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NBCNEWS

Personal is global

HBR

Surge in Hate Crimes in the U.K. Following U.K.'s Brexit Vote

In the U.S., immigrants are almost twice as likely to become entrepreneurs as native-born U.S. citizens. Immigrants represent 27.5% of the countries’ entrepreneurs but only around 13% of the population. Similarly, about one-fourth of all technology and engineering companies started in the U.S. between 2006 and 2012 had at least one immigrant cofounder. And this pattern extends beyond the U.S.

'Full-blown depression': Most Latina domestic workers grapple with housing, food insecurity.Rodríguez is among more than 20,000 Spanish-speaking domestic workers, many of them mothers who are breadwinners in their households, who reported rapid and sustained losses of jobs and income due to the pandemic, resulting in housing and food insecurity over the past six months.

Entrepreneurs

DOMESTIC WORKERS

IS221, LECTURE DR NAZANIN SHAHROKNI

23 October 2024

Romanian fruit pickers flown to UK amid crisis in farming sector

The Migrant Crisis

On The NewS

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/romanian-fruit-pickers-flown-uk-crisis-farming-sector-coronavirus

One plane was due to land in Stansted airport on Wednesday afternoon, with another landing on Thursday with 150 people onboard. Matthew Purton, the head of commercial aviation at Air Charter Services, said the company had tendered for six more flights “for a mixture of farms” in the coming weeks, which could see 450 workers flown to help avert food shortages.

Romanian fruit pickers flown to UK amid crisis in farming sector

Romanian workers are being flown in to help feed Britain amid a continuing recruitment crisis in the agriculture sector. Special charter flights have started flying into the UK from Bucharest with desperately needed workers for British farms that risk losing their crop of early summer fruit and vegetables because of the coronavirus lockdown.

Fruit pickers pick strawberries at a farm in Hereford. Photograph: Bloomberg/Bloomberg via Getty Images

INTERNATIONAL Migration: An Overview

Sending Countries

Receiving Countries

10 million

RUSSIA

18 million

INDIA

11 million

CHINA

12 million

MEXICO

SAUDIARABIA

51 million

USA

12 million

RUSSIA

13 million

13 million

GERMANY

+info

0.7% increase since 2000

51% increase since 2010

50 million

59 million

87 million

3.6% of the global population

281 million

Northern Africa & Western Asia

Northern America

Europe

% of International Migrants

Number of International Migrants

These more recent movements might be regarded as a sort of reverse colonisation (Bennett 1964), as millions of workers move from the economically exploited margins of the global economy to the centres of production, in the main as ‘volunteers’ or as casual cheap labourers, but sometimes under duress, as manufacturing workers, maids and nannies, gardeners and cleaners, construction workers and sex workers, bartenders and into numerous other forms of work, servicing the demands of more affluent populations.

MIGRATION DATA PORTAL

BELGIUM

ITALY

HUNGARY

BACKLASH

U.S.A

Debunking myths about migration

Fiscal Burden?

Stealing Jobs?

Dying Towns ReVIVED

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37577620

BBC

https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/recent-releases/8747673d-3b26-439b-9693-0e250df6dbba

OxfordEconomics

https://southeusummit.com/europe/italy/migrants-revive-dying-italian-towns/

SouthEUSummit

No evidence has been found that immigrants take away jobs from native Brits. However, the assertion that immigration has put pressure on wages is supported by a 2015 paper from the Bank of England: A 10% point increase in the proportion of immigrants working in the service sector is associated w/ a 1.88% reduction in pay. However, a 10% point increase is a lot. Over 19 years, between 1997 and 2016, the proportion of non-UK nationals working in the UK rose only 7.2% . The impact of immigration is dwarfed by the effect of the strength of the economy and its growth.

The average European migrant arriving in the UK in 2016 will contribute £78,000 more than they take out in public services and benefits over their time spent in the UK, and the average non-European migrant will make a positive net contribution of £28,000 while living here. By comparison, the average UK citizen’s net lifetime contribution in this scenario is zero.

Italy’s demographic decline, compounded by ageing populations of remaining inhabitants and low birth rates, can spell a death sentence for localities, particularly in the historically poor South. Though far from a cure-all, accepting and integrating migrants is proving to be a restorative practice for many of the strikingly beautiful, but increasingly vacated, Italian towns.

What everyone gets wrong about farm work?

Showtime

- Governance Regimes- Humanitarian Rescue Missions- Transnational Actors

REACTIONS

- Development- Remittances- Gender Relations & Household Dynamics

05

IMPLICATIONS

- Working Conditions- Living Conditions

04

CONDITONS

03

Push & Pull Factors

02

REASONS

Shifts in the Global Economy

01

ENABLERS

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

Global Processes Contributing to & intensifying immigration

Commodification of Care

Structural transformations & informalization of production

Changes in technology and communications

Ecological Factors

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Demographic Factors

Diaspora; ethnic community; information flow

Better environment; protection of natural resources

Democracy; rule of law; pluralism; peacel; protection of human rights

Labor demand; high wages; high consumption & living standards

Stable population; population decline; welfare state benefits; social security

Family or clan decision; information flow; media

Ecological disaster; dissertification; lack of natural resources; water shortage

Jaccob, Dina. (2013). Euro-Mediterranean Security and Cooperation: Immigration Policies and Implications. 10.2139/ssrn.2479970.

Dictatorship; bad governance; conflict; human rights violation

Unemployment; low wages; poverty; low living standards

Population growth; inadequate educational institution and social security

See: Parrenas, Rhacel (2015) Servants of Globalization. Stanford University Press.

The ‘‘precariat’’ The large numbers of workers surviving under very precarious working conditions and low levels of social protection worldwide

Investment capital has been able to take advantage of wide differences in labor costs across the world by shifting from higher to lower wage economies, but this has not been matched by commensurate ability on the part of labor in low-wage economies to move toward higher-wage contexts. The constant threat of shifting investment to ever lower cost areas has served to erode the economic and political power of labor relative to capital and undermine its capacity to bargain for a fairer share of the benefits of globalization. Likewise, capital has benefited from the insecurity that immigrant labor faces in receiving countries since this insecurity weakens workers’ ability to voice their demands and contributes to precarious labor conditions. (Baneria et al. 2012)

Migrant Working conditions

Migration processes can also potentially lead to a drain of unskilled labor, either through guest worker programs or undocumented migration flows. In theory this should have a positive effect on development, by raising wages in the agricultural or construction sectors in the sending country and leading to higher incomes. But it can also produce other outcomes, such as interregional relay or chain migration. One well-known example is the US’s recruitment of labor from Puerto Rico around World War II, which led to labor shortages in agriculture in Puerto Rico that were subsequently filled by migrants from the Dominican Republic seeking higher wages than at home. In turn, Haitian migrants filled the labor shortage created in the Dominican Republic (Jorge Durand and Douglas S. Massey 2010). Meanwhile, peasant agricultural production declined in the Dominican Republic and Haiti as rural communities were drained of many of their most productive members. (Baneria et al. 2012).

While higher incomes & remittances resulting from migration might be beneficial to the individual & their household in the sending country, the brain drain argument implies that, because migrants have left, development has slowed down.

Fueling development?

04

India ($83.1 billion); China ($68.4 billion); Mexico ($38.5 billion); the Philippines ($35.2 billion); and Egypt ($26.8 billion)

Top Remittance Recipients

03

International Remittances; Internal Remittances; Social Remittances

Different Types of Remittances

02

Compensation of Employees + Personal Transfers

Definition of Remttances

01

Who Benefits from migration?

https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/

Global migration governance can be defined as the norms and organizational structures which regulate and shape how states respond to international migration.Global migration governance can be defined as the norms and organizational structures which regulate and shape how states respond to international migration.

Global Migration Governance

HUMANITARIAN AID

Protection of Migrants' Labor, Political and Human RightsFinancially Dependent on Rich Industrialized Countries

International organizaiton

STATES

Carceral HumanitarianismFrom Moral Economy to Political Economy (See D. Fassin 2005)

Securitization of MigrationControl & Contain

1980s-1990s

police control & violence

not unionized

unionized

I will stayUS = progress & freedom

I will go backUS = racism & exploitation

mode of communal governance:exclusive

mode of communal governance:inclusive

male-dominated labor

feminized labor

1960s-1970s Land Privatization

RURAL MEXICOFARMING

LOS ANGELESService-work

SAN DIEGOFarm-work

PARTIDA

URBAN MEXICO

RETORNO

receiving site's socio-political structure

Every migrant has a story and these stories matter

mode of state control

pathways to politics

sending site's socio-political structure

Migration pathways shaped by

The book makes three arguments: 1. Local-level practices of power ("modes of state control") mediate migrants' decisions to move, as well as their attitudes toward the receiving country2. Political agency is processual as migrants navigate their local histories and their particular destinations3. Gender informs both modes of state control and migrants' political strategiesThe book does this through relational, cross-border comparison:1. to understand how conditions on the ground shaped internal community dynamics, leading two groups to interact differently with similar macrolevel dynamics.2. communities are not treated as bounded units that can be divided. Instead the book shows how hometowns and destinations are part of the same process: hometowns shape where migrants go, and destinations influence migrants' engagement with their natal homes.

Undocumented Politics: Place, Gender, and the Pathways of Mexican Migrants (Abigail Andrews 2018)

Studying and Working with Migrant Communities

THE GLOBALIZATION OF CHILD CARE AND DOMESTIC WORK

Global Care Chain

Reactions

Implications

Labor Conditions

Job Type

Enabling Factors

MAIDINAMERICA

Assignment prompt with detailed instructions will be posted on Canvass by Friday, March 8th.

WATCH THE SHORT VIDEO IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE.

Identify the pull factors, push factors, working conditions, pathways to politics, and migration implications for the characters presented in the article and in the video.In your 750-word essay engage with Arlie Hochschild's The Nanny Chain and Abigail Andrews's chapter on Undocumented Politics. When discussing the pull and push factors draw on our discussions on Global Inequality and Uneven Development.

Address the following question. Discuss their migration pathways.

READ THIS ARTICLE IN THE GUARDIAN [CLICK HERE]

María Álvarez, an independent, feisty, and underpaid seventeen-year-old Colombian rose packager is stuck in a tedious life and a dead-end relationship with her good-for-nothing boyfriend, Juan. And as if things weren't bad enough, an unexpected pregnancy and an ugly altercation with her unfair boss will tempt María to accept the risky offer to become a drug mule, smuggling drugs from Bogotá to New York City. But, as things rapidly spiral out of control, suddenly, the option of an early retirement and a peaceful future for both María and her unborn baby begins to fade away. Is there a way out from this hopeless predicament?

Storyline

Maria Full of Grace (2004)

see you next week!