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Transcript

An exploration of the fundamental principles of genetic inheritance discovered by the Austrian monk and scientist Gregor Mendel.

MENDEL'S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

  • Recessive
An allele that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present.
  • Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene.
  • Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene.
  • Gene
The basic unit of heredity, responsible for passing on traits from parents to offspring.
  • Allele
Different versions of the same gene, which can result in different physical characteristics.
  • Dominant
An allele that will be expressed in the phenotype, even if only one copy is present.

KEY TERMS

  • Segregation
During gamete formation (meiosis), the two alleles for each gene segregate into separate gametes, ensuring that each gamete receives only one allele per gene.
  • Inheritance
When the gametes (sperm and egg) fuse during fertilization, the offspring inherits one allele from each parent, resulting in a new diploid organism.
  • Diploid Organisms
Diploid organisms have two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent.
  • Alleles
Alleles are the different versions of a gene that can occupy the same locus (position) on a chromosome.

LAW OF SEGREGATION

  • Independent assortment of chromosomesThe chromosomes, and the genes they carry, are distributed randomly and independently to the gametes during meiosis.Probability of allele inheritance
  • The probability of inheriting a particular combination of alleles from different genes is the product of the individual probabilities of inheriting each allele.
  • Examples of independent assortment -Inheritance of eye color and hair color, or blood type and hair color, are examples of the law of independent assortment.
  • Alleles of different genes
Alleles of different genes are inherited independently of one another, meaning the inheritance of one gene is not influenced by the inheritance of another gene.
  • Segregation of alleles
During meiosis, the two alleles of a gene segregate into different gametes, and each gamete receives one of the two alleles.

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder. An individual must inherit two recessive alleles, one from each parent, in order to develop the condition. If they inherit only one recessive allele, they will be a carrier but will not display the symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

Example: Cystic Fibrosis

Hair color is a good example of dominant and recessive traits. The allele for brown hair is dominant, while the allele for blonde hair is recessive. If an individual inherits one brown hair allele and one blonde hair allele, their hair color will be brown.

Example: Hair Color

Recessive traits require two recessive alleles to be expressed. If an individual inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant trait will be the one that is expressed, and the recessive trait will not be visible.

Recessive Traits

Dominant traits are expressed even if only one allele is present. This means that if an individual inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant trait will be the one that is expressed.

Dominant Traits

DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAITS

*Based on the information provided in the question.

Individuals with two different alleles for a particular gene.

Heterozygous

Individuals with two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Homozygous

Description

Genotype

HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPES

A Punnett square is a visual tool used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring based on the parental genotypes. It is a grid-like diagram that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can be inherited from the parents, helping to determine the likelihood of different traits appearing in the offspring.

PUNNETT SQUARE