IS221_Week EIGHT Lecture_2024
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Created on September 21, 2024
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Transcript
NBCNEWS
Personal is global
HBR
Surge in Hate Crimes in the U.K. Following U.K.'s Brexit Vote
In the U.S., immigrants are almost twice as likely to become entrepreneurs as native-born U.S. citizens. Immigrants represent 27.5% of the countries’ entrepreneurs but only around 13% of the population. Similarly, about one-fourth of all technology and engineering companies started in the U.S. between 2006 and 2012 had at least one immigrant cofounder. And this pattern extends beyond the U.S.
'Full-blown depression': Most Latina domestic workers grapple with housing, food insecurity.Rodríguez is among more than 20,000 Spanish-speaking domestic workers, many of them mothers who are breadwinners in their households, who reported rapid and sustained losses of jobs and income due to the pandemic, resulting in housing and food insecurity over the past six months.
Entrepreneurs
DOMESTIC WORKERS
IS221, LECTURE DR NAZANIN SHAHROKNI
23 October 2024
Romanian fruit pickers flown to UK amid crisis in farming sector
The Migrant Crisis
On The NewS
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/romanian-fruit-pickers-flown-uk-crisis-farming-sector-coronavirus
One plane was due to land in Stansted airport on Wednesday afternoon, with another landing on Thursday with 150 people onboard. Matthew Purton, the head of commercial aviation at Air Charter Services, said the company had tendered for six more flights “for a mixture of farms” in the coming weeks, which could see 450 workers flown to help avert food shortages.
Romanian fruit pickers flown to UK amid crisis in farming sector
Romanian workers are being flown in to help feed Britain amid a continuing recruitment crisis in the agriculture sector. Special charter flights have started flying into the UK from Bucharest with desperately needed workers for British farms that risk losing their crop of early summer fruit and vegetables because of the coronavirus lockdown.
Fruit pickers pick strawberries at a farm in Hereford. Photograph: Bloomberg/Bloomberg via Getty Images
INTERNATIONAL Migration: An Overview
Sending Countries
Receiving Countries
10 million
RUSSIA
18 million
INDIA
11 million
CHINA
12 million
MEXICO
SAUDIARABIA
51 million
USA
12 million
RUSSIA
13 million
13 million
GERMANY
+info
0.7% increase since 2000
51% increase since 2010
50 million
59 million
87 million
3.6% of the global population
281 million
Northern Africa & Western Asia
Northern America
Europe
% of International Migrants
Number of International Migrants
These more recent movements might be regarded as a sort of reverse colonisation (Bennett 1964), as millions of workers move from the economically exploited margins of the global economy to the centres of production, in the main as ‘volunteers’ or as casual cheap labourers, but sometimes under duress, as manufacturing workers, maids and nannies, gardeners and cleaners, construction workers and sex workers, bartenders and into numerous other forms of work, servicing the demands of more affluent populations.
MIGRATION DATA PORTAL
BELGIUM
ITALY
HUNGARY
BACKLASH
U.S.A
Debunking myths about migration
Fiscal Burden?
Stealing Jobs?
Dying Towns ReVIVED
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37577620
BBC
https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/recent-releases/8747673d-3b26-439b-9693-0e250df6dbba
OxfordEconomics
https://southeusummit.com/europe/italy/migrants-revive-dying-italian-towns/
SouthEUSummit
No evidence has been found that immigrants take away jobs from native Brits. However, the assertion that immigration has put pressure on wages is supported by a 2015 paper from the Bank of England: A 10% point increase in the proportion of immigrants working in the service sector is associated w/ a 1.88% reduction in pay. However, a 10% point increase is a lot. Over 19 years, between 1997 and 2016, the proportion of non-UK nationals working in the UK rose only 7.2% . The impact of immigration is dwarfed by the effect of the strength of the economy and its growth.
The average European migrant arriving in the UK in 2016 will contribute £78,000 more than they take out in public services and benefits over their time spent in the UK, and the average non-European migrant will make a positive net contribution of £28,000 while living here. By comparison, the average UK citizen’s net lifetime contribution in this scenario is zero.
Italy’s demographic decline, compounded by ageing populations of remaining inhabitants and low birth rates, can spell a death sentence for localities, particularly in the historically poor South. Though far from a cure-all, accepting and integrating migrants is proving to be a restorative practice for many of the strikingly beautiful, but increasingly vacated, Italian towns.
What everyone gets wrong about farm work?
Showtime
- Governance Regimes- Humanitarian Rescue Missions- Transnational Actors
REACTIONS
- Development- Remittances- Gender Relations & Household Dynamics
05
IMPLICATIONS
- Working Conditions- Living Conditions
04
CONDITONS
03
Push & Pull Factors
02
REASONS
Shifts in the Global Economy
01
ENABLERS
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
Global Processes Contributing to & intensifying immigration
Commodification of Care
Structural transformations & informalization of production
Changes in technology and communications
Ecological Factors
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Demographic Factors
Diaspora; ethnic community; information flow
Better environment; protection of natural resources
Democracy; rule of law; pluralism; peacel; protection of human rights
Labor demand; high wages; high consumption & living standards
Stable population; population decline; welfare state benefits; social security
Family or clan decision; information flow; media
Ecological disaster; dissertification; lack of natural resources; water shortage
Jaccob, Dina. (2013). Euro-Mediterranean Security and Cooperation: Immigration Policies and Implications. 10.2139/ssrn.2479970.
Dictatorship; bad governance; conflict; human rights violation
Unemployment; low wages; poverty; low living standards
Population growth; inadequate educational institution and social security
See: Parrenas, Rhacel (2015) Servants of Globalization. Stanford University Press.
The ‘‘precariat’’ The large numbers of workers surviving under very precarious working conditions and low levels of social protection worldwide
Investment capital has been able to take advantage of wide differences in labor costs across the world by shifting from higher to lower wage economies, but this has not been matched by commensurate ability on the part of labor in low-wage economies to move toward higher-wage contexts. The constant threat of shifting investment to ever lower cost areas has served to erode the economic and political power of labor relative to capital and undermine its capacity to bargain for a fairer share of the benefits of globalization. Likewise, capital has benefited from the insecurity that immigrant labor faces in receiving countries since this insecurity weakens workers’ ability to voice their demands and contributes to precarious labor conditions. (Baneria et al. 2012)
Migrant Working conditions
Migration processes can also potentially lead to a drain of unskilled labor, either through guest worker programs or undocumented migration flows. In theory this should have a positive effect on development, by raising wages in the agricultural or construction sectors in the sending country and leading to higher incomes. But it can also produce other outcomes, such as interregional relay or chain migration. One well-known example is the US’s recruitment of labor from Puerto Rico around World War II, which led to labor shortages in agriculture in Puerto Rico that were subsequently filled by migrants from the Dominican Republic seeking higher wages than at home. In turn, Haitian migrants filled the labor shortage created in the Dominican Republic (Jorge Durand and Douglas S. Massey 2010). Meanwhile, peasant agricultural production declined in the Dominican Republic and Haiti as rural communities were drained of many of their most productive members. (Baneria et al. 2012).
While higher incomes & remittances resulting from migration might be beneficial to the individual & their household in the sending country, the brain drain argument implies that, because migrants have left, development has slowed down.
Fueling development?
04
India ($83.1 billion); China ($68.4 billion); Mexico ($38.5 billion); the Philippines ($35.2 billion); and Egypt ($26.8 billion)
Top Remittance Recipients
03
International Remittances; Internal Remittances; Social Remittances
Different Types of Remittances
02
Compensation of Employees + Personal Transfers
Definition of Remttances
01
Who Benefits from migration?
https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/
Global migration governance can be defined as the norms and organizational structures which regulate and shape how states respond to international migration.Global migration governance can be defined as the norms and organizational structures which regulate and shape how states respond to international migration.
Global Migration Governance
HUMANITARIAN AID
Protection of Migrants' Labor, Political and Human RightsFinancially Dependent on Rich Industrialized Countries
International organizaiton
STATES
Carceral HumanitarianismFrom Moral Economy to Political Economy (See D. Fassin 2005)
Securitization of MigrationControl & Contain
1980s-1990s
police control & violence
not unionized
unionized
I will stayUS = progress & freedom
I will go backUS = racism & exploitation
mode of communal governance:exclusive
mode of communal governance:inclusive
male-dominated labor
feminized labor
1960s-1970s Land Privatization
RURAL MEXICOFARMING
LOS ANGELESService-work
SAN DIEGOFarm-work
PARTIDA
URBAN MEXICO
RETORNO
receiving site's socio-political structure
Every migrant has a story and these stories matter
mode of state control
pathways to politics
sending site's socio-political structure
Migration pathways shaped by
The book makes three arguments: 1. Local-level practices of power ("modes of state control") mediate migrants' decisions to move, as well as their attitudes toward the receiving country2. Political agency is processual as migrants navigate their local histories and their particular destinations3. Gender informs both modes of state control and migrants' political strategiesThe book does this through relational, cross-border comparison:1. to understand how conditions on the ground shaped internal community dynamics, leading two groups to interact differently with similar macrolevel dynamics.2. communities are not treated as bounded units that can be divided. Instead the book shows how hometowns and destinations are part of the same process: hometowns shape where migrants go, and destinations influence migrants' engagement with their natal homes.
Undocumented Politics: Place, Gender, and the Pathways of Mexican Migrants (Abigail Andrews 2018)
Studying and Working with Migrant Communities
THE GLOBALIZATION OF CHILD CARE AND DOMESTIC WORK
Global Care Chain
Reactions
Implications
Labor Conditions
Job Type
Enabling Factors
MAIDINAMERICA
Assignment prompt with detailed instructions will be posted on Canvass by Friday, March 8th.
WATCH THE SHORT VIDEO IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE.
Identify the pull factors, push factors, working conditions, pathways to politics, and migration implications for the characters presented in the article and in the video.In your 750-word essay engage with Arlie Hochschild's The Nanny Chain and Abigail Andrews's chapter on Undocumented Politics. When discussing the pull and push factors draw on our discussions on Global Inequality and Uneven Development.
Address the following question. Discuss their migration pathways.
READ THIS ARTICLE IN THE GUARDIAN [CLICK HERE]
María Álvarez, an independent, feisty, and underpaid seventeen-year-old Colombian rose packager is stuck in a tedious life and a dead-end relationship with her good-for-nothing boyfriend, Juan. And as if things weren't bad enough, an unexpected pregnancy and an ugly altercation with her unfair boss will tempt María to accept the risky offer to become a drug mule, smuggling drugs from Bogotá to New York City. But, as things rapidly spiral out of control, suddenly, the option of an early retirement and a peaceful future for both María and her unborn baby begins to fade away. Is there a way out from this hopeless predicament?
Storyline
Maria Full of Grace (2004)
see you next week!