Learning Theories Part 2
Sociocultural
Connectivism
Adult Learning Theory
Abigail Lobato Grand Canyon University EDU 522: Curriculum Design Theories Dr. Martin September 18, 2024
Sociocultural
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorist
Connectivism
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorists
Adult Learning Theory
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorists
References
Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1064–1069. Grand Canyon University. (2019, September 17). Adult learning theories: definition and examples. GCU. https://www.gcu.edu/blog/doctoral-journey/adult-learning-theories Kurt, S. (2023, September 25). Connectivism learning theory - Educational technology. Educational Technology. https://educationaltechnology.net/connectivism-learning-theory/ Loveless, B. (2024, August 26). The complete guide to Lev Vygotsky’s learning theories. Education Corner. https://www.educationcorner.com/vygotsky/ Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2016). Curriculum: foundations, principles, and issues. (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN-13: 9780134060354 Stoltz, R. (2024, February 13). Everything you needed to know about adult learning Theory. NEIT. https://www.neit.edu/blog/what-is-adult-learning-theory Utecht, J., & Keller, D. (2019). Becoming relevant again: Applying connectivism learning theory to today’s classrooms. Critical Questions in Education, 10(2), 107–119.
Lev Vygotsky
Focused on sociocultural learning theories. He studied and developed theories to address how social and cultural interactions shape individual developement (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109).
George Siemens & Stephen Downes
Focused on the theory that learners should embrace "the integration of thoughts, theories, and information that one experiences when using modern day technology" (Kurt, 2023).
Kapp, Knowles, Mezirow, & Kolb
Focused on the concept that "adults process and retain new information" differently than children (Grand Canyon University, 2024). Therefore, new theories of learning needed to be explored to build upon the knowledge of an adult.
Characteristics of Sociocultural Learning
- Requires a variety of human tools that include "language, counting systems, works of art, mechanical drawings, and mnemonic techniques" (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109).
- Social and cultural interactions shape individual development.
- Society influences people's actions, tools, and ways of thinking over time.
(Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109)
Role of Memory in Sociocultural Learning
- In the sociocultural learning theory, memory is developed through the interactions with a variety of tools to develop develop new information in the working and long-term memory.
- Through repeated social and cultural interactions, memory is built upon and stored.
(Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109)
Learning occurs...
In the Zone of Proximal Development, which is "the area of understanding just outside what they know but are capable of" (Loveless, 2024). In this zone, learners need someone more knowledgable than them to teach them, through the use of scaffolding, using language to think out loud, and ultimately, build an inner dialogue (Loveless, 2024).
Types of Learning in Sociocultural Learning:
Include "interaction, negotiation, and collaboration in solving authentic problems while emphasizing learning from experience and discourse, which is more than cooperative learning" (Allman, n.d.).Through interactions that require learners to engage socially, they will begin to develop their inner speech, allowing them to collaborate with themselves (Allman, n.d.).
Types of Adult Learning:
Grand Canyon University (2024) states "adult learners generally undergo a training program or earn a degree to achieve career advancement, develop a new skill or area of expertise or become more competent at their work."Other Types of Learning:
- Project-Based
- Discovery Based
- Action Learning
- Social Learning
(Stoltz, 2023)
Role of Memory in Adult Learning Theories:
Adult learning theories work to expand on the knowledge learners already have "because they are geared toward how the adult mind thinks, acquires new information and processes that information" (Grand Canyon University, 2024).Memory is built upon through experiences the learner has, reflection upon beliefs, creation of new beliefs, self-evaluation, and application (Grand Canyon University, 2024).
Learning occurs when...
- Adults know why the information being learned is valuable.
- They experience the learning through problem solving or a set goal.
- Transform their thinking with experiences.
- Collaborate in problem solving, decision making, and application.
(Grand Canyon University, 2024)
8 Principles of Connectivism:
"1. Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions.2. Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.3. Learning may reside in non-human appliances.4. Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.5. Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning.6. Ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill.7. Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivist learning ac-tivities.8. Decision making is itself a learning process. Choosing what to learn and the meaningof incoming information is seen through the lens of a shifting reality. While there is aright answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information cli-mate affecting the decision." (Utecht, 2019, p. 108)
Role of Memory in Connectivism:
Information is processed, studied and stored based on... "Context – the localization of information sources in a network. Salience – the recurrence of a pattern in the network. If a signal creates activation of a set of connections that were previously activated, it is considered salient. Emergence – the development of patterns in the network. When a pattern is salient to a perceiver it emerges in the network. Memory – the persistence of patterns of connectivity that result from, and in salient signals or perceptions." (Goldie, 2016, pp. 1065-1066)
- Information is continuously studied through various networks of information as new information becomes available to the learner. Through continues patterns of information within networks of information, memory is stored and built upon.
Types of Learning: "Nodes" and "Links"
A "node" is the key point of information. Kurt (2023) writes, "a node could be a professional with unique expertise, a library, or a social media community focused on a specific discussion topic."
A "link" is the routes information is transferred through. Kurt (2023) states a link "could be through mutual discussions, academic references, digital hyperlinks, or even social ties on networking sites."
Learning occurs when...
- Educators take on the role as a guide towards independent navigation of learning.
- Learners make decisions and are consistently building on their knowledge networks.
- Technology is integrated into learning opportunities that allow them to make decisions about their learning.
(Kurt, 2023)
Characteristics of Adult Learning Theories:
"1. Elaboration: Adults have experiences that reinforce their already-held beliefs or views. 2. New beliefs: Adults have further experiences that prompt new beliefs. The new beliefs align with and serve to reinforce existing views. 3. Re-evaluation: Still another new experience causes the individual to question their strongly held beliefs about their points of view. 4. Habit of mind: Adults transform their biased habit of mind by engaging in critical self-evaluation. This fourth phase is least likely to occur; adults may only reach this fourth phase when they have experiences that fail to conform to their firmly held beliefs. As an example, if the person never travels abroad, then they are unlikely to ever challenge their biases about other countries and nationalities." (Grand Canyon University, 2024)
Transformative Learning Principles:
"1. Adult learners have a firm view of the self. 2. Adult learners have a readiness to learn. 3. Adult learning is purpose-driven; they need to understand the value of the material. 4. Adult learners are intrinsically motivated to learn. 5. Adults learn from their experiences. 6. Adults prefer learning experiences oriented toward solving a problem or achieving a goal."(Grand Canyon University, 2024)
Andragogy Principles:
In this theory, "the role of experiences in the learning process and states that individual learners can derive meaning from their own experiences" (Grand Canyon University, 2024). Stoltz (2024) writes that, "adults will rely on real-world learning experiences to initiate reflection, review, and abstract thinking."
Experiential Traits:
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Transcript
Learning Theories Part 2
Sociocultural
Connectivism
Adult Learning Theory
Abigail Lobato Grand Canyon University EDU 522: Curriculum Design Theories Dr. Martin September 18, 2024
Sociocultural
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorist
Connectivism
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorists
Adult Learning Theory
Characteristics
Role of Memory
How Learning Occurs
Types of Learning
Major Theorists
References
Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1064–1069. Grand Canyon University. (2019, September 17). Adult learning theories: definition and examples. GCU. https://www.gcu.edu/blog/doctoral-journey/adult-learning-theories Kurt, S. (2023, September 25). Connectivism learning theory - Educational technology. Educational Technology. https://educationaltechnology.net/connectivism-learning-theory/ Loveless, B. (2024, August 26). The complete guide to Lev Vygotsky’s learning theories. Education Corner. https://www.educationcorner.com/vygotsky/ Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2016). Curriculum: foundations, principles, and issues. (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN-13: 9780134060354 Stoltz, R. (2024, February 13). Everything you needed to know about adult learning Theory. NEIT. https://www.neit.edu/blog/what-is-adult-learning-theory Utecht, J., & Keller, D. (2019). Becoming relevant again: Applying connectivism learning theory to today’s classrooms. Critical Questions in Education, 10(2), 107–119.
Lev Vygotsky
Focused on sociocultural learning theories. He studied and developed theories to address how social and cultural interactions shape individual developement (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109).
George Siemens & Stephen Downes
Focused on the theory that learners should embrace "the integration of thoughts, theories, and information that one experiences when using modern day technology" (Kurt, 2023).
Kapp, Knowles, Mezirow, & Kolb
Focused on the concept that "adults process and retain new information" differently than children (Grand Canyon University, 2024). Therefore, new theories of learning needed to be explored to build upon the knowledge of an adult.
Characteristics of Sociocultural Learning
- Requires a variety of human tools that include "language, counting systems, works of art, mechanical drawings, and mnemonic techniques" (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109).
- Social and cultural interactions shape individual development.
- Society influences people's actions, tools, and ways of thinking over time.
(Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109)Role of Memory in Sociocultural Learning
- In the sociocultural learning theory, memory is developed through the interactions with a variety of tools to develop develop new information in the working and long-term memory.
- Through repeated social and cultural interactions, memory is built upon and stored.
(Ornstein & Hunkins, 2016, p. 109)Learning occurs...
In the Zone of Proximal Development, which is "the area of understanding just outside what they know but are capable of" (Loveless, 2024). In this zone, learners need someone more knowledgable than them to teach them, through the use of scaffolding, using language to think out loud, and ultimately, build an inner dialogue (Loveless, 2024).
Types of Learning in Sociocultural Learning:
Include "interaction, negotiation, and collaboration in solving authentic problems while emphasizing learning from experience and discourse, which is more than cooperative learning" (Allman, n.d.).Through interactions that require learners to engage socially, they will begin to develop their inner speech, allowing them to collaborate with themselves (Allman, n.d.).
Types of Adult Learning:
Grand Canyon University (2024) states "adult learners generally undergo a training program or earn a degree to achieve career advancement, develop a new skill or area of expertise or become more competent at their work."Other Types of Learning:
- Project-Based
- Discovery Based
- Action Learning
- Social Learning
(Stoltz, 2023)Role of Memory in Adult Learning Theories:
Adult learning theories work to expand on the knowledge learners already have "because they are geared toward how the adult mind thinks, acquires new information and processes that information" (Grand Canyon University, 2024).Memory is built upon through experiences the learner has, reflection upon beliefs, creation of new beliefs, self-evaluation, and application (Grand Canyon University, 2024).
Learning occurs when...
- Adults know why the information being learned is valuable.
- They experience the learning through problem solving or a set goal.
- Transform their thinking with experiences.
- Collaborate in problem solving, decision making, and application.
(Grand Canyon University, 2024)8 Principles of Connectivism:
"1. Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions.2. Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.3. Learning may reside in non-human appliances.4. Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.5. Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning.6. Ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill.7. Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivist learning ac-tivities.8. Decision making is itself a learning process. Choosing what to learn and the meaningof incoming information is seen through the lens of a shifting reality. While there is aright answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information cli-mate affecting the decision." (Utecht, 2019, p. 108)
Role of Memory in Connectivism:
Information is processed, studied and stored based on... "Context – the localization of information sources in a network. Salience – the recurrence of a pattern in the network. If a signal creates activation of a set of connections that were previously activated, it is considered salient. Emergence – the development of patterns in the network. When a pattern is salient to a perceiver it emerges in the network. Memory – the persistence of patterns of connectivity that result from, and in salient signals or perceptions." (Goldie, 2016, pp. 1065-1066)
Types of Learning: "Nodes" and "Links"
A "node" is the key point of information. Kurt (2023) writes, "a node could be a professional with unique expertise, a library, or a social media community focused on a specific discussion topic."
A "link" is the routes information is transferred through. Kurt (2023) states a link "could be through mutual discussions, academic references, digital hyperlinks, or even social ties on networking sites."
Learning occurs when...
- Educators take on the role as a guide towards independent navigation of learning.
- Learners make decisions and are consistently building on their knowledge networks.
- Technology is integrated into learning opportunities that allow them to make decisions about their learning.
(Kurt, 2023)Characteristics of Adult Learning Theories:
"1. Elaboration: Adults have experiences that reinforce their already-held beliefs or views. 2. New beliefs: Adults have further experiences that prompt new beliefs. The new beliefs align with and serve to reinforce existing views. 3. Re-evaluation: Still another new experience causes the individual to question their strongly held beliefs about their points of view. 4. Habit of mind: Adults transform their biased habit of mind by engaging in critical self-evaluation. This fourth phase is least likely to occur; adults may only reach this fourth phase when they have experiences that fail to conform to their firmly held beliefs. As an example, if the person never travels abroad, then they are unlikely to ever challenge their biases about other countries and nationalities." (Grand Canyon University, 2024)
Transformative Learning Principles:
"1. Adult learners have a firm view of the self. 2. Adult learners have a readiness to learn. 3. Adult learning is purpose-driven; they need to understand the value of the material. 4. Adult learners are intrinsically motivated to learn. 5. Adults learn from their experiences. 6. Adults prefer learning experiences oriented toward solving a problem or achieving a goal."(Grand Canyon University, 2024)
Andragogy Principles:
In this theory, "the role of experiences in the learning process and states that individual learners can derive meaning from their own experiences" (Grand Canyon University, 2024). Stoltz (2024) writes that, "adults will rely on real-world learning experiences to initiate reflection, review, and abstract thinking."
Experiential Traits: