PHylososphy timeline

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

31

32

33

30

8

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

34

2024 psychology!

Start

From Ancient Greece all the way up to Modern psychology

The history of Psychology

Functionalism

Functionalism: focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal contents How can people strengthen good habits. Can someone attend to more than one item at the same time. How does an intention lead to an action.

Behaviourism

-Focused on the observable behaviour -If it cannot be observed, it is not worth studying -Places emphasis on the effects of the environment on behaviour-External stimulus

Rewards + Punishments

John B Watson

Nature

Nurture

From a scientific perspective, “nature” refers to the biological/genetic predispositions that impact one's human traits — physical, emotional, and intellectual. “Nurture,” in contrast, describes the influence of learning and other “environmental” factors on these traits

William James

-Renounced to define the elements of the mind -He questioned how people came to produce behaviour

1st Psychology Clinic

Founded by Lightner Witmer

Shifts from experimental work to practical application

In 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania.

Socrates

-He showed how argument, debate, and discussion could help men to understand difficult issues. -Most of the issues he dealt with were only political on the surface. Underneath, they were moral questions about how life should be lived.

2000: sequencing of the human genome16 research institutions around the world complete a “working draft” mapping of the human genetic codeProvides basis for new understanding of human development and disease

Dualism

Dualism most commonly refers to: Mind–body dualism, a philosophical view which holds that mental phenomena are, at least in certain respects, not physical phenomena, or that the mind and the body are distinct and separable from one another.

Introespection- 1874

Subjects look into themselves and talk about what they experienced

Monism

'Monism' is a very broad term, applicable to any doctrine which maintains either that there is ultimately only one thing, or only one kind of thing; it has also been used of the view that there is only one set of true beliefs. In these senses it is opposed to the equally broad term 'pluralism'.

Increased interest in social and cultural influences on human behaviour Sociocultural Psychology Positive Psychology: Focus: Strengths, virtues, and happiness

1960s to 70s

The story of scientific psychology begins with the Scientific Revolution. -The scientific revolution did more than create the idea that psychology might be a science, it gave rise to new conceptions of mind and body fundamental to psychology’s development.- The Scientific Revolution created the concept of consciousness, around which the first psychologies were organized, and created the concept that the universe is a machine, suggesting that living bodies were organic machines

Scientific Revolution XVII

The Renaissance ignited a renewed interest in individual personality, providing the impetus for psychology's evolution as a scientific discipline.

Psychology during Renaissance and Enlightenment

The period is thought to have begun with the reclamation of Aristotelian documents that discussed the basis of the mind. During this period, many different men and women advanced psychology by perfecting scientific methods and researching reason, thought, and mental illness.

EARLY PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS

Psykhe

Logos

Psychology

Soul

Study

Renaissance (XV-XVI)

Advances on biology Emphasis on biology rather than the mind -But still seen as related -Hormones, genetics,and chemical reactions as explanations of human behaviour

Psychology through Europe

APA founded in 1892 By G. Stanley Hall

Wilhelm Wundt, 1879

He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research. This marked psychology as an independent field of study.

Wundt's approach ultimately failed because of the lack of reliability of his methods. Introspective 'experimental' results were not reliably reproducible by other researchers in other laboratories.

Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions!

You win!

The birth of modern psychology

Psychology as a field of experimental study began in 1854 in Leipzig, Germany, when Gustav Fechner created the first theory of how judgments about sensory experiences are made and how to experiment on them.William James famously defined psychology as the science of mental life

Some geek philosophers first formulated the ideas of human experience and the nature of beingThe Greeks not only gave the name to this discipline, they were also one of the first civilizations to engage in the philosophical study of psychology.

Ancient Greece

The ideas of Socrates

Socrates helped people to see what was wrong with their ideas. Sometimes they liked this, sometimes they were not happy or grateful. He said that he, Socrates, was not wise, but that he "knew that he knew nothing." Since other people think they know something, but no one really knows anything, Socrates claimed he knew more than anyone else. He said that people who do bad things do so because they do not know any better. People think that Socrates was a good man because he did no harm, except he asked questions about everything. However, during his life many people thought he was a bad person, because he asked those questions and because he made young people unhappy about their lives. Someone once wrote that Socrates said that "A life that was not examined was not worth living". This means that someone must think about their own life and its purpose. Some people believe that most humans are happier if they do not think too much about their life. Socrates also taught that many people can look at something and not truly see it. He asked questions about the meaning of life and goodness. These are still very important questions. Much of philosophy (love of wisdom) is about these things.

Legacy

Socrates is seen by some people as a martyr, since he willingly died to support the idea that knowledge and wisdom are very important to our lives. Socrates is known as one of the most important philosophers in history. He is often described as the father of Western philosophy. He did not start Western philosophy, but he had a big influence on it. Before Socrates, philosophy was mainly about mathematics and answering questions about our natural world. Socrates expanded on that and added questions about ethics, politics, and epistemology to philosophy.

Death of Socrates

Socrates did not fear death. He did not try to avoid death by apologizing for his actions because he thought it was morally right to stand by his principles. Socrates was ordered to drink a cup of hemlock (a poisonous liquid got from the plant). He drank it and died soon after.

Plato's dialogues

Plato's dialogues are a collection of works in which several characters discuss and argue about a particular topic by asking questions of each other. The dialogues are written in a conversational style, and they often feature Socrates as a character. Through these dialogues, Plato raises various points of view and allows the reader to decide which is valid. The dialogues are vivid, entertaining, and thought-provoking, and they showcase Plato's metaphysical theory of forms. Some of Plato's most famous dialogues include the Republic, the Symposium, the Phaedo, and the Apology. The dialogues are an important part of the Socratic dialogues, and they are used to induce readers to become convinced of certain propositions.

The Forms

Plato's theory of Forms is a central aspect of his philosophy. He argues that there is a realm of abstract objects or concepts that exist beyond the physical world. Plato believed that the physical world is a mere shadow or imitation of the world of Forms, which is the true reality. According to Plato, every object or quality in reality has a Form, such as dogs, human beings, mountains, colors, courage, love, and goodness. The Forms are the essential basis of reality. The Form of the Good is at the top of the hierarchy of Forms, illuminating all of the others.

The Soul

For Plato the soul is something that gives life to the body. In the Republic, Plato argues that the soul is immortal and that it is reincarnated after death. It is above and beyond the visible, bodily person. Plato divided the soul into three parts: the logistikon (reason), the thymoeides (spirit, which houses anger, as well as other emotions), and the epithymetikon (appetite, which is responsible for desires and pleasures). Plato's theory of soul is also related to his theory of Forms, as the soul is the means for the acquisition and comprehension of the Idea or the Form of good.

The theory of knowledge

Plato divided knowledge into two categories: knowledge and belief. According to Plato, knowledge is always true and justifiable, while belief can be true or false and can be a matter based on persuasion. In several Plato's dialogues, Socrates inverts the common man's intuition about what is knowable and what is real. Reality is unavailable to those who use their senses. Socrates says that he who sees with his eyes is blind. While most people take the objects of their senses to be real if anything is, Socrates is contemptuous of people who think that something has to be graspable in the hands to be real. "I know that I know nothing" is a saying derived from Plato's account of Socrates.

20 century

Structuralism: Focused on the structure of the mind (Wundt and Titchener). Functionalism: Focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior (William James). Psychoanalysis: Focused on unconscious motives and conflicts (Sigmund Freud). Behaviorism: Emphasized observable behavior and learning (John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner). Humanistic Psychology: Focused on individual potential and self-actualization (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow). Cognitive Psychology: Emphasized internal mental processes (Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky).

1951: 1st drug to treat depression (imipramine) was developedStill used under the name of tofranil1953: APA publishes 1st edition of Ethical Standards

1950s- Cognitive revolution

Life

Aristotle's father, Nicomachus, was a soldier of King Amyntas of Macedonia. From his eighteenth to his thirty-seventh year, Aristotle lived in Athens, as a metic and student of Plato. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. Aristotle remained at the academy for nearly twenty years, not leaving until after Plato's death in 347 BC. He then traveled with Xenocrates to Asia Minor. While in Asia, Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where they researched the botany and zoology of the island. Soon after Hermias' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander the Great in 343 B.C. Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During that time he gave lessons not only to Alexander, but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander. Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and his attitude towards Persia was ethnocentric. In one famous example, he advises Alexander to be 'a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants.

Biology

Aristotle is the earliest natural historian whose work has survived in some detail. He certainly did research on the natural history of Lesbos, and the surrounding seas and neighbouring areas. The works History of Animals, Generation of Animals and Parts of Animals have observations and interpretations, along with some myths and mistakes. The most striking passages are about the sea-life round Lesbos. As well as live observation, he got specimens from the catches of fishermen. His observations on catfish, electric fish (Torpedo) and angler-fish are detailed. His writing on cephalopods such as Octopus, Sepia (cuttlefish) and the paper nautilus (Argonauta argo) are accurate. His description of the hectocotyl arm, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until its rediscovery in the 19th century. He separated the aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that sharks and rays were part of the group he called Selachē (Selachimorpha). Another good example of his methods comes from the Generation of Animals in which Aristotle describes breaking open fertilized chicken eggs at intervals to observe when visible organs were generated. He gave accurate descriptions of ruminants' four-chambered fore-stomachs, and of the ovoviviparous egg development of the houndshark Mustelus mustelus.

Phylosophy

The three greatest ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Socrates taught Plato, then Plato taught Aristotle. These three thinkers turned early Greek philosophy into the beginnings of Western philosophy as it is today. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great, who later conquered the entire Middle East. Plato's main ideas were that knowledge from the senses was always confused and not pure. True knowledge can be gotten from the thinking soul that turns away from the world. Only the soul can have knowledge of "Forms", the real way things are. The world is only a copy of these "Forms" and is not perfect. Aristotle thought differently. He thought that knowledge from the senses was more important. These thoughts became some of the roots of the scientific method after hundreds of years. Most of the things Aristotle wrote that we still have today are notes from his speaking and teaching. Some of his important writings are Physics, Metaphysics, (Nicomachean) Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul), and Poetics. He also had problems with the atomic theory. He did not believe in Democritus' theories about the atomic theory. He believed that all matter was continuous whereas Democritus stated the all matter was made up of tiny indivisible things called "atoms". Democritus was proved right by physicist John Dalton in 1804.

Logic

Aristotle created a form of logic. His logic is called sentential logic because it uses sentences for the syllogism. Aristotle's logic influenced the history of Western thought. It was Aristotle's logic which was copied and used in the Arabic and Latin mediaeval traditions. It was dominant for two and a half thousand years, until the late 19th century. Then modern logic was started by Gottlob Frege, Charles Sanders Peirce and others.

Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. In Athens, Plato founded the Academy, a philosophical school where he taught the philosophical doctrines that would later became known as Platonism. Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato is a central figure in the history of philosophy.

Plato

Psychoanalysis

Focused on the influence of the unconscious mind on conscious behaviour

By sigmund Freud

Monism

Dualism

Dualism teaches that Mind and Body are two really distinct principles; whilst Monism maintains that both mental and corporeal phenomena are merely different manifestations of what is really one and the same Reality.

-Stated that the soul was related to psychological functions of the body-Body and soul cannot be considered independently-The soul/Mind (psyche) is the form, or essence of any living thing

Aristotle

-1981: AIDS and HIV 1st diagnosed-Epidemic presents challenges for mental health professionals-At-risk patients’ anxiety-Depressión-AIDS-related dementia

1980s

How did it begin?

Modern Psychology