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Transcript

Artist: Randa Maddah

Are you following the news? We must not let the brutality of war become background noise in our lives.

For Palestine & Lebanon

IS315 Week THREE LectureDr Nazanin Shahrokni 2024

The black gold: Oil in the Middle East

6. Oil's Double-Edged Sword: The Human Toll of Oil Wealth

5. Crude Leverage: Oil Diplomacy & Geopolitics

4. Oil, Power, and the People: The Social Contract in Petro-States

3. From Wells to Wealth: The Oil Chronicles of the Middle East

2. Last Week's Class Activity

1. Song of the Week

Agenda—

Song of the week

A song written in the memory of the martyrs of the Siahkal Incident of Feb 8, 1971 in Iran where members of the Iranian People's Fadaee Guerillas attacked a gendermerie in Siahkal, Gilan in an attempt to free one of their arrested comrades. In the pursued fighting, three army officers and two guerilla fighters were killed. Following the incident 13 guerillas and political prisoners, who were either arrested or were already in prison, were hanged by the Monarchy. This was the first recorded guerilla attack in modern Iran that many scholars believe was one of the precursors of the 1979 revolution.

Thank you Artin Safaei

PlaY time

What would you do if....

Citizens

RELIGIOUS LEADERS

STATE OFFICIALS

As of recent reforms under Mohammed bin Salman, expatriate women are no longer required to wear an abaya or veil. Saudi women, however, are expected to adhere to veiling in public.

SAudi Arabia

In 1980, after a military coup, to enforce secularism, the state implemented a ban on veiled women entering public institutions.

Turkey

In 1980, after a popular revolution, to Islamize the society, the state imposes Islamic dress code on its citizens

IRan

Last Week's Class Activity

From Wells to Wealth

History of Oil in the Middle East

The World's Largest oil reserves by country, 2024

We will discuss oil, as both a material resource and a geopolitical asset.We will explore both the macro-level significance of oil as a global political and economic force and the micro-level impacts on citizens and labor in oil-producing states

Oil Discovery

Oil Discovery

an arrangement whereby a government grants exclusive rights to a company or an individual to carry out petroleum operations in a defined area for a finite period

Colonial & Imperial Interests

Establishing control over the Middle East through the concession agreements which:

  • gave the exclusive rights and monopoly to exploit all mineral resources
  • defined the royalty payment as a specified sums to the government that did not take into account the possible rise in oil price but it was a safeguard against any decline in prices.
  • afforded British nationals/employees exemption from the jurisdiction of local laws and judicial procedures

Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh spearheaded the nationalization of the oil industry in 1951, seizing control of the AIOC’s assets and ending the legal privileges of foreign employees in Iran.

Nationalization of oil industry

Oil, Power & The people

The Rentier State & "Hydrocarbon" Citizens

oil wealth affects the relationship between the state and its citizens, creating a population that is dependent on state welfare, benefiting from state provisions, often with little political participation or dissent. Hydrocarbon citizens tend to view their governments as highly effective, generous, helpful, and responsive to the basic needs of society compared to the citizens of countries without oil.

Hydrocarbon citizens

the abundance of oil has often led to authoritarianism, as governments use oil revenues to maintain control, suppress dissent, and reward loyalists. This dynamic creates a rentier state model, where the state derives its income natural resources (collecting external rents through oil export) rather than from internal taxation, weakening the relationship between citizens and their governments.

Rentier state

&

Crude Leverage

Oil Diplomacy

Oil diplomacy has been one of the defining forces shaping international relations in the Middle East, with oil production and key maritime chokepoints playing central roles in both global economic dynamics and political strategy. The region’s vast oil reserves have not only attracted external powers but have also been instrumentalized by oil-producing countries themselves to enhance their geopolitical leverage.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), established in 1960, exemplifies how oil producers can collectively exert power. By coordinating production and controlling supply, OPEC members have influenced global oil prices, thereby shaping the economic policies of both producer and consumer countries.

The Barrel Bargain

Geostrategic LeverageStrategic chokepoints

The Strait of Hormuz, through which approximately one-fifth of the world’s oil supply passes, has been a focal point of geopolitical tension. Iran, for instance, has frequently threatened to close the strait in response to Western sanctions or military actions. This highlights the concept of *geostrategic leverage*, where control over key maritime chokepoints grants a country the ability to disrupt global oil markets.

Oil's double-edged sword

Dispossession & Displacement

Urbanization & Growth of Public Sector

Uneven Development

Environmental Degradation

Oil's Impact Abroad

Pearls & Perils of resource wealth

شكراً جزيلاً

شكراً جزيلاً

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