ap biology project

Biology project

by megan k

1.background

6.celluar malfuction

4.compartmentalization

7. endomembrane system

3.fuction of organelles

8. diagnoses

5.Surface Area-to-Volume

2.understanding

9.treatment

In depth Eukaryotic Organelle

membrane bound

• Nucleus: Holds DNA, controls cell activities
• Mitochondria: Produces ATP through respiration
• Rough ER: Protein synthesis with ribosomes
• Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins/lipids
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis (free or on rough ER)
• Lysosomes: Break down waste
• Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids, detoxify
• Cytoskeleton: Supports structure, aids movement
• Plasma Membrane: Regulates entry/exit of substances
• Chloroplasts (plants): Photosynthesis for energy

non-membrane bound

endomembrane system

The endomembrane pathway is a series of steps that cells use to move proteins and other substances around inside the cell: Ribosomes: Proteins are made in small "factories" called ribosomes. Some ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, others are attached to the rough ER. Rough ER: When proteins are made on the rough ER, they enter its channels. The rough ER helps fold and modify these proteins so they can do their job. Golgi Apparatus: After the rough ER, proteins move to the Golgi apparatus, here, the proteins are further modified, sorted, and packaged into tiny bubbles called vesicles. Vesicles: These vesicles transport the proteins to their final destinations. They can go to other parts of the cell, like the plasma membrane, or they can be sent outside the cell. Plasma Membrane: If the protein is suppose to go outside the cell, the vesicle combines with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein.

!! however the mitochondria is not apart of this system !!

celluar malfuction - mitochondria

Mitochondria malfunction in the your bodies can lead to many serious effects, particularly in high- demanding organs like the brain, muscles, heart, and liver. The disruption of ATP production results in muscle weakness, making it hard for muscles to work well, so it’s tough to exercise. In the brain, which is energy-intensive, mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive decline, seizures, and developmental delays. The heart, which requires constant energy, may experience impaired function, resulting in heart failure. In the liver, dysfunction can severely impact metabolism, this can lead to a buildup of fat in the body and make it harder for the liver to clean out harmful stuff. Additionally, inefficient metabolism can lead to the disruption of the body's pH balance and potentially harming the organs. Overall, these dysfunctions can many in multi-organ failure, chronic fatigue, and progressively worsening health conditions.

Gaining an understanding of your cells

Before explaining and detailing the virus, it is crucial to have an understanding of yourself and your cells. As you know the people of Xylorian are made up of Eukaryotic cells, but what does that mean? And what about Prokaryotic cells? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in key ways, including their nucleus, reproduction, and organelles. - Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus, with DNA located in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where DNA is enclosed in a nuclear membrane. - Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via binary fission, while eukaryotes reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and fertilization, leading to more genetic diversity. - Additionally, prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes contain organelles like mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus.

Significance of Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A eukaryotic cell's volume develops faster than its surface area, which complicates material exchange. The cell membrane, which regulates the flow of nutrients, oxygen, and waste, may not have enough surface area to meet the demands of the sudden enlarged internal volume. This makes it harder for the cell to obtain the right resources and remove waste properly, slowing metabolic processes and affecting cell function. A high surface area-to-volume ratio is extremly important for efficient transport across the cell membrane because it provides more surface area for exchange in comparison to the volume of the cell's interior. This is why eukaryotic cells are typically small, since smaller cells maintain a higher surface area compared to their volume, enabling faster and more efficient diffusion of materials in and out of the cell.

Where did this start?

December 13 17235It was recorded that a mysterious cell malfunction devastated the people of Xylorian. The patient that came to us with this malfuction, is 104 years old and was experiencing loss of muscle coordination and muscle weakness. If you or a family member have any of these symtoms please keep reading, as it will educate you on whats going on.

Compartmentalization and its importance

Compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells is important because it separates different cellular activities into specialized organelles, the word itself says, it's putting these celluar activites into different "compartments". This allows the cell to carry out various functions, like energy production or waste breakdown, without obtrusion. For example, mitochondria produce energy in a controlled environment that is separate from other parts of the cell. By compartmentalizing, the cell can be more efficient and organized, ensuring that each process happens in the right place. However, without compartmentalization, cellular processes would interfere with each other, leading to chaos and inefficiency. For example, digestive enzymes from lysosomes could damage other parts of the cell, breaking down vital structures. So, the mitochondria wouldn't be able to efficiently produce energy if their specific environment couldn't be maintained. This would immensely impact the cell's ability to function and survive.

what's really going on?

Through further research on the symtoms we have concluded that the disease harming the xylorians is Parkinson's Disease, a mitochondrial malfunction.The part of the brain that helps control movement (basal ganglia and substantia nigra) rely on the mitochondria to provide the energy. However, when the mitochondria doesn't work properly, the cells don’t get enough energy and make reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are harmful molecules that can damage the cells. Usually, the brain gets rid of damaged mitochondria through a process called mitophagy, but in Parkinson's, this doesn’t work the way it's suppose to. Because of this, the cells that make dopamine, a chemical that helps us move, start to die. When these cells die, people have trouble moving, and that’s why people with Parkinson’s have tremors, stiff muscles, and move more slowly.

Levodopa

Levodopa, or more commonly known as L-DOPA, is a medication that help in the mangament of symptoms of Parkinson's disease by restoring dopamine in the brain. It’s one of the most effective and reccondmend treatments for Parkinsons. But what does it do? It helps with dopamine production. Levodopa is changed/converted to dopamine in the brain. Because Parkinson’s disease leads to decrease in dopamine-producing neurons, Levodopa helps restore some of the lost dopamine, improving movement and coordination. It also helps mitochondria function. While Levodopa does mainly focuses on helping increase dopamine levels, it also indirectly supports mitochondrial health by enhancing energy metabolism in neurons, making them more resilient. Please contact us at 123-456 so we can get you treatment as soon as possible or if you miss us, we are located just outside the Andromeda Galaxy at PA-99-N2. We promise we will get you this nesssary and vital treatment to help your people.