Mapa conceptual | Unidad 1 | INGLES

Software applications

Licenses and types of licenses

Types of Operating Systems

Start-up managers

Functions or Services of an Operating System

Operating System Installation: Requirements, versions, and licenses

Architecture of an Operating System

Operating system virtualization

Structure of a Computer System

Unit 1: Introduction to Operating Systems and Their Installation

2.1 Components of an Operating System

Utility Programs

Kernel

Functionalities

Hardware Management

Utilities for Memory Management

Utilities for Process Management

User Interface Program or Shell

Task Management

Communication

The Kernels

Monolithic Kernels

Microkernels

Hybrid Kernels

Exokernels

2.1.2 Command Interpreter. Utility Programs of an Operating System

It is a software program that acts as a user interface to communicate with the operating system through a graphical screen or window, waiting for commands typed by the user on the keyboard, interpreting them, and passing them to the operating system for execution.

Functions Controlled by the Operating System

Process Management

I/O System Management

Address Control

File System Management

Other Utilities

3.1 Controling Processes

La información que nos aporta el sistema en la estructura de bloque de datos generada para cada proceso es:

Process Identification Code or PID

Priority Value When Assigning System Resources

Allocated Memory Area

The hardware status, information for managing memory, and the status of the I/O system.

Process State

Execution or Active

Ready or Prepared

Blocked or Suspended

Zombie or Ignored

Dead

3.1.1 Process Scheduler

3.1.2 Process Scheduling Representation. Process Blocking Control

3.2 Control and Manage Memory

3.2.1 Memory Management Techniques

3.3 Control Peripheral Devices. Classification of Peripherals

3.4 Control File Organization

7. Boot loaders

7.1. Concepts related to operating system booting

7.2. Windows Boot Managers

7.3. Linux Boot Managers

8. Installation of Operating Systems: Requirements, Versions, and Licenses

8.1. Requirements, Distributions, and Considerations for Installing Windows 7

8.1.2. Features of the Installed Windows 7 System

8.2. Requirements, Distributions, and Considerations for Installing Windows Server

8.3. Requirements, Distributions, and Considerations for Installing Linux

8.3.2. Characteristics of the Installed Linux System

3.1.2. Representación de la planificación de procesos. El control de bloqueo de procesos

La planificación de los procesos se suele representar gráficamente utilizando los diagramas de Gantt o diagramas temporales de la posesión del procesador. En los sistemas de tiempo compartido, multiprocesos, multitarea o multihilo se pueden presentar problemas a la hora de competir por los recursos del sistema esto se soluciona mediante el llamado control de bloqueos de los procesos.

El bloqueo de procesos se debe de producir cuando dos o más programas necesitan utilizar algún recurso del sistema de software o hardware a la vez.

Alguna de las técnicas para evitar bloqueos son:

Asignación todo-nada

Algoritmo del banquero

Asignación de recursos en orden lineal

5. Informatic application

According to their functions, programs can be classified.

System software

Application software

5.1. Client-server application model: distributed applications

The components that appear in these distributed application work environments are:

The server computer has the tools to process requests.

The client computer initiates the communication.

The middleware will be the interface that provides connectivity between applications.

We can find different classifications in the client-server model.

In terms of process load between the client and the server:

By the assigned functions of the features

By the service offered by the servers

Heavy client-light server

Hevay server-light client

Two-tier

Three-tier

Multilevel

Database servers

Transaction servers

Web servers

File servers

3.3. Controlar los dispositivos periféricos. Clasificación de periféricos

Los periféricos de entrada/salida son dispositivos hardware que junto con los soportes se encargan almacenar, leer datos y programas que serán procesados por el sistema.

Para facilitar la comunicación entre el usuario y los dispositivos, el sistema operativo aporta los denominados interfaces de comunicación que pueden ser:

Interfaz tipo texto .

Interfaz tipo gráfico .

Los periféricos se pueden clasificar según su función de su uso:

De entrada

De salida

De entrada/salida (E/S)

After turning on the computer, the first thing the CPU does is execute the machine code stored at a predefined memory address. This code represents the BIOS; one of its functions is to search for a special program that executes the so-called bootloader (LILO or GRUB). The MBR is the sector of the hard drive that contains the bootloader, which will search for the Kernel (core of the Linux System) to place it in memory and provide the CPU with the address to execute it. Additionally, the MBR contains the partition table. Currently, GRUB is used more than LILO because it is more powerful than LILO.

The GRUB is the tool responsible for starting the different operating systems installed on the computer. The most important features are: - It allows modifying its configuration without needing to reinstall GRUB - It is compatible with file systems ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, Fat32, and NTFS - The menu can be customized with images or by changing the background.

7.3.1. The GRUB Bootloader for Linux

To configure GRUB, we must modify the file /boot/grub/menu.lst; some of the options are:

If we want to add a new OS option to the menu, we should add the following command lines:

If we want to add a new OS option to the menu, we should put the following command lines.

Among the most used distributions of Linux, we can find:

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Ubuntu

Mandriva

Debian

6. Licenses and types of licenses

According to the criteria outlined in the usage contract (it is advisable to read the terms before accepting them), we can find different classification modes, one of which could be used by many internet portals that distribute software, which usually identify it with one of these types based on its usage and design:

FreeSoftware

Owner or private Software

Commercial Software

Public Domain Software

Freeware

Shareware

GPL

Whit Copyleft

DFSG

BSD

MPL-style licenses

7.1. Concepts Related to Operating System Booting

The BIOS

The BOOTLOADER

The BOOTSTRAP

Describes the booting or startup process of any computer. It usually refers to the program that boots an operating system, such as GRUB, Lilo, or NTLDR. It runs after the POST process of the BIOS.

It is a simple program that does not have all the functionalities of an operating system, designed exclusively to prepare everything the operating system needs to function.

It is a piece of software code that locates and recognizes all the devices needed to load the operating system into RAM. Its primary function is to find the operating system and load it into RAM.

3.1.1 Process Scheduler

When multiple processes are ready to execute, the operating system must decide which one should use the processor. The module responsible for this task is called the scheduler.

Functions and Objectives of the Scheduler:

Fairness

Efficiency

Low Response Time

High Performance

Scheduling Algorithms

FIFO (First In Fist Out)

Round-Robin Algorithm

Priority Scheduling Algorithm

SJF Algorithm

Measures or Values to Evaluate Scheduling Algorithms

CPU Burst Time

Productivity (P)

Turnaround Time (TT)

Waiting Time (W)

Service Time

It is an operating system from Microsoft based on an improved NT kernel 6.0 (multitasking and can work with both single-processor computers and symmetric multiprocessing computers), and it has a more user-friendly interface.

In order of the number of functions they perform, we can find the following available distributions of Windows 7:

Windows 7 Professional

Windows 7 Starter

Windows 7 Home Premium

Windows 7 Enterprise/Ultimate

Other versions of Windows are:

Windows 10

Windows 8

Windows 11

Windows vista

3.2. Controlar y gestionar la memoria

Podemos realizar la siguiente clasificación de los tipos de memoria:

Según su función

Según su posibilidad de acceso

Memoria interna

Memoria caché

Memoria principal o central

Memoria de registros

Memoria externa o secundaria

RAM

ROM

SRAM o RAM Estática

DRAM o RAM Dinámica

Some of the basic features or utilities of the system available in the Windows 7 operating system environment after installation are:

Windows XP Mode

Grupo Hogar

Para el acceso a Internet

La interfaz

Soporte para pantallas multitáctiles

AppLocker

Centro de actividades para el control de Seguridad y Mantenimiento

Bitlocker y Bitlocker To Go

Device Stage

Soporte directo

Grabación de acciones

Firewall

EFS

The current boot system is called BDC store, which no longer uses the traditional boot.ini file to manage the boot menu. Instead, it has an online tool to modify boot parameters called bcdedit.exe; there is also a freeware graphical application that facilitates boot configuration called VistaBootPro. The BCD is hidden in binary encoding and can only be edited if your user is an administrator. It can be modified using the bcedit command or from the Startup and Recovery dialog box, which allows you to select the default boot operating system and change the wait time to select an option from the menu, or by running Msconfig.exe from the start bar.

We can consider that when we turn on the computer, the electrical current brings the components of the motherboard to life. Immediately, the microprocessor sends an order to the BIOS ROM chip (Basic Input/Output System), where the POST (Power-On Self-Test) routines or boot program are stored. Once the BIOS receives the order from the microprocessor, the POST begins to execute a sequence of tests, passing control to the MBR, which will direct to the Master Boot Record (boot sector of the hard drive) to continue with the computer's boot process.

Windows Server 2008 is the network server operating system from Microsoft. It is based on the Windows NT 6.1 kernel.

We can find the following available distributions of Windows Server 2008:

Windows Server 2008 Datacenter

Windows Server 2008 Enterprise

Windows Server 2008 Standard

Windows web server 2008.

The number of licenses required, with the possibility of choosing between two types:

Per server

Per user or device

In many cases, the installation of an application requires the purchase and registration of usage licenses. In Windows Server 2008, two types of licenses are distinguished:

The licenses specific to Windows Server 2008 for its network clients, decided and discussed during the installation process, are referred to as per server or per user/device.

The Terminal Services licenses (each of the clients of the Terminal Services must have a license).

1. Structure of a Computer System

This topic explains some basic definitions such as:

Computer science

Programming language

Computer

Software

Computers can be classified as

For general use

Supercomputer

Mainframe computer

Mini computers

For specific use

Microcomputers

3.2.1. Técnicas de administración de la memoria

Existen diferentes técnicas de administración o de gestión de memoria como son:

Memoria Virtual

Paginación

Segmentación

Medida de la información

3.4. Controlar la organización de ficheros o archivos

Los ficheros son la estructura utilizada para alojar datos o instrucciones que se almacenan en soportes externos para poder ser procesada por el sistema mediante un determinado programa .

Los sistemas de ficheros manejan dos tipos fundamentales de objetos:

Los ficheros regulares

Los directorios

Las principales operaciones que se suelen realizar con los ficheros en la mayoría de los sistemas son: crear, renombrar, abrir, copiar, buscar, leer, escribir, cerrar y borrar, las cuales van relacionadas con los permisos y derechos que tiene cada usuario para su uso. Las operaciones con los directorios, por ejemplo en Linux son: crear, borrar, abrir, cerrar, leer, cambiar de nombre, enlazar, desenlazar directorios.

3. Functions or Services of an Operating System

The OS in its design must provide the following capabilities

User Interfaces

Resource Management

File Management

Task Management

Support Services

Security Control

3.1 Controling Processes

3.2 Control and Manage Memory

3.3 Control Peripheral Devices. Classification of Peripherals

3.4 Control File Organization

Some of the basic features or utilities of the system available in the work environment of the Linux Ubuntu operating system after being installed are:

The Bourne Shell.

They have several command interpreters.

The C Shell.

Multi-user operating system.

The Korn Shell.

Kernel version is made up of three numbers:

Multitasking system.

Use of virtual memory.

Two main components.

Main version number.

Secondary version number.

Current revision number.

Network structure formed by a central server.

Distribution for server or personal computer.

Hierarchical file system.

The kernel.

The Shell.

An operating system is software made up of a set of programs that controls and interacts with the system, providing control over the hardware and supporting other programs, such as those that make up the so-called application software.

Operating system models

Monolithic Design

Layered Design

Virtual Machines

Client/Server Model

Microkernels

2.1. Components of an Operating System

2.1.2 Interprete de comandos. Programas útiles de un sistema operativo

4. Types of Operating Systems

Operating systems can be classified based on various parameters:

By their internal structure

According to the number of users

According to the number of processes or tasks

According to the number of processors

According to the type of response

By the way of providing services

Single-User

Multi-User

Single-Task

Multi-task

Single-Processor

Multiprocessor

Batch Processing

Time-Sharing Systems

Real-Time Systems

Hybrid

Monolithic

Layered

Virtual Machine

Client-Server

Centralized Systems

Networked Systems

Distributed Systems

9.Virtualization of operating systems

A virtual hypervisor (in English, hypervisor virtual machine monitor or machine monitor) is a virtualization platform that allows different operating systems to be used simultaneously.

The advantages of virtualization are as follows:

Run operating systems to 'test' them.

Allows the installation of one or more operating systems on one.

A disk file is used as a virtual partition.

We achieve a virtual PC within the physical PC.

Have multiple operating systems to use 'programs that are not cross-platform.

Hypervisors can be classified into two types:

System virtual machines

Process virtual machines

Different operating systems can coexist.

Instruction architecture.

To consolidate servers.

Virtualization is an excellent option.