Expanding Public Education

Expanding Public Education

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Early Schools in the United States

• Rather than elementary, middle, and high schools, all acedemic learning used to take place in a schoolhouse.

• Most students did not go to school past 8th grade, with many not even making it to 8th grade.

• Students of all grades would learn in the same buidling, usually taught by a teacher who was 16-20 years old.

Lets Start with Reform

Choose a topic to start with. You must read through all topics but the order does not matter

ElementaryReform

High schoolReform

Education forImmigrants

Higher Ed Reform

Reformers

Niagara Movement

Once you have read all six topics click next.

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Elementary Reform

Before Reform

After Reform

• Attendance was not mandatory.
• Students were also subject to harsh punishments such as paddling, lashings, standing for long periods, kneeling onto sharp objects, and in some cases wearing a Dunce Cap.
• A Dunce Cap was a type of humilation. Students were forced to sit at the front of the room with a cap that read 'Dunce' which meant stupid.
• Schools were overcrowded and students had little one on one time with the teacher.

• Attendance was made mandatory. Students were required to attend school from 8-14.
• Students enrollment grew.
• Kindergartens became more prominent.
• Schools would slowly move away from the schoolhouse model and instead moved to a more classroom by age model.
• Certain punshiments slowly began to be banned.
• You'll see a large lack of Dunce caps today..

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High school Reform

With the growth of Industrialization, more technical and managerial skills become more in demand. To produce more workers with these skills an education higher than elementary school was needed. High schools became the solution. Andrew Carnegie was a huge supported of education. He believed in capitalism and for to succeed, society needed to "provide ladders upon which the aspiring can rise." High schools began to include courses in civics, science and social studies. It was just academic, many high schools provided vocational courses to prepare male graduates for industrial jobs in drafting, carpentry, mechanics, and female graduates with Office work.

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Education for Immigrants

Immigrants were encouraged to go to school. These immigrants were mostly from Europe. (Remember our lesson on Angel Island and Ellis Island). Most immigrants sent their children to America's free public school to assimilate into American culture. Have you ever heard the term 'Melting Pot'? American is considered a melting pot because it consists of a mixture of people from other cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures. By assimilating to American culture, many immigrants abandoned their native language and culture and instead became part of the melting pot with only some aspects of their original culture remaining.

Even adult immigrants attended night school to learn English and qualify for citizenship in America. While some immigrants taught their children their native language and English, many felt the need to abandon their native language entirely by not teaching it to their children. This was likely as way to assimilate into American culture.

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Higher Education Reform

Only 2.3% of Americans were able to attend colleges or universities. before 1880. (Compare that to closer to 44% today). As more Universities emerged that number nearly quadrupled. Universities began to offer courses in modern langauges, physical science, psychology, and sociology. More professional schools for students wanting to study medicine or law were established. While many Universities required an entrance exam, some began to accept a high school diploma as an entrance requirement.

Schools were segregated by race, but that didnt stop African American from pursuing higher education as well. Black universities began to be established around the country. Some massive supports for Black education such as Booker T. Washington believed the way to end racism was through the education and improvement of skills for African Americans. This belief put the responsibility on Black Americans to almost prove themselves, which garnered a lot of critism for obvious reasons.

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Reformers

Read these articles about Reformers. Pick two reformers to compare. You can either compare your two reformers by writing a 5 sentence short essay, or by creating a venn diagram. For either option, this should be completed on your own paper and turned in with your handout.

Booker T.Washington

Horace Mann

W.E.B Du Bois

Catharine Beecher

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Niagara Movement

The Niagara Movement was a Black American Civil Rights organization founded in 1905 by some of the most influential African American lawyers and Civil Rights leaders of the time. Led by individuals like W.E.B Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter, the Niagara Movement was built on the idea that African Americans could fight for and gain their Civil Rights through legal and politcal means. Often this meant lawsuits. In 1905 the Niagara movement produced the Declaration of Principles which demonstrated their commitment for fighting for Civil Rights. Among these principles they listed some of their goals such as: voting rights for Black Americans, the right to be treated equally as Black Americans, economic freedom for Black Americans, as well as a better public education.

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Congrats !!!!

You finished this assignement! Hopefull you understand Education Reform Better. Fill out the After section of your Anticipation Guide. If you Finish with that, work on your Ch 8 Vocab. You should do section 2 and 3.

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