Engkish presentation

SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES IN MEXICO

DISCOVER HERE!!

• Is our culture being affected?

• USES CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS

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• What are earthquakes?

• Superstitions and customs

• Why is Mexico a country of high seismicity?

• Earthquakes in pre-Hispanic Mexico

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• GUIDE TO KNOW WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE

CONTENT

• After de earthquake

• The negative impact of earthquakes in Mexico

• Conclusion

• Our culture affected by earthquakes

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Earthquakes occur because the earth is covered by a rocky layer known as the lithosphere, up to 100 km thick, which is fragmented into large portions called tectonic plates. The movement of these, causes that in the edges, where the plates make contact, frictional forces are generated that prevent the movement of one with respect to the other. If these efforts exceed the resistance of the rocks, or the frictional forces are overcome, a violent rupture and the sudden release of the accumulated energy occurs.

What are the Earthquakes?

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Why Mexico is a country of high seismicity?

The Mexican Republic is geologically characterized by its great seismic and volcanic activity. In the context of Plate Tectonics, Mexico is located in the so-called Belt of Fire, where much of the telluric movements worldwide is recorded. The country is located on the North American Plate, limited in its southern and western portion, with the Cocos, Rivera and Pacific plates.

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In southern and western Mexico, tectonics are more complex because it is controlled by the subduction of the Cocos plate under the North American and Caribbean plates in the southeast. In turn, the plates of North America and the Caribbean have a left lateral transcurrent limit along the Cayman pit and the Motagua-Polochic fault system.

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A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

They drew glyphs, graphic signs, equivalent to writing. Specifically, they used two: the glyph that expressed temporality and the glyph earthquake.

In pre-Hispanic times, Mesoamerican cultures had certain beliefs that made them think that the earshokes had a very peculiar reason. In 1455 The first description of an earthquake appears in the canals of Tlatelolco.

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"When the earth trembles, they sprayed all their jewels with water, taking the water in their mouths and blowing it on them, and also through the poles and thresholds of the doors and the house; they said that if they did not do this, that the tremor would take those houses with them"

One of the most complete philosophical chronicles that exist on the reaction of the Mexica to earthquakes is of Bernardino Sahagun, a Franciscan missionary.

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NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES

INFRASTRUCTURAL FACTORS

• Since the 2017 earthquake occurred, complaints about poorly built buildings that collapsed or suffered irreparable damage are frequent.

• While building techniques have improved in urban areas, in some rural regions there are regulatory failures and poverty that put human lives at risk.
• On september of 1985, when the damage was finally assessed, 3,000 buildings in Mexico City were demolished and another 100,000 suffered serious damage.

SOCIAL FACTORS

• The social impact can be produced in different ways, first, causing deaths, injuries and physical and emotional damage.

• Earthquakes can also cause psychological shocks and traumas.

• The effects of an earthquake result in ground shaking, fires, seismic sea waves and landslides, as well as disruption of vital services. (GMS,2017)

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After the 1985 earthquake the need to create a National Civil Protection System for the prevention and safety of citizens and to reduce the damage caused by natural disasters, not only by earthques but also by hurricanes, softening or landslides, floods or river overflows that impact Mexico every year.

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People mainly seek refuge and stay safe at the time of the earthquake, however, infrastructure such as churches, temples, or schools, are of great importance within the cultural field for the inhabitants.

CULTURAL FACTORS

IS OUR CULTURE BEING AFFECTED?

In addition to the seismic alert system, programs were established to create the culture of prevention in schools and workplaces and to rehearse, through simulations, the actions in case of earthquake.

The temples and enclosures that keep the history of Mexico, are the most affected, because they are places that are prone to damage for so long they have been standing. And as a consequence, part of the culture is lost.

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SUPERSTITIONS AND CUSTOMS

A superstition related to earthquakes in Mexico is the belief that September 19 "attracts" earthquakes, due to the earthquakes that occurred in 1985, 2017 and 2022.

The Aztecs thought that human life was periodically extinguished because of earthquakes, at the end of each era called "Sun". The fifth Sun, the current, whose sign was Nahui Ollin (four movement). Ollin (earthquake).

the Mexica were sure that the present world was going to end by earthquakes.

The Aztecs, related earthquakes to the wrath or movement of the gods.

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GUIDE TO KNOW WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE

• When the seismic alert sounds, remain calm and if you are on the first floor and it is possible, evacuate the building and follow the previously established evacuation routes.

• Move away from windows, furniture, mirrors, plants or other heavy objects that may fall.

• If there are infants, elderly people or people with disabilities, help them to retreat or stand in the area of least risk.

• If you can, turn off light switches, shut off water, gas and water faucets.

• During the earthquake, do not use stairs or elevators.

• Don't run, many accidents occur during a disorderly evacuation.

• Evacuate the building until the earthquake is over, if the evacuation route makes it possible.

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• Do not push, you may injure or hurt people who are evacuating, give them time to get out.

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What measures we need to take before an earthquake?

• Prepare and update your Family Plan and/or ask the administration of your property to create an Internal Civil Protection Program.

• Check your house periodically, check for sinkholes, collapses or existing cracks and fissures.

• Prepare a life bag with the following items:

After THE earthquake

• In case of having retreated to areas of lower risk during the earthquake, evacuate the building to a meeting point.

• Use cell phones only for emergencies or as little as possible.

• Once the tremor is over, check the structural condition of the building, plumbing and electrical installations.

• Do not return to the property in case of detecting any structural damage and ask for a review to the competent authorities.

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We need to take care of and preserve our culture, helping not to destroy our temples anymore.

It is important to help everyone who needs to help at these events.

This presentation hopes to cause more social awareness and reflection on the dimension of an earthquake in our country.

CONCLUSIONAND REFLECTION

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REFERENCES:

IMAGES TAKEN FROM:

• (1)taken from:https://neomexicanismos.com/tepeyollotl-dios-azteca-terremotos-sismos-tezcatlipoca-jaguar/
• (2)https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ollin
• (3)https://worldinmaps.com/tectonic-plates/
• (4)https://www.msn.com/es-mx/noticias/fotos/todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber-sobre-el-sismo-en-m%C3%A9xico/ss-AAsgrdili=AAggXBN&ocid=mailsignout&fullscreen=true#image=48
• (5)https://www.imss.gob.mx/sites/all/statics/pdf/Paisano_2022_guia.pdf
• (6)https://www.sgm.gob.mx/Web/MuseoVirtual/imagenes/riesgos/mapa.png
• (5)https://mx.pinterest.com/pin/744712488416822621/
• (6)https://i.pinimg.com/474x/56/93/81/569381f3945c58773c49b0c3bbf66370.jpg
• (7)https://2012profeciasmayasfindelmundo.wordpress.com/tag/albarrada-de-nezahualcoyotl/
• (8)https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahagún
• (9)https://es.dorit-meir.com/diez-palabras-en-ingles-tomadas-de-lenguas-indigenas-de-las-americas
• (10)https://www.capital21.cdmx.gob.mx/noticias/?p=2548

• (11)https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-41325116
• (12)https://pin.it/NpL4L1FwE
• (13)https://pin.it/RsbZ2LoOG
• (14)https://pin.it/sl0xaSKUq
• (15)https://pin.it/YIaRzHCXD
• (16) https://aquinoticias.mx/bonampak-en-serio-riesgo-por-sismos-inah/

• Aralta, A. Noticias 22. (2018). Damage from the 2017 earthquake in the state of Morelos [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AQid_etLik
• Salvador, D. G. C. (2018). Special 19S: Beliefs and recording of earthquakes in pre-Hispanic Mexico. Science UNAM. https://ciencia.unam.mx/leer/784/especial-19s-creencias-y-registro-de-sismos-en-el-mexico-prehispanicoSecretary of integral risk management and civil protection. (2013).
• Victor H., G., Miguel A. EARTHQUAKES, OFFERINGS AND HUMAN SACRIFICES. (2019). SABER MÁS. https://www.sabermas.umich.mx/secciones/articulos/192-sismos-ofrendas-y-sacrificios-humanos.html
• Secretary of integral risk management and civil protection. (2013). GUIDE to know what to do in case of an earthquake. Government Of Mexico. https://www.proteccioncivil.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/guia-para-saber-que-hacer-en-caso-de-sismo.pdf

• Universal, E. (n.d.). The count of cultural damage, six months after the earthquake | CONFABULARIO | Suplemento cultural de EL UNIVERSAL. https://confabulario.eluniversal.com.mx/el-recuento-de-los-danos-culturales-a-seis-meses-del-sismo/
• BBC NEWS. (2017, September 9). How prepared was Mexico's infrastructure to withstand the impact of the strongest earthquake in the last century? https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-41209298
• Universal, R. E. (2019, December 30). Events that marked Mexican culture. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/hechos-que-marcaron-la-cultura-mexicana/
• Universal, E. (s. f.). Recounting the cultural damage six months after the earthquake CONFABULARIO | EL UNIVERSAL. https://confabulario.eluniversal.com.mx/el-recuento-de-los-danos-culturales-a-seis-meses-del-sismo/
• Mexican Geological Survey. (2017) Causes, characteristics and impacts.https://www.gob.mx/sgm/es/articulos/sismos-causas-caracteristicas-e-impactos?idiom=es#:~:text=o%20tensi%C3%B3n%20el%C3%A1stica.-,Impacto,p%C3%A1nico%20y%20el%20choque%20psicol%C3%B3gico.

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TLALOLLIN

The earth tremor glyph is formed with the ollin glyph, which means movement, and the tlalli glyph, which means earth.

In this way, tlalli associated with ollin, form tlalollin, which means movement of the earth: earthquake.

https://pin.it/6zeWBM9gB

Mayan glyphs

• "The Earth is being shaken"

http://abcjeroglificomaya.blogspot.com

INAH TV. (2014, December 12). Florentine Codex [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPlKbEzmrtc

"One way to face these phenomena was to offer offerings to the gods to have them in peace, these offerings could be in the form of stelas or human sacrifices." (Victor, G. 2010)

Image taken from: https://pin.it/2npPU8OGM