrated (i.e. first, second or third person)
- an opinion (What's your point of view about xx?)
- A WAY OF LOOKING AT SOMETHING
So, the main meaning of POV is 'perspective'. When talking about tenses, we use POV to indicate a speaker's perspective regarding time. Because Present Perfect tense is used to COMBINE time periods (PAST withn NOW) speakers generally use one of the following POVS: When we use Perfect tenses there are a series of words we use which indicate the speaker's POV, words such as Since, Before and So Far We're going to look at those words and learn how to use them correctly.You have finished this module. Now do the quiz on AIM4
Everything you need to know about: UP TO
The phrase "up to" is versatile in English, serving various functions depending on context. Here’s an in-depth look at its different uses:
Conclusion "Up to" is a flexible and commonly used phrase in English that helps convey limits, ranges, capabilities, responsibilities, and actions. Its meaning can shift slightly depending on context, so careful consideration of the surrounding text or conversation is essential for accurate interpretation.
- The lift can carry up to 10 people.
- This software supports up to 1 TB of data.
4. Indicating Responsibility or Choice1. Indicating Maximum Limit UP TO is commonly used to indicate the maximum limit of something, whether in terms of quantity, degree, time, or extent: 2. Expressing Range UP TO implies a range from zero to the specified limit. 3. Indicating Capability or Capacity UP TO can describe what someone or something is capable of handling.
- data.
4. Indicating Responsibility or Choice The 'to be up to + infinitive' structure indicates that the responsibility or choice depends on someone. 5. Indicating Nearness in Amount In informal contexts, UP TO can suggest an approximation close to a particular number or value. 6. Being Engaged in an Activity To Be UP TO/To Get UP TO is used to describe what someone is doing, often with a sense of mystery or suspicion.Examples in various contexts: 1. Commercial and Advertising Contexts UP TO is frequently used in marketing and advertising to highlight potential benefits or maximum discounts. 2. Legal and Formal Contexts In legal documents and formal agreements, "up to" sets clear boundaries for obligations or entitlements. 3. Everyday Conversational Use In casual conversations, "up to" is often used to talk about plans or actions. Subtleties and Considerations Precision: While "up to" indicates the upper limit, it often leaves the lower limit unspecified, which can sometimes lead to ambiguity. Context-Dependent Meaning: The meaning of "up to" can vary significantly based on context, so understanding the surrounding text or conversation is crucial. Implied Conditions: In some contexts, "up to" can imply certain conditions must be met to reach the upper limit (e.g., "up to 50% off" might require buying multiple items or meeting other conditions).
!! The difference between SINCE & FOR periods!!
Both 'since' and 'for' refer to periods in Perfect Tenses, e.g. I have been here since 9am - I have been here for 2 hours
However 'since' nominates the start of the period - and while the period exists, this will not change: e.g.
But the 'for' period changes as time moves forward because it 'counts' time
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
this was in 2006
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
I said this in 2006
this is in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
I said this in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
Since 'Time Count' ago = For 'Time Count'
I said this in 2024
I work in Rome. I started working in Rome in 1997 =
Since + (TIMESTAMP) in Present Perfect defines the; start point of a period that reaches the present
pr es e n t
Period = FROM START POINT 9AM TO
time line: 9am = START WORK
NOW
SINCE 9AM I HAVE; HAD 3 COFFEES HAD 3 MEETINGS MADE 2 PHONE CALLS HAD LUNCH HAD 2 VIDEO CONFERENCES WRITTEN 6 REPORTS
NO CHANGE!!
Common ways of using SINCE with PRESENT PERFECT:
e.g. 9am I have been here since 9am I have lived here since 2010. She has worked at the company since last year. I haven't seen him since January. e.g. We have been friends since we met in college. e.g. Ever since I moved here, I have enjoyed the city. e.g. I have known him since I was ten years old. e.g. I have known her since my twenties. I have had this book since the nineties (the 1990s) e.g. I visited Paris two years ago, and I have wanted to go back since then. e.g. I haven't seen him since two weeks ago. (= I haven't seen him for two weeks)
'9 years' CHANGES TO '27 yeas'
Using "since" in these ways helps to link the present perfect tense with a starting point in the past, emphasizing the duration or continuation of an action or state up to the present moment.
NOW
before > POV = LOOKS BACK from now to my birth!
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
I don't want to go to Paris again this year. I've been there 5 times before.
PAST
I've been to Milan 10 times before. I've never seen him before. Have you done this before?
SIGNAL WORD: BEFORE
My Birth
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 2: BEFORE = LOOKING BACK FROM NOW/THE PRESENT TO YOUR BIRTH
A quick challenge about POVs!
In the panels below, read the 'communicative aim' and then click the sentences which you think can be used to acheive that aim.
To respond to - "I'm expecting a package in the post today, is it here?' - which sentence below can we use? Click on 1 or 2
To communicate - "The book's exisitence is news to me' - which sentence below can we use? Click on 1 or 2
1. It hasn't arrived so far.
1. I haven't heard of the book before.
2. It hasn't arrived before.
2. I haven't heard of the book so far.
1. It hasn't arrived so far.
is correct
With Perfect Tenses (Present, Past & Future) SO FAR looks forward from ONE POINT IN TIME to ANOTHER POINT IN TIME in our example: from the start of 'TODAY' to 'NOW' SO FAR also creates the sense that the situation may change GOING FORWARD
e.g. I'm running a marathon, but I've only run 20 KM so far! (Implies that I'm going to keep running) I haven't seen him so far today. (Implies that I may see him later)
1. I haven't heard of the book before.
is correct
In Present Perfect, BEFORE looks back from NOW to the speaker's BIRTH
2. I haven't heard of this book so far.
is not correct for the meaning of "This book's existence is news to me"
In Present Perfect, SO FAR looks forward from A POINT IN THE PAST to NOW There is no point in the past in our example
2. It hasn't arrived before now.
is not a correct response for "I'm expecting a package in the post today, is it here?
There is no reason to look back to your birth when the time period in question is 'today'
SO FAR doesn't need a TIMESTAMP in PRESENT PERFECT because NOW is always implicit 'SO FAR' means the same as 'UP TO NOW'
Using SO FAR with PRESENT PERFECT:
So far today: e.g. I haven't seen him so far today
However, we often define the time frame we are speaking about by including a present timestamp, e.g.
So far this week/month/year: e.g. I haven't seen him so far this week
So far in my life: e.g. I haven't been to America so far in my life
So far in this film/book/TV series etc: e.g. Nobody has died so far in this film. I thought it was supposed to be a horror movie!!
WHEN? DON'T USE INTERROGATIVE 'WHEN' WITH PRESENT PERFECT
You can't ask questions using the word WHEN in Present Perfect tense. When have you been there? is WRONG Ask: When did you go there?
However, you can use non-interrogative WHEN with Present Perfect! e.g. When you have finished writing the report, call me This is using WHEN with a future meaning and in this use, WHEN is followed by a Present Tense
"Signalling words" (also known as "time expressions" or "time markers") are words or phrases that indicate the tense or time frame of an action in a sentence. They help the reader or listener understand when something happened, is happening, or will happen. For example, the word 'yesterday' is a signalling word that indicates an action took place in the past. Different tenses have their own signalling words, e.g. Present Perfect: up to, since, so far, before Past Simple: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2010 Future: tomorrow, next week, in two days These words act as guides, signalling which tense is appropriate for the sentence, making them essential tools for understanding and using grammar correctly.
Click the 7 shapes to reveal the 7 points
What you need to know about: BEFORE (and AFTER)
1. BEFORE looks back from a time point, i.e. it refers to something earlier than the time or event referenced in the phrase. e.g. I had met her before she left (she left, but before that event, I had met her) Please call me before 5pm. (last possible moment for the call = 4.59pm NOT 5PM)
2. With Present Perfect there is no need to use a TIMESTAMP in the sentence because it's always implicitly NOW. However Future Perfect, it needs a timestamp i.e. I've never been here before. (before NOW) e.g. I will have finished before 9pm
3. Before (and After) operate as prepositions and can be followed by gerunds. The gerund acts as the TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before leaving work, I will have completed all my tasks. After finishing this report, I will have completed all my tasks.
4. Before (and After) can also be followed by nouns. The noun acts as the TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before lunch, I had sent over 50 emails. After lunch, I'm attending a meeting.
5. Before (and After) can also be followed by a subject + verb. The subject/verb acts as TIMESTAMP. e.g. Before I had lunch, I had sent over 50 emails. After I had sent the email, I switched my PC off.
6. Don't use the 'Will' future with Before (and After). If your sentence refers to the future, use a Present Tense e.g. I will have finished cooking before you get home (NOT ...before you will get home) After I have returned home, I will cook (NOT After I will have returned home...)
7. NEVER USE AN INFINITIVE WITH BEFORE (and AFTER): 'Before to leave' is wrong 'After to arrive' is wrong. Study the 'A4E Gerunds & Infinitives Guide' for more information.
up to > POV = LOOKS FORWARD from ARRIVAL IN PARIS to now
NOW
PAST
P PR E E R S F E E N C T T
I've been here in Paris for 3 days up to now, but I haven't seen much so far, because I've been ill since I arrived.
On Earth, the direction of time is always forward
SIGNAL WORDS: UP TO (TIMESTAMP), SO FAR, SINCE (TIMESTAMP)
I've been in Rome for 25 years so far. I've been in Rome for 25 years up to now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been in Rome since 1999. (1999 = TIMESTAMP)
Arrived in Paris
Day 2in Paris
Day 3in Paris
PRESENT PERFECTPOV 1: LOOKING FORWARD FROM A POINT IN THE PAST TO NOW/THE PRESENT
I've been working for 8 hours so far. I've been working for 8 hours up to now. (now = TIMESTAMP) I've been working since 9am (9am = TIMESTAMP)
The signal word 'BY' is unusual with Present Perfect and has a very specific meaning...
I've usually finished my homework by now (now = TIMESTAMP) I've often completed my work by Thursday (Thursday lunchtime = TIMESTAMP) Note the presence of adverbs of frquency: usually/often Please read the notes about 'BY' with Present Perfect, when you close this window.
To be more emphatic, you can say UP UNTIL instead of UP TO e.g. UP UNTIL NOW: e.g. Up until now, I have always arrived on time, so why are you so angry that I'm a little late today?
UP TO NOW: e.g. Up to now, I have met all my deadlines. UP TO today: e.g. Up to today, I have kept all my promises. Up to the present: e.g. Up to the present, our team has remained unbeaten.UP TO this moment: e.g. I have been thinking about what to do up to this moment, but now I know! UP TO this very second (idiomatic): e.g. I have been working on it up to this very second!
Common ways of using UP TO with PRESENT PERFECT:
UP TO must always be completed with a TIMESTAMP - It cannot be used without one Examples:
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