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Made by Matteo Rasura, Sebastiano Scanavacca, Alessandro Zuin
Victorian ThinkersQuiz
Victorian age
Question 1/10
Progressives and Conservatives, as well as Believers and Non-Believers, were movements reflecting significant social and ideological debates within Victorian Britain. They represented broad currents of thought responding to the changes and challenges of the 19th century. In contrast, Democrats and Republicans refer to specific political parties rooted in the U.S. political system, and thus are not applicable to the broader social movements that characterized the Victorian Age in Britain.
Bel VS Non-Bel
Prog VS Cons
Explaination 1/10
Victorian age
Empiricism
Question 2/10
Empiricism
Explaination 2/10
Empiricism is a philosophical doctrine which regards experience as the only source of knowledge. The empiricist draws his rules of practice not from theory but from close observation and experiment, emphasizing inductive rather than deductive processes of thought. In seventeenth- and eighteenth- century medicine, however, empiricism was synonymous with quackery, and in literary criticism the term is also generally employed to characterize an uninformed judgment. John Locke, in his enormously influential Essay concerning Human Understanding, refuted the concept on "innate ideas" and insisted that all human knowledge was of empiric origin. Bishop Berkeley's philosophical works attack Locke's insistence on the existence of an external material reality. Dr. Johnson was, emphatically, an empiricist: William Blake, equally emphatically, was not.
Karl Marx
Question 3/10
Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher and economist, best remembered for his critique of capitalism and his role in shaping socialist theory. Introduced to socialism by Moses Hess, he co-wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) alongside Friedrich Engels, a revolutionary text urging the working class to rise up against capitalist societies. His most influential work, Das Kapital (1867), is a deep analysis of capitalism, exposing how it exploits labor and announcing its downfall. Though his ideas went unnoticed during his lifetime, they went on to significantly influence political ideologies and revolutions in the 20th century.
Explaination 3/10
Karl Marx
Charles Darwin
Question 4/10
Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection. In his work On the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin proposed that species evolve over time due to the survival and reproduction of individuals better adapted to their environments. This process leads to the gradual development of new species. His theory revolutionized biology, challenging traditional views of life and laying the foundation for modern evolutionary science.
Explaination 4/10
Charles Darwin
Darwin's journey
Utilitarianism
Question 5/10
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that emphasizes maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering, developed by Jeremy Bentham. Two of the biggest followers of this philosophy are John Stuart Mill and David Ricardo. The core idea is that actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism evaluates decisions based on their outcomes, focusing on overall well-being rather than personal or societal rules. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning the morality of an action depends on its results.
Explaination 5/10
Utilitarianism
J. S. Mill
Question 6/10
The sentence is false because John Stuart Mill did not reject utilitarianism. In fact, he was one of its most important proponents. Mill expanded on the ideas of Jeremy Bentham, who first articulated the theory of utilitarianism. According to utilitarianism, actions are judged morally right or wrong based on their consequences, particularly in terms of how much happiness or utility they produce. Mill argued that the best action is the one that maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people, not based on tradition or other factors like duty or rules alone.
Explaination 6/10
J. S. Mill
Malthusian cycle
Question 7/10
The Malthusian Cycle is a theory proposed by economist Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century. It describes the cyclical relationship between population growth and resource availability, particularly food. The cycle consists of several key stages:Population Growth: When resources, especially food, are plentiful, the population increases rapidly.Resource Strain: As the population grows, it eventually exceeds the ability of the environment to provide enough food and resources.Crisis: Shortages lead to crises like famine, disease, or conflict, which reduce the population.Stabilization: After the population declines, it reaches a sustainable level relative to available resources, before growth resumes and the cycle starts again.
Explaination 7/10
Malthusian cycle
Thomas Malthus
Question 8/10
Malthus thinks that there are three ways to avoid the overgrowth of the population.This mathods are the:
Vice
Explaination 8/10
Moral restraint
Thomas Malthus
Misery
Adam Smith
Question 9/10
Adam Smith is mostly remembered for his ideas about economics.Some of his important inventions are the concept of gross domestic product and for the theory of compensating wage differentials which he proposed in the book "The wealth of nations".
Smith's books
Explaination 9/10
Adam Smith
Mercantilism
Question 10/10
The mercantilism theory is what Adam Smith has rejected all his life, proposing the alternative theory of Laissez-faire economy, saying that by letting the market be free to arrange itself it would have become stronger than by imposing restrictions to it.
The invisible hand
Explaination 10/10
Mercantilism
Quiz finished!
ProgressivesvsConservatives
Progressives wanted reforms for workers, women’s rights, and education, reacting to industrialization’s challenges.Conservatives aimed to preserve traditional values like monarchy, religion, and class hierarchies, resisting rapid change.
The invisible hand theory
The laissez-faire theory is based on the principal of the invisible hand, which says that in a free market there is a force that guides the costs and salaries making them correct, like an invisible hand guiding the market, and so the most unwanted jobs will be the most payed and the most wanted will be payed less.
Believers vs Non-Believers
Believers (mainly Christians) influenced society through religious institutions, shaping laws and social norms.Non-Believers embraced secularism and science, challenging religious authority, especially after Darwin's theory of evolution.
Smith's most important books
Undoubtedly his most important work is "The Wealth of Nations" divided in two publications Named "Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations" part 1 and 2, but other important writings are "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "Essays on philosophical subjects"
Moral restraint
The ability of men to impose their will on their primordial instincts, and by that limit the growth in population.For him this is the only solution as he could not predict the invention of contraceptives.
Moses Hess (1812–1875) was a German-Jewish philosopher and socialist who influenced Karl Marx. He was an early advocate of communism and Zionism, combining Jewish nationalism with socialist ideals. His key works include Rome and Jerusalem (1862), promoting Jewish self-determination and the revival of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Moses Hess
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, and Karl Marx’s close collaborator. Co-author of The Communist Manifesto (1848), Engels helped develop Marxist theory. His work, The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), highlighted industrial exploitation, and he co-edited Marx’s Das Kapital after Marx's death.
Friedrich Engels
Vices
By vice he refers to the tendency of humankind to destroy itself using different methods, the most common is to make wars
Misery
The appearance of unpredicted situations that can reduce the population and that con not be overcome thanks to the technological innovation that caused the population growth, such as:
- famines
- epidemics
- natural disasters (on a local level)