Bioinformatics Infographic

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyzes a patient's entire genome.It can help identify genetic mutations and polymorphisms that can be linked to certain diseases.

More accurate

Less computation time

Algorithm proved to be:

More comprehensive

• Keep patients within a physiologic target range.
• Reduce variability within an individual patient.

• Improve outcomes (Mortality rate)
• Reduce variability of care given to one patient versus another.

Closed-loop devices and AI techniques within anesthesiology are used to improve patient care with the following goals:

Closed-Loop Systems

To generate models or algorithms to predict an event or continuous variable, such as degree of sedation, respiratory depression, or response to nociception

To interpret and utilize highly complex data sets, such as medical images, EEG waveforms, or multiple hemodynamic signals, over time

To analyze large amounts of data in order to search for reoccurring patterns or groups among variables (also known as data mining)

Closed loop systems vs STS

The inability of the metabolization and drug absorption of codeine affects up to 36% of patients. This causes reduction of the overall effectiveness of the drug.

Citations: [1] Gabel, E., Hofer, I. S., Satou, N., Grogan, T., Shemin, R., Mahajan, A., & Cannesson, M. (2017). Creation and Validation of an Automated Algorithm to Determine Postoperative Ventilator Requirements After Cardiac Surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 124(5), 1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001997 [2] Wingert, T., Lee, C., & Cannesson, M. (n.d.). Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Closed Loop Devices-Anesthesia Delivery. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9847584/ [3] Body, S. C. (n.d.). Genomics: Implications for anesthesia, perioperative care and outcomes. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868263/#:~:text=The%20studies%20are%20undertaken%20by,write%20this%20in%20mid%2D2009. [4] Galinkin, Jeffrey L. MD, FAAP*; Demmer, Laurie MD†; Yaster, Myron MD‡. Genetics for the Pediatric Anesthesiologist: A Primer on Congenital Malformations, Pharmacogenetics, and Proteomics. Anesthesia & Analgesia 111(5):p 1264-1274, https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2010/11000/Genetics_for_the_Pediatric_Anesthesiologist__A.28.aspx

Decreases the rate of metabolism of morphine (creating more free drug), Decreases the rate of transport into the brain (decreasing drug availability to the receptor),Makes the receptor less sensitive to morphine (decreasing sensitivity).

Common genetic polymorphisms of anesthetic drugs that affect the day-to-day practice of the Anesthesiologist:

This will help provide Anesthesiologists with knowledge to aid in anesthetic plans and risks.

WGS has brought upon a rapid growth of knowledge concerning inherited disease patterns and genetic polymorphisms that affect individual drug response.

Morphine

Codeine

WGS can be used to examine genetic causes of diseases associated with surgery, drugs or other interventions.

Association studies can be conducted and used to identify regions of polymorphism in DNA regions linked with disease.

Muscle Relaxant

Atypical variant polymorphism of succinylcholine metabolism can cause patients to take longer to recover after surgery

Multiple rare variant hypothesis

In any single individual, a few relatively rare variants with each a relatively large effects, contribute to disease and can me true for many genes of drug metabolism.

and AI modalities have the potential to have an impact on the practice of Anesthesiology

The undershooting or overshooting of the proportion of time that was above or below the targeted set point in the manual groups compared with the closed loop groups

Increased by

12.3%

Increased by

17.4%

Time the depth of anesthesia was maintained in the desired range while using automated systems

A subset of studies were conducted that were isolated to using BIS and total IV anesthesia

In meta-analyses, the closed loop anesthetic delivery systems were associated with significant lower doses of propofol at induction of anesthesia and significantly shorter recovery time

With the Application of Bioinformatics

3 Common Goals of Anesthesiology

Results of STS vs. Algorithm Calculated Data

A novel algorithm was developed to calculate the mechanical duration of postoperative patients. This algorithm was studied on 238 UCLA cardiac cases and compared against STS data (Society for Thoracic Surgery: manually collected data). (1.)

Automated Algorithms can be utilized to determine postoperative care after anesthetic surgery

What are Anesthesiologists?

Anesthesia can be Individualized with an Emphasis on the Application of the Patient's Genetic Makeup

The Future of Bioinformatics in Anesthesiology

Human Genetics and Genome Sequencing can Help Improve the Clinical Practice of Anesthesiologists