Refrences
History & theory of
Design
Timeline
Luz Guerrero-Piña
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Dark Ages of Greek history
B.C.E 1500-800
1500s
800s
1100s
Loss of Writing: Following the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, Greece entered a period of reduced literacy known as the Dark Ages. The Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans fell out of use, and for several centuries, there was little written record.
Oral Tradition: Knowledge and culture were preserved through oral storytelling and traditions, with no significant development in typography or writing.
Transition to Alphabet: By the end of this period, the Greek alphabet began to emerge, adapted from the Phoenician script. This adaptation laid the groundwork for future written communication.
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Archaic Period
B.C.E.
800s
480s
500s
Emergence of the Greek Alphabet: The Greek alphabet was established during this period, with significant improvements in legibility and structure. The introduction of vowels made the script more accessible and phonetic.
Stylistic Developments: The script was often written in boustrophedon (alternating directions) and featured varying styles, including angular and more rounded forms, leading to the development of distinct regional scripts.
Inscriptions: The use of inscriptions on stone, pottery, and metal became common, with the use of monumental capitals for public texts, like dedications and laws. Examples include the Dipylon Inscription (c. 740 BCE).
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Classical Period
B.C.E.
480s
322
390s
Standardization of Scripts: The classical period saw the standardization of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted widely across the Greek city-states. The introduction of the Attic script became prominent, characterized by its clear and consistent letterforms.
Standardization of Scripts: The classical period saw the standardization of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted widely across the Greek city-states. The introduction of the Attic script became prominent, characterized by its clear and consistent letterforms.
Literary Flourishing: This era marked the production of significant literary works by authors like Homer, Herodotus, and Plato. Manuscripts of these texts began to be produced, leading to greater literacy and cultural exchange.
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Hellenistic Period
B.C.E.
323
30s
100s
Development of New Scripts: The use of various scripts, including more stylized forms of uncial and cursive, became common. The Koine Greek emerged as a common dialect, leading to standardization in writing.
Papyri and Scrolls: The production of papyrus scrolls became widespread for literary and administrative purposes. This period saw the establishment of libraries, such as the Library of Alexandria, which played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating written works.
Calligraphy and Artistry: Typography also evolved as a visual art form. Calligraphers began to emphasize aesthetic aspects of writing, leading to beautiful manuscripts with ornate letters and designs.
Spread of Greek Culture: Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture and language spread across the Eastern Mediterranean and into Asia, leading to greater demand for written texts in Greek.
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2nd Century
100s
190s
150s
Roman Script Development: The Roman script (Capitalis Monumentalis), was the dominant form of writing. It featured well-defined, uppercase letters, often used for inscriptions and monumental works.
Increased Literacy: This period saw rising literacy rates among the Roman populace, facilitated by the spread of educational institutions and the use of writing for commerce, law, and public announcements.
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3th Century
200s
290s
250s
Script Variation: Different regional scripts began to emerge as the Roman Empire expanded. For example, the Latin cursive script, which was more informal and faster to write, developed during this time and was used for everyday purposes.
Codex Format Emergence: The codex format (a bound book) began to replace scrolls for literary texts. The codex allowed for easier navigation of texts and was more durable, which contributed to its growing popularity.
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4th Century
300s
390s
350s
Christian Manuscripts: With the rise of Christianity, there was a significant increase in the production of religious texts. This led to the creation of illuminated manuscripts that combined text with decorative elements, often featuring the Latin alphabet.
Use of Uncial Script: The uncial script emerged, characterized by its rounded letters and the use of both uppercase and lowercase forms. This script was commonly used for religious texts and contributed to greater readability.
Council of Nicaea (325 CE): The council prompted the need for standardized texts for Christian doctrine, leading to increased demand for written materials.
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5th Century
NOTE: 5th-10th Century: Development of insular and Carolingian scripts in Europe, emphasizing legibility.
400s
490s
450s
Latin Alphabet Adoption: With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Latin alphabet began to spread across Europe. This period saw the transition from Roman script to more simplified forms, influenced by the needs of various cultures.
Manuscript Culture: Most texts were hand-copied by monks in monasteries. This labor-intensive process led to a variety of regional scripts as monks adapted writing styles for legibility and artistic expression.
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6th Century
NOTE: Medieval Era: 500 AD to 1500 AD.
500s
590s
550s
Insular Script: In the British Isles, the Insular script emerged, combining elements of Roman and Celtic styles. It featured rounded letters and was often used in religious texts, enhancing readability.
Codex Format: The codex (a bound book) became more common, replacing scrolls. This format facilitated easier access to text and the use of more varied typography.
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7th Century
600s
690s
650s
Carolingian Minuscule: Charlemagne's reign saw the development of the Carolingian minuscule, a clear and legible script standardized across the Holy Roman Empire. This script featured lowercase letters, making texts easier to read and write, and laid the groundwork for modern typography.
Scriptoria: Monasteries developed scriptoria, dedicated spaces for manuscript production. These became centers of learning and preservation of texts, fostering a rich tradition of written communication.
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8th Century
700s
790s
750s
Celtic Influence: In Ireland and Britain, illuminated manuscripts combined intricate designs with text, showcasing artistic expression in typography.
Spread of Carolingian Minuscule: The Carolingian minuscule spread throughout Europe, facilitating communication and scholarship. Its clarity influenced future typographic developments.
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9th Century
800s
890s
850s
Advances in Manuscript Illumination: Manuscripts became more ornate, with elaborate decorations and initial letters. This period saw the fusion of text and art, making books visually captivating.
Arabic Influence: The translation of Greek and Roman texts into Arabic influenced European scholarship, leading to the development of new writing styles and the introduction of Arabic numerals.
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10th Century
900s
990s
950s
Variations in Scripts: Various regional scripts, like Gothic and Romanesque styles, began to emerge, each with unique characteristics tailored to local needs and aesthetics.
The Role of Universities: The rise of universities during this period created a demand for textbooks, spurring the production of manuscripts in different scripts, fostering diversity in typography.
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11th Century
1000s
1090s
1050s
Early Gothic Script: The early stages of Gothic script emerged, characterized by pointed arches and angular forms. This script would evolve significantly in the following centuries, eventually leading to the more ornate Gothic typefaces.
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12th Century
1100s
1190s
1150s
Scriptoria Expansion: The number of scriptoria increased, particularly in monasteries, leading to the production of more texts. Monastic communities played a crucial role in preserving classical works and producing illuminated manuscripts.
Gothic Script Emergence: The 12th century saw the rise of Gothic script, characterized by its angular forms and densely packed letters. This script was often used for religious texts and manuscripts, reflecting the architectural styles of the period, such as the pointed arches of Gothic cathedrals.
The Use of Vernacular Languages: The period marked the beginning of the use of vernacular languages in literature, which influenced typography. Manuscripts started to include local languages alongside Latin, making texts more accessible to a broader audience.
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13th Century
1200s
1290s
1250s
Variation in Regional Scripts: Different regions developed their own styles of Gothic script, leading to variations like Textura and cursive forms. These variations adapted to the needs of different texts and audiences.
Increased Literacy: As literacy began to rise, especially among the merchant class, the demand for books increased. This led to a greater emphasis on the production of secular texts alongside religious manuscripts.
Artistic Innovations: Manuscripts became more decorative, with intricate illuminations, miniatures, and initial letters that enhanced the visual appeal of the text.
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13th Century
1200s
1290s
1250s
Variation in Regional Scripts: Different regions developed their own styles of Gothic script, leading to variations like Textura and cursive forms. These variations adapted to the needs of different texts and audiences.
Increased Literacy: As literacy began to rise, especially among the merchant class, the demand for books increased. This led to a greater emphasis on the production of secular texts alongside religious manuscripts.
Artistic Innovations: Manuscripts became more decorative, with intricate illuminations, miniatures, and initial letters that enhanced the visual appeal of the text.
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14th Century
1300s
1390s
1350s
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15th Century
NOTE: There is no such thing as a specific typephase for this time. As we see the difference in style from Italy and Germany.
1400s
1490s
1450s
Increased Literacy & Availability of Texts: The printing press made books more affordable and widely available, leading to an increase in literacy rates across Europe. This period marked the beginning of the spread of knowledge beyond the confines of the elite.
Rise of New Typefaces: The advent of printing led to the creation of new typefaces, influenced by the earlier Gothic and Roman styles. Type designers began to experiment with letterforms, leading to the development of humanist typefaces that were more readable and aesthetically pleasing.
Standardization of Spelling & Grammar: With the rise of printed texts, there was a push towards standardizing spelling and grammar, contributing to the development of modern languages.
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16th Century
1500s
1590s
1550s
6th Century: Establishment of Roman typefaces, inspired by classical Roman inscriptions; notable types like Garamond and Caslon emerge.
“Printing” becomes “typography” with the spread of knowledge about itself.
- Published descriptions of its practices.
- The classification of its materials and processes.
- Coordination of dimensions of materials, which enabled their exchange.
- Establishment of a record of its own history.
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17th Century
1600s
1690s
1650s
“By ‘typographer’ I do not mean a printer… I mean such a one, who by his own judgment, form solid reasoning within himself, can perform, or direct others to perform from beginning to end, all the handy-works and physical operations relating to typography”
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NOTE: Early Modern Era: 1500 AD to 1800 AD.
18th Century
1700s
1790s
1750s
Early 18th Century: Development of Modern typefaces with increased contrast between thick and thin strokes; examples include Bodoni and Didot.
Mid-18th Century: Establishment of typographic standards and the rise of typefoundries.
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19th Century
* Because of advertising (as a need of industrialization) typography got way more thicker and experimentation with type increased. 1800s-1900s shift
1800s
1890s
1850s
Early 19th Century: Introduction of sans-serif typefaces, like Akzidenz-Grotesk, paving the way for modern typography.
Late 19th Century: Explosion of decorative typefaces and the advent of lithography, allowing for more intricate designs.
Wood Type: Industrialization effects led to the creation of a culture of consumption
The need for more diverse forms of communication led to the manufacturing of wood type.
Mid to late 19th century and early 20th century was a period of variant and exuberant type design.
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NOTE: Modern Era: 1800 AD to present.
20th Century
1900s
1990s
1950s
1920s-30s: The Bauhaus movement promotes functional, sans-serif typefaces, such as Helvetica, emphasizing simplicity and readability.
1940s-50s: Advent of photo-typesetting, which revolutionizes typesetting processes
1980s: Introduction of desktop publishing with programs like Aldus PageMaker, democratizing typography.
Late 20th Century: Rise of digital typefaces and the establishment of the OpenType format, allowing for advanced typographic features.
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21th Century
2000s
2010s
2020s
2000s:Expansion of web typography; the advent of CSS and web-safe fonts enhances typography on digital platforms.
2010s-2020s: Increasing focus on typographic design for user experience; variable fonts gain popularity, allowing for more flexible and responsive typography.
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Refrence List
Images:https://erinkmalone.medium.com/the-origin-the-significance-of-the-alphabet-180cda393899https://www.insightoftheking.com/jeromes-latin-vulgate.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_%28Augustine%29 https://www.themorgan.org/manuscript/110821 https://art.thewalters.org/detail/4866/leaf-from-juvenals-satires-foliate-initial-s/ https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/OR/183a https://www.all-athens-hotels.com/culture/greek-alphabet/ https://foundinantiquity.com/2014/03/31/how-to-write-greek-uncial/ https://georgekokkos.com/2018/08/31/parian-marble/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_104 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Chester_Beatty_VI\ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B8yen_Codex_MS_193 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Beratinus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Brixianus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_Care_(Troyes,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Municipale,_MS_504) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Dioscurides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Bible_of_Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagulf_Psalter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Climaci_Rescriptus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbandidi_Gospel
Images:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_Physiologushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Gospel_Book_(British_Library,_MS_Egerton_609) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Gospel_Book_(British_Library,_Add_MS_11848) https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2052913https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Roll https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Dioscurides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Egberti https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Gospel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_Apocalypse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Psalter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vyssegradensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Leinster https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Moralia_in_Job https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Falkensteinensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_St._Nicholas_of_Ro%C5%A1ci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hamburg_Bible https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Bestiary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansonnier_d%27Arras https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douce_Apocalypse https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/specimens-of-chromatic-wood-type-and-borders-1874/ https://dcaiga.blogspot.com/2010/09/graphic-design-and-postmodernismedward.html https://mcbcollection.com/campaigns/view-campaign/uqbJz8Fvl3EcfKf5zwil2UxtIX15Egry1msuiwu8rn_-vE3XrBRLf2P0DvTs5WbJwjK03R3xIBv0fttF-ENsWBiPj1Kd2eut https://www.ma-g.org/artwork/415-le-dantiu-as-a-beacon/
Images: https://www.creativebloq.com/design/fonts-typography/the-best-typography-of-the-2000s https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Duncan_(painter) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process
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Refrence List
https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/8-things-know-pop-art/
https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/andy-warhol-campbells-soup-cans
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/17/agnes-martin-a-matter-of-fact-mystic
https://matthewmarks.com/exhibitions/ellsworth-kelly-plant-drawings-05-2017
https://www.bernardaud.com/en/us/balloon-dog-blue-by-jeff-koons-edition-en-porcelaine
https://publicdelivery.org/barbara-kruger-i-shop/#:~:text=I%20Shop%20Therefore%20I%20Am%20(1987)%20is%20the%20work%20of,particularly%20in%20Futura%20Bold%201.
https://publicdelivery.org/barbara-kruger-battleground/#:~:text=Untitled%20(Your%20Body%20is%20a%20Battleground)%20is%20an%20iconic%201989,own%20opinion%20about%20gender%20inequality.
https://sarahafarr.medium.com/analyzing-paula-schers-design-process-9a17cb1bf569
https://readymag.com/designstories/april-greiman/
https://artvee.com/dl/z-vii/
https://es.pinterest.com/pin/680043612454024735/
https://cdn.britannica.com/42/96742-050-4827022C/Nativity-Giotto-birth-Jesus-Scrovegni-Chapel-Padua.jpg
https://www.wga.hu/html_m/d/duccio/maesta/crown_f/cro_f_1.html
https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/lumiere-brothers-workers-leaving-factory-anniversary-1202219698/
https://www.galerie123.com/en/original-vintage-poster/34174/kunstkredit-197677-kunsthalle-basel/
https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/museum-of-design-zurich-unveils-the-weingart-archive/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/20745656@N00/4495162147
https://socks-studio.com/2016/11/30/joseph-muller-brockmann-musica-viva-posters-for-the-zurich-tonhalle/
https://www.behance.net/gallery/9862277/Mueller-Brockmanns-Beethoven-Poster-Geometric-Analysis
https://smarthistory.org/hannah-hoch-cut-kitchen-knife-dada-weimar-beer-belly-germany/
https://smarthistory.org/picasso-still-life-with-chair-caning/
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/durr/hd_durr.htm
https://mustafabaser.net/the-arnolfini-portrait
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29
https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/saul-bass-movie-poster-movies-vertigo/
https://www.prattinvenice.com/news-main/2020/11/11/alumni-spotlight-as-told-by-edel-rodriguez-piv-92
https://graftobian.wordpress.com/2016/09/06/art-and-makeup/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giotto-di-Bondone/Roman-period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recordings_by_Judy_Garland
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me5ke7agyOw https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/alfred-hitchcock https://encyclopediavirginia.org/578hpr-af8a556efff9267/ http://www.criticallyacclaimed.net/2019/12/weve-got-mail-10-buster-keaton-vs.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=R2FrHz0V3dQ https://smarthistory.org/eadweard-muybridge-the-horse-in-motion/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Edison-Kinetoscope-1894_fig2_237246998 https://motionpicture.edu/socialcinema/2023/06/21/the-lumiere-brothers-cinematograph/ https://www.comuseum.com/?s=Wang+Hui%2C+Kangxi#Kangxi%20Emperor's%20Tour%20of%20the%20South
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- The usage of bold colors and repetition in the images. Used to mimic the idea of mass production and to emphasize consumer culture.
- Inspiration was drawn form advertising, comic books, and everyday products.
Pop Art (50s-60s)
Roy Lichtenstein
- Playful, ironic tone used to comment of the commercialization of culture.
- Pushes the boundaries between high and low art.
- Embraces the visual language of advertising and media.
Andy Warhol
The Era of Charlemagne
The king of the Franks and the founder of the Carolingian Empire. Creator of the Carolingian Miniscules - Inventor of structured and "easy" to read letters. -
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SWISS MOVEMENT (50s-60s)
Josef Müller - Brockmann
- The experiments of the early 20th century were formalized and refined as educators set out to reconstruct postwar Germany.
- The most famous and influential school was the Bauhaus, starting in the Weimar Republic (1919-1925) and ending in Dessau (1926-1932)
- The Bauhaus education model consisted of a preliminary foundation year.
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
16TH CENTURY
- Printers began the integration of Roman and Italic forms into type families with matching weights and x-heights.
- Garamont (Steel letter)
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
19TH CENTURY
- Fat Face
- Extra Condense
- Egyption (Slab)
- Gothic (Letters with no seriffs)
- Monster Font
“The Greek editions of Aldus Manutius and his Greek collaborators (c. 1494-1515)” EXHIBITION'S VIDEO
~1449 (Italy)
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16th Century
- Woodcuts have more bold graphic lines compared to the fine lines of engravings.
- Albrecht Dürer is a prime figure for woodcuts and engravings.
- Engravings alongside religious and mythical illustrations, often depicted scientific and anatomical illustrations, botanical studies and complex allegories.
- Religious Themes alongside historical events were key depiction in wood cuts.
Art Deco (20s-30s)
Tamara de Lempicka
Tamara de Lempicka
Romain de Tirtoff (Erté)
Romain de Tirtoff (Erté)
- Characterized as a celebration of modernity, luxury and glamour.
- Style emphasis geometric shapes and materials and colors.
- Combines elements of industry with fine art to create a futuristic and classical look.
- Strong influence on architecture, fashion, interior design and fine art.
Chrysler Building, NYC
18th Century
Before the development of a photograph, concepts such as Pantograph and Camera Obscura were used as origin points for image captures and essential to the development of photography.
Johann Heinrich Schulze The discovery of the relationship and chemical reaction between light and silver salts (chalk).
Camera obscura predates photography as a lens-based image of reality.
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Silent Film Era (1900s-1920s)
Captivated audience with exaggerated facial expressions.
Hans Richter 1921
Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin
- Movies were typically accompanied by live music to add emotion to scenes.
From Punchcutting to casting Printing Type by hand at Stigbergets Stamp och Press in Stockholm, Sweden 2015
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What's to come:
- Expansion of sea trade routes, exploration across the Atlantic colonization.
- Development of Humanism (The spread of ideas [knowledge exchange])
- Revolt, Reformation, Reason (Reasoning/Critical Thinking)
- Development of the public sphere.
- Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution.
A work described as 'perfect ... both in design and in the quality of the printing...the last and the most magnificent, the Kelmscott Chaucer' (Printing and the Mind of Man, p.223). The most ambitious and magnificent book of the Press, the Kelmscott Chaucer was four years in the making. Morris designed the watermark for the paper, which was copied from an Italian incunable in Morris's collection and made entirely of linen by Batchelor. It took several requests before Clarendon Press granted permission to use Skeat's new edition of Chaucer. Burne-Jones called the book 'a pocket cathedral - it is so full of design,' and 'the finest book ever printed; if W. M. had done nothing else it would be enough.' Limited edition, one of 425 copies on paper from a total edition of 438, and one of approximately 50 copies commissioned in this binding. Ornamental woodcut title, 14 large borders, 18 different frames round the illustrations, 26 initials designed by William Morris and 87 wood cut illustrations designed by Sir Edward Burne-Jones and engraved by W.H. Hooper. Shoulder and side titles printed in red and the whole printed in two columns in Chaucer type designed by William Morris.
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
18TH CENTURY
- Influenced by new styles of handwriting and their engraved reproductions.
- Umbrella term for movements that sought to break away from classical and traditional art forms.
- Impressionism, Cubism and Abstract Expressionism.
Modernism (Late 19th-1960s)
This Just In: Paul Rand - Letterform Archive
- Pushes innovation, new techniques and reimagined reality.
Z VII by László Moholy-Nagy
Saul Bass Poster Gallery
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PoMo MOVEMENT (70s-80s)
- A shift away from the clean, minimal, and functional aesthetic of the Swiss and Modernist movement.
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Key characteristics are the rejection of the grid ad order, Playful and Experimental Typography, and the use of imagery and collage.
Wolfgang Weingart, Letter M, type studies, 1965
Wolfgang Weingart, Kunstkredit Basel 1977
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- Transition to Humanism: The early stirrings of the Renaissance began to influence typography. Scholars began to seek out classical texts, leading to a renewed interest in Roman scripts. This was a shift from the ornate Gothic forms.
- Development of the Textura Script: The Textura style, a formal Gothic script, was widely used in the production of manuscripts. Its sharp, angular letters became associated with the Gothic architectural style.
- Emergence of Professional Scribal Culture: With the demand for books increasing, a professional class of scribes and illuminators emerged. This change contributed to the standardization of scripts and styles across different regions.
The Beginign of HUMANISM
Before Linear Perspective: Song Dynasty Paintings, ~11th-12th century China
Song Dynasty (11-12th Century)
“Shanshui” means, “mountain water” Chinese artist of the time gave this name to the popular body of work that was landscapes.
19th Century
Calotype: negative photo that could be used to reproduce positive print images.
Frederick Scott Archer:
Inventor of the Wet Collodion Process.
1867. Collodion wet plate process. GERONA.- Puente de Isabel II.
Duncan in 1844, by Hill & Adamson
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Post Modernism (70s-90s)
April Greiman
- A Reaction against the ideals of Modernism.
- Characterized by irony, playfulness and the meshing a mixing of different styles.
- Embraces consumer culture, by using humor to comment of the world around them.
- Elastic, Unpredictable and Blurs Boundaries
Untitled - I shop therefore I am, Barbara Kruger
Untitled - Your Body Is a Battleground, Barbara Kruger
The Public Theatre advertisement posters, designed by Scher
Greiman & Odgers. WET Magazine, Sept/Oct, cover, 1979.
ALbrecht Dürer
16TH CENTURY
- Creating a system for letter creation (no more imitating handwriting).
Before Photography: Perspective and the Print
13th Century
- Recreating the 3 dimensional world on a 2 dimensional surface.
- Focus on Religious Imagery and Icons
- Typically showcase figures in a frontal view, vivid colors and gold leaf details.
- Has a sense of flatness and otherworldly presence or space.
Giotto: The Nativity The Nativity, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, depicting the birth of Jesus; in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.(less)
Duccio - Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, (1308-11) “The Madonna and Child in Majesty Surrounded by Angels”, Cimabue (circa 1280)
Madonna and Child, Duccio di Buoninsegna c. 1255-1260
Introduction to Sound (20s-30s)
Judy Garland
Clark Gable
- “Talkies” Revolution came with 1927’s The Jazz Singer, the first feature film with synchronized sound. Studios quickly adapted and by the 1930s sound became the standard.
- Dada was highly international, diverse, and not exactly coherent.
- Short lived, lasting from 1914-1918, coincides with WW1 and is largely a reaction to that period.
- Dada was political, absurd, nonsensical, anti-, and multimedia/multi-modal.
- Dada is the gateway into Surrealism.
20th Century
Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, Hannah Höch, 1919-1920, photomontage and collage with watercolor.
Still Life with Chair Caning, Pablo Picasso
- The invention and development of the photographic processes through the early 20th century lays the groundwork for experimentation.
15th Century
- Beginning of the Renaissance.
- Shift towards realism,the scientific perspective, and the exploration of humanism.
- Use of Linear Perspective.
- Chiaroscuro and Light Techniques.
- Themes and Symbolism
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-98
“The Calling of Saint Matthew”
Jan van Eyck 1434
Oil on oak panel of 3 vertical boards 82.2cm x 60cm
An illuminated manuscript is a book written and decorated completely by hand. Illuminated manuscripts were among the most precious objects produced in the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, primarily in monasteries and courts. Society's rulers--emperors, kings, dukes, cardinals, and bishops--commissioned the most splendid manuscripts.
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Present
- Highly Dynamic and Versatile.
- Shepherd by technological advances such as digital softwares.
- Blending of the traditional visual communications with digital tools.
- Accessible, functional and visually engaging across multiple media.
- Designers mesh together multiple styles or recreate as they have access to all past and present tools to make designs.
- Designs can be expressive or corporate base.
Jessica Walsh
Jessica Walsh
Edel Rodriguez
Late 19th Century
Lumière Brothers, Cinématographe 1895
Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion 1878
Thomas Edison, Kinetoscope
Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory
A device that allowed one viewer at a time to see a sequence of pictures on a moving film through a peephole.
Introduction to simulated movement through fast flashing images.
Printing with type allowed for mass production: large quantities of letters could be cast from a mold and assembled into “forms.”
Gutenberg Bible, 1455
Invention of the Printing Press: The most significant development in this century was the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. This innovation revolutionized typography and the dissemination of information. Movable Type: Gutenberg’s use of movable type allowed for the rapid production of texts, dramatically reducing the cost and time associated with book production. Gutenberg Bible: The first major book printed with movable type was the Gutenberg Bible, completed in 1455. It exemplified the transition from manuscript to printed text and was a milestone in the history of typography.
Gutenberg Bible, 1455
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
15TH CENTURY
- Italic letters were introduced/created in Italy (modeled after the casual style of handwriting).
- Humanist Scripts = Expensively Produced Books
- Cursive = Cheaper Writing Shops
- Humanism and the Body in Typography
The birth of lettera antica
Minimalism (60s-70s)
- Reaction against the Abstract Expression Movement. Focuses instead on simplicity and objectivity.
- Simple geometric shapes, neutral colors and repetition to emphasise the pure form.
- Clear uncluttered design.
- The idea of “Less is More.”
Burdock 1969, Ink on Paper
Ellsworth Kelly
Wild Grape 1960, Ink on Paper
Ellsworth Kelly
“Summer” (1964): Synthesizing both Abstract Expressionism and minimalism
Legendary Swiss graphic designer and educator Armin Hofmann was awarded the AIGA Medal for immeasurable influence in teaching the power and elegance of simplicity and clarity through a timeless aesthetic. Hofmann was presented with the award in April 2012 at "Bright Lights: The AIGA Awards" in New York City.
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14th Century
- A shift to a Neutralist and Expressive approach, (Proto-Renaissance).
- Focus on realism, emotion and the individual human experience.
- Use of Perspective and Depth.
Brunelleschi rediscovers (or discovers) linear perspective.
Perugino, Delivery of the Keys, about 1482, fresco, 335 x 550 cm, Vatican City, Sistine Chapel / Copyright © Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano - Direzione dei Musei
19th Century
Louis Daguerre
Inventor of the Daguerreotype
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Discovered that asphalt is sensible to light.
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Before Photography: Perspective and the Print
13th Century
- Recreating the 3 dimensional world on a 2 dimensional surface.
- Focus on Religious Imagery and Icons
- Typically showcase figures in a frontal view, vivid colors and gold leaf details.
- Has a sense of flatness and otherworldly presence or space.
Giotto: The Nativity The Nativity, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, depicting the birth of Jesus; in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.(less)
Duccio - Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, (1308-11) “The Madonna and Child in Majesty Surrounded by Angels”, Cimabue (circa 1280)
Madonna and Child, Duccio di Buoninsegna c. 1255-1260
Design History & Theory: Timeline
Luz Guerrero Pina
Created on September 22, 2024
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Refrences
History & theory of
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Timeline
Luz Guerrero-Piña
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Dark Ages of Greek history
B.C.E 1500-800
1500s
800s
1100s
Loss of Writing: Following the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, Greece entered a period of reduced literacy known as the Dark Ages. The Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans fell out of use, and for several centuries, there was little written record.
Oral Tradition: Knowledge and culture were preserved through oral storytelling and traditions, with no significant development in typography or writing.
Transition to Alphabet: By the end of this period, the Greek alphabet began to emerge, adapted from the Phoenician script. This adaptation laid the groundwork for future written communication.
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Archaic Period
B.C.E.
800s
480s
500s
Emergence of the Greek Alphabet: The Greek alphabet was established during this period, with significant improvements in legibility and structure. The introduction of vowels made the script more accessible and phonetic.
Stylistic Developments: The script was often written in boustrophedon (alternating directions) and featured varying styles, including angular and more rounded forms, leading to the development of distinct regional scripts.
Inscriptions: The use of inscriptions on stone, pottery, and metal became common, with the use of monumental capitals for public texts, like dedications and laws. Examples include the Dipylon Inscription (c. 740 BCE).
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Classical Period
B.C.E.
480s
322
390s
Standardization of Scripts: The classical period saw the standardization of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted widely across the Greek city-states. The introduction of the Attic script became prominent, characterized by its clear and consistent letterforms.
Standardization of Scripts: The classical period saw the standardization of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted widely across the Greek city-states. The introduction of the Attic script became prominent, characterized by its clear and consistent letterforms.
Literary Flourishing: This era marked the production of significant literary works by authors like Homer, Herodotus, and Plato. Manuscripts of these texts began to be produced, leading to greater literacy and cultural exchange.
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Hellenistic Period
B.C.E.
323
30s
100s
Development of New Scripts: The use of various scripts, including more stylized forms of uncial and cursive, became common. The Koine Greek emerged as a common dialect, leading to standardization in writing.
Papyri and Scrolls: The production of papyrus scrolls became widespread for literary and administrative purposes. This period saw the establishment of libraries, such as the Library of Alexandria, which played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating written works.
Calligraphy and Artistry: Typography also evolved as a visual art form. Calligraphers began to emphasize aesthetic aspects of writing, leading to beautiful manuscripts with ornate letters and designs.
Spread of Greek Culture: Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture and language spread across the Eastern Mediterranean and into Asia, leading to greater demand for written texts in Greek.
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2nd Century
100s
190s
150s
Roman Script Development: The Roman script (Capitalis Monumentalis), was the dominant form of writing. It featured well-defined, uppercase letters, often used for inscriptions and monumental works.
Increased Literacy: This period saw rising literacy rates among the Roman populace, facilitated by the spread of educational institutions and the use of writing for commerce, law, and public announcements.
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3th Century
200s
290s
250s
Script Variation: Different regional scripts began to emerge as the Roman Empire expanded. For example, the Latin cursive script, which was more informal and faster to write, developed during this time and was used for everyday purposes.
Codex Format Emergence: The codex format (a bound book) began to replace scrolls for literary texts. The codex allowed for easier navigation of texts and was more durable, which contributed to its growing popularity.
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4th Century
300s
390s
350s
Christian Manuscripts: With the rise of Christianity, there was a significant increase in the production of religious texts. This led to the creation of illuminated manuscripts that combined text with decorative elements, often featuring the Latin alphabet.
Use of Uncial Script: The uncial script emerged, characterized by its rounded letters and the use of both uppercase and lowercase forms. This script was commonly used for religious texts and contributed to greater readability.
Council of Nicaea (325 CE): The council prompted the need for standardized texts for Christian doctrine, leading to increased demand for written materials.
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5th Century
NOTE: 5th-10th Century: Development of insular and Carolingian scripts in Europe, emphasizing legibility.
400s
490s
450s
Latin Alphabet Adoption: With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Latin alphabet began to spread across Europe. This period saw the transition from Roman script to more simplified forms, influenced by the needs of various cultures.
Manuscript Culture: Most texts were hand-copied by monks in monasteries. This labor-intensive process led to a variety of regional scripts as monks adapted writing styles for legibility and artistic expression.
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6th Century
NOTE: Medieval Era: 500 AD to 1500 AD.
500s
590s
550s
Insular Script: In the British Isles, the Insular script emerged, combining elements of Roman and Celtic styles. It featured rounded letters and was often used in religious texts, enhancing readability.
Codex Format: The codex (a bound book) became more common, replacing scrolls. This format facilitated easier access to text and the use of more varied typography.
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7th Century
600s
690s
650s
Carolingian Minuscule: Charlemagne's reign saw the development of the Carolingian minuscule, a clear and legible script standardized across the Holy Roman Empire. This script featured lowercase letters, making texts easier to read and write, and laid the groundwork for modern typography.
Scriptoria: Monasteries developed scriptoria, dedicated spaces for manuscript production. These became centers of learning and preservation of texts, fostering a rich tradition of written communication.
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8th Century
700s
790s
750s
Celtic Influence: In Ireland and Britain, illuminated manuscripts combined intricate designs with text, showcasing artistic expression in typography.
Spread of Carolingian Minuscule: The Carolingian minuscule spread throughout Europe, facilitating communication and scholarship. Its clarity influenced future typographic developments.
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9th Century
800s
890s
850s
Advances in Manuscript Illumination: Manuscripts became more ornate, with elaborate decorations and initial letters. This period saw the fusion of text and art, making books visually captivating.
Arabic Influence: The translation of Greek and Roman texts into Arabic influenced European scholarship, leading to the development of new writing styles and the introduction of Arabic numerals.
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10th Century
900s
990s
950s
Variations in Scripts: Various regional scripts, like Gothic and Romanesque styles, began to emerge, each with unique characteristics tailored to local needs and aesthetics.
The Role of Universities: The rise of universities during this period created a demand for textbooks, spurring the production of manuscripts in different scripts, fostering diversity in typography.
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11th Century
1000s
1090s
1050s
Early Gothic Script: The early stages of Gothic script emerged, characterized by pointed arches and angular forms. This script would evolve significantly in the following centuries, eventually leading to the more ornate Gothic typefaces.
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12th Century
1100s
1190s
1150s
Scriptoria Expansion: The number of scriptoria increased, particularly in monasteries, leading to the production of more texts. Monastic communities played a crucial role in preserving classical works and producing illuminated manuscripts.
Gothic Script Emergence: The 12th century saw the rise of Gothic script, characterized by its angular forms and densely packed letters. This script was often used for religious texts and manuscripts, reflecting the architectural styles of the period, such as the pointed arches of Gothic cathedrals.
The Use of Vernacular Languages: The period marked the beginning of the use of vernacular languages in literature, which influenced typography. Manuscripts started to include local languages alongside Latin, making texts more accessible to a broader audience.
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13th Century
1200s
1290s
1250s
Variation in Regional Scripts: Different regions developed their own styles of Gothic script, leading to variations like Textura and cursive forms. These variations adapted to the needs of different texts and audiences.
Increased Literacy: As literacy began to rise, especially among the merchant class, the demand for books increased. This led to a greater emphasis on the production of secular texts alongside religious manuscripts.
Artistic Innovations: Manuscripts became more decorative, with intricate illuminations, miniatures, and initial letters that enhanced the visual appeal of the text.
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13th Century
1200s
1290s
1250s
Variation in Regional Scripts: Different regions developed their own styles of Gothic script, leading to variations like Textura and cursive forms. These variations adapted to the needs of different texts and audiences.
Increased Literacy: As literacy began to rise, especially among the merchant class, the demand for books increased. This led to a greater emphasis on the production of secular texts alongside religious manuscripts.
Artistic Innovations: Manuscripts became more decorative, with intricate illuminations, miniatures, and initial letters that enhanced the visual appeal of the text.
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14th Century
1300s
1390s
1350s
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15th Century
NOTE: There is no such thing as a specific typephase for this time. As we see the difference in style from Italy and Germany.
1400s
1490s
1450s
Increased Literacy & Availability of Texts: The printing press made books more affordable and widely available, leading to an increase in literacy rates across Europe. This period marked the beginning of the spread of knowledge beyond the confines of the elite.
Rise of New Typefaces: The advent of printing led to the creation of new typefaces, influenced by the earlier Gothic and Roman styles. Type designers began to experiment with letterforms, leading to the development of humanist typefaces that were more readable and aesthetically pleasing.
Standardization of Spelling & Grammar: With the rise of printed texts, there was a push towards standardizing spelling and grammar, contributing to the development of modern languages.
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16th Century
1500s
1590s
1550s
6th Century: Establishment of Roman typefaces, inspired by classical Roman inscriptions; notable types like Garamond and Caslon emerge.
“Printing” becomes “typography” with the spread of knowledge about itself.
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17th Century
1600s
1690s
1650s
“By ‘typographer’ I do not mean a printer… I mean such a one, who by his own judgment, form solid reasoning within himself, can perform, or direct others to perform from beginning to end, all the handy-works and physical operations relating to typography”
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NOTE: Early Modern Era: 1500 AD to 1800 AD.
18th Century
1700s
1790s
1750s
Early 18th Century: Development of Modern typefaces with increased contrast between thick and thin strokes; examples include Bodoni and Didot.
Mid-18th Century: Establishment of typographic standards and the rise of typefoundries.
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19th Century
* Because of advertising (as a need of industrialization) typography got way more thicker and experimentation with type increased. 1800s-1900s shift
1800s
1890s
1850s
Early 19th Century: Introduction of sans-serif typefaces, like Akzidenz-Grotesk, paving the way for modern typography.
Late 19th Century: Explosion of decorative typefaces and the advent of lithography, allowing for more intricate designs.
Wood Type: Industrialization effects led to the creation of a culture of consumption The need for more diverse forms of communication led to the manufacturing of wood type. Mid to late 19th century and early 20th century was a period of variant and exuberant type design.
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NOTE: Modern Era: 1800 AD to present.
20th Century
1900s
1990s
1950s
1920s-30s: The Bauhaus movement promotes functional, sans-serif typefaces, such as Helvetica, emphasizing simplicity and readability.
1940s-50s: Advent of photo-typesetting, which revolutionizes typesetting processes
1980s: Introduction of desktop publishing with programs like Aldus PageMaker, democratizing typography.
Late 20th Century: Rise of digital typefaces and the establishment of the OpenType format, allowing for advanced typographic features.
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21th Century
2000s
2010s
2020s
2000s:Expansion of web typography; the advent of CSS and web-safe fonts enhances typography on digital platforms.
2010s-2020s: Increasing focus on typographic design for user experience; variable fonts gain popularity, allowing for more flexible and responsive typography.
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Refrence List
Images:https://erinkmalone.medium.com/the-origin-the-significance-of-the-alphabet-180cda393899https://www.insightoftheking.com/jeromes-latin-vulgate.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_%28Augustine%29 https://www.themorgan.org/manuscript/110821 https://art.thewalters.org/detail/4866/leaf-from-juvenals-satires-foliate-initial-s/ https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/divina-commedia-ms-428-between-1385-and-1400 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/OR/183a https://www.all-athens-hotels.com/culture/greek-alphabet/ https://foundinantiquity.com/2014/03/31/how-to-write-greek-uncial/ https://georgekokkos.com/2018/08/31/parian-marble/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_104 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_Chester_Beatty_VI\ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B8yen_Codex_MS_193 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Beratinus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Brixianus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_Care_(Troyes,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Municipale,_MS_504) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Dioscurides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Bible_of_Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagulf_Psalter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Climaci_Rescriptus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbandidi_Gospel
Images:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_Physiologushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Gospel_Book_(British_Library,_MS_Egerton_609) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Gospel_Book_(British_Library,_Add_MS_11848) https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2052913https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Roll https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Dioscurides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Egberti https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Gospel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg_Apocalypse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Psalter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vyssegradensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Leinster https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Moralia_in_Job https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Falkensteinensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_St._Nicholas_of_Ro%C5%A1ci https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hamburg_Bible https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmole_Bestiary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansonnier_d%27Arras https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douce_Apocalypse https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/specimens-of-chromatic-wood-type-and-borders-1874/ https://dcaiga.blogspot.com/2010/09/graphic-design-and-postmodernismedward.html https://mcbcollection.com/campaigns/view-campaign/uqbJz8Fvl3EcfKf5zwil2UxtIX15Egry1msuiwu8rn_-vE3XrBRLf2P0DvTs5WbJwjK03R3xIBv0fttF-ENsWBiPj1Kd2eut https://www.ma-g.org/artwork/415-le-dantiu-as-a-beacon/
Images: https://www.creativebloq.com/design/fonts-typography/the-best-typography-of-the-2000s https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Duncan_(painter) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process
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Refrence List
https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/8-things-know-pop-art/ https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/andy-warhol-campbells-soup-cans https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/17/agnes-martin-a-matter-of-fact-mystic https://matthewmarks.com/exhibitions/ellsworth-kelly-plant-drawings-05-2017 https://www.bernardaud.com/en/us/balloon-dog-blue-by-jeff-koons-edition-en-porcelaine https://publicdelivery.org/barbara-kruger-i-shop/#:~:text=I%20Shop%20Therefore%20I%20Am%20(1987)%20is%20the%20work%20of,particularly%20in%20Futura%20Bold%201. https://publicdelivery.org/barbara-kruger-battleground/#:~:text=Untitled%20(Your%20Body%20is%20a%20Battleground)%20is%20an%20iconic%201989,own%20opinion%20about%20gender%20inequality. https://sarahafarr.medium.com/analyzing-paula-schers-design-process-9a17cb1bf569 https://readymag.com/designstories/april-greiman/ https://artvee.com/dl/z-vii/ https://es.pinterest.com/pin/680043612454024735/ https://cdn.britannica.com/42/96742-050-4827022C/Nativity-Giotto-birth-Jesus-Scrovegni-Chapel-Padua.jpg https://www.wga.hu/html_m/d/duccio/maesta/crown_f/cro_f_1.html
https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/lumiere-brothers-workers-leaving-factory-anniversary-1202219698/ https://www.galerie123.com/en/original-vintage-poster/34174/kunstkredit-197677-kunsthalle-basel/ https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/museum-of-design-zurich-unveils-the-weingart-archive/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/20745656@N00/4495162147 https://socks-studio.com/2016/11/30/joseph-muller-brockmann-musica-viva-posters-for-the-zurich-tonhalle/ https://www.behance.net/gallery/9862277/Mueller-Brockmanns-Beethoven-Poster-Geometric-Analysis https://smarthistory.org/hannah-hoch-cut-kitchen-knife-dada-weimar-beer-belly-germany/ https://smarthistory.org/picasso-still-life-with-chair-caning/ https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/durr/hd_durr.htm https://mustafabaser.net/the-arnolfini-portrait https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saint_Matthew https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29
https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/saul-bass-movie-poster-movies-vertigo/ https://www.prattinvenice.com/news-main/2020/11/11/alumni-spotlight-as-told-by-edel-rodriguez-piv-92 https://graftobian.wordpress.com/2016/09/06/art-and-makeup/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giotto-di-Bondone/Roman-period https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recordings_by_Judy_Garland https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me5ke7agyOw https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/alfred-hitchcock https://encyclopediavirginia.org/578hpr-af8a556efff9267/ http://www.criticallyacclaimed.net/2019/12/weve-got-mail-10-buster-keaton-vs.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=R2FrHz0V3dQ https://smarthistory.org/eadweard-muybridge-the-horse-in-motion/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Edison-Kinetoscope-1894_fig2_237246998 https://motionpicture.edu/socialcinema/2023/06/21/the-lumiere-brothers-cinematograph/ https://www.comuseum.com/?s=Wang+Hui%2C+Kangxi#Kangxi%20Emperor's%20Tour%20of%20the%20South
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Pop Art (50s-60s)
Roy Lichtenstein
Andy Warhol
The Era of Charlemagne
The king of the Franks and the founder of the Carolingian Empire. Creator of the Carolingian Miniscules - Inventor of structured and "easy" to read letters. -
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SWISS MOVEMENT (50s-60s)
Josef Müller - Brockmann
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
16TH CENTURY
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
19TH CENTURY
“The Greek editions of Aldus Manutius and his Greek collaborators (c. 1494-1515)” EXHIBITION'S VIDEO
~1449 (Italy)
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16th Century
Art Deco (20s-30s)
Tamara de Lempicka
Tamara de Lempicka
Romain de Tirtoff (Erté)
Romain de Tirtoff (Erté)
Chrysler Building, NYC
18th Century
Before the development of a photograph, concepts such as Pantograph and Camera Obscura were used as origin points for image captures and essential to the development of photography.
Johann Heinrich Schulze The discovery of the relationship and chemical reaction between light and silver salts (chalk).
Camera obscura predates photography as a lens-based image of reality.
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Silent Film Era (1900s-1920s)
Captivated audience with exaggerated facial expressions.
Hans Richter 1921
Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin
From Punchcutting to casting Printing Type by hand at Stigbergets Stamp och Press in Stockholm, Sweden 2015
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What's to come:
A work described as 'perfect ... both in design and in the quality of the printing...the last and the most magnificent, the Kelmscott Chaucer' (Printing and the Mind of Man, p.223). The most ambitious and magnificent book of the Press, the Kelmscott Chaucer was four years in the making. Morris designed the watermark for the paper, which was copied from an Italian incunable in Morris's collection and made entirely of linen by Batchelor. It took several requests before Clarendon Press granted permission to use Skeat's new edition of Chaucer. Burne-Jones called the book 'a pocket cathedral - it is so full of design,' and 'the finest book ever printed; if W. M. had done nothing else it would be enough.' Limited edition, one of 425 copies on paper from a total edition of 438, and one of approximately 50 copies commissioned in this binding. Ornamental woodcut title, 14 large borders, 18 different frames round the illustrations, 26 initials designed by William Morris and 87 wood cut illustrations designed by Sir Edward Burne-Jones and engraved by W.H. Hooper. Shoulder and side titles printed in red and the whole printed in two columns in Chaucer type designed by William Morris.
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
18TH CENTURY
Modernism (Late 19th-1960s)
This Just In: Paul Rand - Letterform Archive
Z VII by László Moholy-Nagy
Saul Bass Poster Gallery
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PoMo MOVEMENT (70s-80s)
Wolfgang Weingart, Letter M, type studies, 1965
Wolfgang Weingart, Kunstkredit Basel 1977
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The Beginign of HUMANISM
Before Linear Perspective: Song Dynasty Paintings, ~11th-12th century China
Song Dynasty (11-12th Century)
“Shanshui” means, “mountain water” Chinese artist of the time gave this name to the popular body of work that was landscapes.
19th Century
Calotype: negative photo that could be used to reproduce positive print images.
Frederick Scott Archer: Inventor of the Wet Collodion Process.
1867. Collodion wet plate process. GERONA.- Puente de Isabel II.
Duncan in 1844, by Hill & Adamson
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Post Modernism (70s-90s)
April Greiman
Untitled - I shop therefore I am, Barbara Kruger
Untitled - Your Body Is a Battleground, Barbara Kruger
The Public Theatre advertisement posters, designed by Scher
Greiman & Odgers. WET Magazine, Sept/Oct, cover, 1979.
ALbrecht Dürer
16TH CENTURY
Before Photography: Perspective and the Print
13th Century
Giotto: The Nativity The Nativity, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, depicting the birth of Jesus; in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.(less)
Duccio - Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, (1308-11) “The Madonna and Child in Majesty Surrounded by Angels”, Cimabue (circa 1280)
Madonna and Child, Duccio di Buoninsegna c. 1255-1260
Introduction to Sound (20s-30s)
Judy Garland
Clark Gable
20th Century
Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, Hannah Höch, 1919-1920, photomontage and collage with watercolor.
Still Life with Chair Caning, Pablo Picasso
15th Century
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-98
“The Calling of Saint Matthew”
Jan van Eyck 1434 Oil on oak panel of 3 vertical boards 82.2cm x 60cm
An illuminated manuscript is a book written and decorated completely by hand. Illuminated manuscripts were among the most precious objects produced in the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, primarily in monasteries and courts. Society's rulers--emperors, kings, dukes, cardinals, and bishops--commissioned the most splendid manuscripts.
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Present
Jessica Walsh
Jessica Walsh
Edel Rodriguez
Late 19th Century
Lumière Brothers, Cinématographe 1895
Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion 1878
Thomas Edison, Kinetoscope
Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory
A device that allowed one viewer at a time to see a sequence of pictures on a moving film through a peephole.
Introduction to simulated movement through fast flashing images.
Printing with type allowed for mass production: large quantities of letters could be cast from a mold and assembled into “forms.”
Gutenberg Bible, 1455
Invention of the Printing Press: The most significant development in this century was the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. This innovation revolutionized typography and the dissemination of information. Movable Type: Gutenberg’s use of movable type allowed for the rapid production of texts, dramatically reducing the cost and time associated with book production. Gutenberg Bible: The first major book printed with movable type was the Gutenberg Bible, completed in 1455. It exemplified the transition from manuscript to printed text and was a milestone in the history of typography.
Gutenberg Bible, 1455
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IN THE WORLD OF TYPE
15TH CENTURY
The birth of lettera antica
Minimalism (60s-70s)
Burdock 1969, Ink on Paper Ellsworth Kelly
Wild Grape 1960, Ink on Paper Ellsworth Kelly
“Summer” (1964): Synthesizing both Abstract Expressionism and minimalism
Legendary Swiss graphic designer and educator Armin Hofmann was awarded the AIGA Medal for immeasurable influence in teaching the power and elegance of simplicity and clarity through a timeless aesthetic. Hofmann was presented with the award in April 2012 at "Bright Lights: The AIGA Awards" in New York City.
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14th Century
Brunelleschi rediscovers (or discovers) linear perspective.
Perugino, Delivery of the Keys, about 1482, fresco, 335 x 550 cm, Vatican City, Sistine Chapel / Copyright © Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano - Direzione dei Musei
19th Century
Louis Daguerre Inventor of the Daguerreotype
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Discovered that asphalt is sensible to light.
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Before Photography: Perspective and the Print
13th Century
Giotto: The Nativity The Nativity, fresco by Giotto, c. 1305–06, depicting the birth of Jesus; in the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.(less)
Duccio - Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, (1308-11) “The Madonna and Child in Majesty Surrounded by Angels”, Cimabue (circa 1280)
Madonna and Child, Duccio di Buoninsegna c. 1255-1260