History Learning Unit
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Created on September 19, 2024
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Transcript
Victorian Age
class presentation
Matilde Tagliamonte
Index
historicalbackground
1
victorian London
2
Women's role
3
Morality
4
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
5
Art and litterature
6
Tagliamonte Matilde
Barbolini, Pagni, Guglielmone, Bertozzi
Carta, Strata, Iapichello, Vacchetti
Botti, Ipichello, Mordacci Menchelli
Rossini Bertonati, Rouby,Orsuccii
Minetti, Braccini, Gheno, Romanini, Defilippi
Tagliamonte Matilde
Historical Background
Backround
Tagliamonte Matilde
why England?
The Victorian Era was a period of British history where the monarch in reign was Queen victoria, it lasted from 1837 to 1901, the year of the Queen's death. Since the first industrial revolution England had been one step ahead of every other european country in terms of industrialization, and thanks to a more than stable government, a secure economy,
Unit 01
Tagliamonte
second industrial revolution
examples of inventions from the Second Industrial Revolution
Unit 01
Tagliamonte
British empire
As i’ve touched on before, The British empire was wide and part of the reason for England’s stable economy.
Barbolini, Bertozzi, Guglielmone, Pagni
Victorian London
London
Barbolini,Bertozzi,Guglielmone,Pagni
During the 19th century London was the largest city in the world,the world's largest port, and the heart of international finance and trade. The growth of transport fueled the outward expansion of suburbs, as did a cultural impetus to escape the inner city. An important Victorian era infrastructure was the Crystal Palace, unveiled during the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London’s Hyde Park, built to host the United Kingdom’s first international trade fair. A serious problem was represented by pollution. Air pollution from burning wood or coal was nothing new to London, but the situation worsened with the population explosion and industrialisation.
London
Barbolini, Bertozzi, Guglielmone, Pagni
Victorian society valued a high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society. The emphasis on morality gave impetus to social reform but also placed restrictions on certain groups' liberty.Historians, today retain Victorian age as a period of contradictions, because behind the appearance of external morality there were phenomena of social prevalence such as prostitution and child labour.
Society passed from an aristocracy of territory owners to an industrial bourgeoisie and later the power slightly passed more and more to the labor mass : but while the advance of democracy tendencies was spreading up, there was a hidden reality of contradictions and dark areas, such as : -the poverty -the common way of thinking opulence and prosperity was the result of effort and hard work, so poverty was not an unlucky or random condition, but the consequence of a lazy attitude and lack of moral values.
London
Barbolini, Bertozzi, Guglielmone, Pagni
The new Poor Law ensured that the poor were housed in workhouses, clothed and fed. . In return for this care, all workhouse paupers would have to work for several hours each day. A workhouse was a place where those unable to support themselves were offered accommodation and employment. The idea was that, through working, the poor would learn good habits, growing less lazy and perhaps learning to fend for themselves.Upon entering the workhouse, the poor were stripped and bathed (under supervision). Because life in the workhouse was supposed to be humiliating and shameful, many of the rules focused on emphasizing this.
London
Barbolini, Bertozzi, Guglielmone, Pagni
Middle class
Industrial development meant that more manpower was needed to ensure that cities were able to function.Was also divided into two categories: -Higher level -Lower level
Lower class
-WORKING CLASS Consisted of unskilled laborers who worked in brutal and unsanitary conditions. They did not have access to clean water and food. -UNDER CLASS Who were helpless and depended on the support of others.
Upper class
Consisted of royalty and the very wealthy: This class was divided into three subcategories: -Royal: who came from a royal family -Middle Upper: important officers and lords -Lower Upper: wealthy men and business owners
Barbolini, Bertozzi, Guglielmone, Pagni
It is possible to find a great analogy between modern society and the Victorian age in terms of social conduct and contradictions. Appearance remains the essential characteristic : big dominant powers tend to show off the well-being, the comfortable and favorable conditions, the strengths of the political system and every positive reality that can increase popular consensus; but at the same time in every part of the world there are unfavorable and dramatic realities, that are result of imbalance and carelessness, the result of systems in which the objective is to ensure the maintenance of the power of the strong ones. The capitalist system, exponential industrialization and exploitation are still the cause of criminality, social inequality, poverty, reasons why for example in many modern metropolises (New York, Washington, Milan, Rome, Naples, London, Paris) there are bivalent realities: wealth and well-being at the center, poverty and crime in the suburbs.
London
Carta, Iapichello, Vacchetti,Strata
Women’s role
Women
Carta, Iapichello, Strata,Vacchetti
Women's role in society
The concept of “paterfamilias” meaning the husband as head of the houshold and moral leader of his family. A wife’s proper role was to love, honour and obey her husband. With the marriage a husband had complete legal control ver his wife. During the 19th century, there were concerns about marriage laws and legal rights of women to divorce or gain custody of children.
Women
Carta, iapichello, Vacchetti, Strata
In the Victorian era, women were seen, as belonging to the angel of house this stereotype formed firm expectations for women to provide their families with a clean home, prepare meals, and raise their children.
the fate of the little girls was the same In fact they were educated to do housework and a nice treatment for the future husband
How did women live and get an education or job?
Women
Carta, Strata, Vacchetti, Iapichello
Most working class women in Victorian England had no choice but to work in order to help support their families. They worked either in factories, or in domestic service for richer households or in famThe education an ily businesses. Many women also carried out home-based work such as finishing garments and shoes for factories, laundry, or preparation of snacks to sell in the market or streets.
Woman job
Women
Carta, Iapichello, Strata, Vacchetti
Suffragettes
The word “Suffrage” means the right to vote in political elections and in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many women started to campaign for women’s rights focused on the right to vote. The dominant ideology concerning women's position was articulated more clearly as the feminist movement mobilized.
Women
Carta, Iapichello, Vacchetti, Strata
GLASS CEILING
Meaning: metaphor applied to some groups, mainly women and minorities, from moving up in their careers, no matter their skills or success. It was first used by feminists in reference to invisible barriers in the careers of high-achieving women. Why women don’t make it to the top?
Botti, Iacobino, Mordacci, Menchelli
ì
Moral Values
Morality
In the Victorian age, rigid moral values were adopted, and importance was given to education, also introducing Sunday schools dedicated to it. restrictions are imposed on animal cruelty and child labor hours. The use of the death penalty is also decreased.
Moral value
A popular philosophy in this period is utilitarianism, a current that focuses on common happiness and and focuses on the utility of thing. “ ONLY WHAT IS USEFUL IS MORALLY GOOD” This era has gone down in history as a time of significant growth and progress for the middle class. Women were increasingly participating in paid labor during the Victoria era.
Botti, Iacobino, Mordacci, Menchelli
Morality
Women
Women couldn’t vote. the women’s suffrage movement gaining traction at the end of the 1800s. women experienced extreme restrictions on their financial, social, and political rights. the women believed they were inferior to men.
Family
The ideal Victorian family was patriarchal: Victorian private lives were dominated by an authoritarian father, in fact Women were subject to male authority; they were expected to marry and make home a ‘refuge’ for their husba
Botti, Iacobino, Mordacci, Menchelli
Morality
Attempt to hide the contradiction of Victorian Age
Victorian Compromise
Progress-Improvement VS Poverty-Social Injustice
Victorians want to mask the reality
Promotion of values that could only be fulfilled by middle and upper classes
Botti, Iacobino, Mordacci, Menchelli
Morality
AND TODAY?
“In the past Philadelphia was the capital of United States and made a major economic contribution and progress for America” Today we find a big contradion:in an important city like Philadelphia in Kensington Ave there is degree of poverty that Is frightening,you can see People Who live in tents or drug addicts who act like zombie or even dead people,consequently also the crime rate Is very high;but unfortunately this Is not a single case in the world but Is very frequent. It’s impressive how today, like 200 years ago, in the United Kingdom there is still this enormous gap between the rich who live well and the poor who have no hope; yet we continue to try to mask this reality (just think of how the United States is seen as the country of great possibilities and dreams)like Victorians loved to do.
Botti, Iacobino, Mordacci, Menchelli
LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Education system
Learning
Rossini, Orsucci, Bertonati, Rouby
-Private schools only for rich and aristocrats - Girls educated at home by their parents or by governesses in order to become good wives and mothers - Church school with class sizes of up to 100 children for the poor. In 1880 new law: all children between the ages of 5 to 10 had to go to school. -Governesses treated like servants. This was the only possible job choice for an unmarried middle class woman who had to earn a living.
Learning
Child Labour
- reinforcement of children’s labour during the victorian era, in particular in factories - hiring children was cheap and convenient (could enter small spaces → chimney sweepers) but they had limited resistance.
-Low salary, severe punishments, dangerous work and development disrupted- 1960s and '70s —> elderly people of industrial towns had unusually short stature, deformed physiques and diseases -1840: 20% of the children in London had schooling.
Rossini, Orsucci, Bertonati, Rouby
Learning
-1850: 50% of the children in England and Wales were in school -From 1833: many attempts to get child labourers into part time educations. -1880: children began to be compelled into school but work keep -Work kept to condition children's schooling - The horrors of London’s street and the suffering of the children were revealed by Charles Dickens’ novels
Rossini, Orsucci, Bertonati, Rouby
Learning
THE CHILD LABOUR TODAY
Rossini, Orsucci, Bertonati, Rouby
Many children (260 million and more) still don’t go to school today, most often because their families are in bad financial situations and have to earn money and they have no protections for dangerous works and earn little money. But there are also other problems: Child trafficking: migrant and refugee children also risk being forced into work and even trafficked. Recruitment by armed groups: thousands of children are recruited by armed forces and groups outside government control and used in armed conflicts across the world. Early forced marriages: girls are also often forced into sexual relations and have to stay home doing chores and there’s also the risk of domestic violence and abuse. Malnutrition: if children don't get a proper nutrition, they can get sick easily and die early in life, so they can't have a proper education and live their long life. Who is helping them? All over the world there are organisations working together to give quality education to every child and also a lot of young volunteers and activists.
Litterature
Minetti, Gheno, Braccini, Romanini, Defilippi
What were the most important art movements?
-Realism: Literary realism is a literary genre, part of the broader realism in arts, that attempts to represent subject-matter truthfully, avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements. Realism in British literature is particularly notable in the Victorian era.. Charles Dickens was a major proponent of realism, as many of his stories depicted the lives of working-class people in Victorian England.
-The Aesthetic Movement in Britain (1860 – 1900) aimed to escape the ugliness and materialism of the Industrial Age, by focusing instead on producing art that was beautiful rather than having a deeper meaning – 'Art for Art's sake'. The artists and designers in this 'cult of beauty' crafted some of the most sophisticated and sensuously beautiful artworks of the Western tradition and in the process remade the domestic world of the British middle-classes.
Litterature
Who was Charles Dickens?
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born in Portsmouth on February 7, 1812 and he died on June 9, 1870. Was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic, and he is considered the greatest English novelist. He created some of literature's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Among Charles Dickens’s many works are the novels The Pickwick Papers (1837), Oliver Twist (1838), A Christmas Carol (1843), David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), and Great Expectations(1861)
Minetti, Gheno, Braccini, Romanini, Defilippi
Litterature
Who was Oscar Wilde?
Oscar Wilde born in October 16, 1854, Dublin, Ireland, and died in November 30, 1900, Paris, France. Was an Irish poet and playwright lived in the second part of the nineteenth century ,whose enduring fame rests on his only novel
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), and on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere’s Fan(1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest(1895). In his comedies he proved himself to be a master of the epigram. He was a spokesman for the late 19th-century Aesthetic movement in England, which advocated art for art’s sake, and he was the object of notorious civil and criminal suits involving homosexuality
Minetti, Gheno, Braccini, Romanini, Defilippi
Art
What about today?
Nowadays Art has a social and moral purpose. In fact two particular art movements have taken the global scene: protest art andstreet art.Protest art is used to express an objection to what someone has said or done and can inspire other to see things in different ways. The main artists of this movement are: Richard Bell,Faith Ringgold, Jeremy Deller and Tania Bruguera
Minetti, Gheno, Braccini, Romanini, Defilippi
On the other hand, Street art consists in tagging walls, public transport and buildings with the aim of making art visible to a large number of people, even if it’s illegal. Few of the most known street artists are: Banksy, Keith Haring and Bambi and their purpose is to highlight the problems of our society