Autism Spectrum Disorder

Classifications

Prognosis

Medical Diagnosis & Treatment

Activity Limitation

Precautions/Contraindications to Treatment

Evidence Based PT Interventions

By Annikka Johnson & Emily Baynes

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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1. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd
2. Yin, C.L., & Yin, T.K. (2019). A Review on the Efficacy of Physical Therapy Intervention on Motor Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
3. Srinivasan, S. M., Kaur, M., Park, I. K., Gifford, T. D., Marsh, K. L., & Bhat, A. N. (2015). The Effects of Rhythm and Robotic Interventions on the Imitation/Praxis, Interpersonal Synchrony, and Motor Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Autism research and treatment, 2015, 736516. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/736516
4. Djordjević, M., Memisevic, H., Potić, S., & Djuric, U. (2021). Exercise-Based Interventions Aimed at Improving Balance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129, 90 - 119.

Sources:

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Researchers do not know the primary causes. Studies suggest that genes along with environment can affect development and possibly lead to ASD. Factors that increase the likelihood of ASD include:

• Having siblings with ASD
• Older parents when born
• Certain genetic conditiosn (such as Down syndrome or Fragile-X syndrome)
• Very low birth weight

Autism is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.Autism can be diagnosed at any age, but symptoms typically appear around the age of 2. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) healthcare providers use to diagnose mental disorders, people with ASD often have: - Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people- Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors- Symptoms that affect their ability to function in school, work, and other areas of their life

What is ASD?1

Causes & Risk Factors:

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Classifications of ASD:

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Teachers and caregivers are often the first to notice ASD symptoms in older children and adolescents. ASD can be reliabiliy diagnosed at age 2. Diagnosis in young children includes: General development screening during check ups and additional diagnostic evaluation.

Medical diagnosis & treatment

Evaluation of behavior & development1

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Common noted impairments are very similar to others without ASD. However, the delivery of the interventions and adaptability of the session is the key to success in treating an individual with ASD.

Physical therapy has been shown as a helpful tool for children with ASD provided that interventions are based on the impairments of the child. There is not one impairment that is specific to ASD, however, it has been determined that greater than 50% of individuals with ASD have a movement impairment as identified by the Movement ABC-2.[2] Individuals with ASD have a predisposition to negative emotions or responses from environments that have many stimuli at once which could include increased physical contact, verbal cueing, or additional noises within the treatment area. Ensure you can adapt to these needs if they are to arise.

Interventions

[1,2,3,4]