Unit 1: Natural Sciences: The geology of planet Earth

Inner core

Outer core

Core

Mantle

Crust

The geology of planet Earth

Unit 1: Natural Sciences

1. What are the Earth's spheres and layers?
2. How are mountains formed?
3. What are volcanoes and how do they form?
4. What are the effects of volcanoes and earthquakes?
5. How do water and wind affect the Earth's relief?

Index

All of the Earth's spheres are interconnected: they intercact with each other and work together. For example, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere interact in the water cycle. When a volcanoe erupts, it releases gases into the air. This is an example of the geosphere interacting whith the atmosphere.

Scientists use 4 spheres to clasiffy all the matter on Earth: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and th biosphere.

The Earth has got 4 spheres or systems: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere & the biosphere. In addition, the Earth has got 3 internal layers: the crust, the mantle & the core.

What are the Earth's spheres and layers?

MOUNTAIN FORMATIONWhen 2 tectonic plates are moving towards each other, eventually they collide. 1 plate moves unther the other, pushing the crust upwards. This is how mountains ranges from. It's a constructive process because new landforms are created.

TECTONIC PLATESThe Earth's crust is like a giant puzzle: it's made up of different pieces that fit together. We call this pieces tectonic plates. Tectonic plates flote on the semi-liquid mantle, so they don't stay still They move very, very slowly & this movement is what created Earth's relief.

The crust contains various tectonic plates. The movement of tectonic plates causes the formation of mountain ranges & other landforms.

How are monuntains formed?

When ther's an opening in the Earth's crust, magma can rise up from the mantle. If the magma reaches the Earth's surface, a volcanoe forms. This is an oppening in the crust that allows explosins of very hot gases and liquid rock called lava. This explosions are called volcanic eruptions. The lava and ash from eruptions cool and accumulate on the grownd around the volcanoe, forming a volcanic cone.

A volcanoe can form when ther's an opening in the Earth's crust. The movement of tectonic plates causes the formation of volcanoes.

What are volcanoes and how do they form?

We use the Ritcher Scale to measure how big an earthquake is.

EARTHQUAKESAn earthquake is a sudden and very violent movement of the ground. Earthquakesoccur on the boundaries between tectonic plates. They're caused by a sudden release of energy that has accumulated in the crust. This energy is produced by friction as plates move past each other, or accumulates as plates try to move but get stuck.

Tectonic-plate movement can also cause earthquakes. Earthquakes and volcanoes both have destructive effects. However, volcanoes can also have constructive effects.

What are the effects of volcanoes and earthquakes?

Water also affects the soil. If it falls on the surface or moves across it, water can wash the soil away. This causes soil erosion.

THE ACTION OF WATERWater causes erosion because its movement gradually breaks down or dissolves rock.

The size and shape of Earth's landforms don't stay the same over time because of erosion. Erosion is the slow destruction of landforms and soil. It's caused by the natural action of water and wind. In addition, water and wind can also create new landforms.

Erosion is continuosly modifying the Earth's surface. It's caused by the destructive action of water and wind.

How do water and wind affect the Earth's relief?

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