Solar System - Evidence 1

Solar System

Evidence 1

• Nayeli Saraí García Galindo
• Fernanda Sánchez Morales
• Ana Karen Morelos Moncada
• Hannia Miranda Cruz

The Components of The Solar System

Comets

Asteroids

Meteoroids

Galaxy

Satellite

Planet

The Sun

Yellow star that is the Earth's source of energy.It's formed from gas, and its magentic field helped it to be become the heart of our Solar System. In 6.5 millions years it will turn into a small white star, and all the system will disappear with it.

THE SUN LAYERS:

Corona

Chromosphere

Photosphere

Convective zone

Radiactive zone

Core

It is the outermost region and can be seen as a beautiful silver white crown around the sun.

It is the atmosphere of the sun and it is formed by incadescent gases.

It is a 500-kilometer-thick region, from wich most of the sun´s radiation scapes.

At 2 million celsius degrees, large bubbles of hot plasma move upwards, just as vapor coming out of boiling water.

Energy from the core is carried out by radiation.

Temperature is about 15 million degrees celsius.

The Moon

For a long time, the Moon was the only known satellite, since the astronomers did not have the necessary instruments to look farther into the space in the ancient times, until Galileo discovered four moons in Jupiter. It is the Earth’s only natural satellite, a sphere composed by heavy chemical elements such as: aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon, and other.

Moon Phases

The Earth

Earth's layers

Rotation and revolution

In the rotational movement, the Earth moves around the polar axis following a west to east direction, and this causes the Sun to rise on the east (orient) and to set on the west (occident). The exact duration of this spin is called a sidereal day. It causes:- Day and night- The deviation of the bodies during free falling- The time differences around the globeThen, the Earth’s revolutionary movement follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun. The whole loop is completed in 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes, and starts on March 21st. This is called a tropical year or Solar year. Also, for practical reasons, there is a civil year of 365 days and starts on January 1st. The revolutionary movement determines:- The seasons of the year.

Tectonic plates

Tectonics is a branch of geology that studies the Earth’s internal phenomena. Starting from 1970, research done in the seabed led to the global tectonic theory.The Earth landscape is formed by the plate collisions. These collisions are endogenous factors, which means, internal factors because they come from within the Earth. However, because the plates are always moving, there are still endogenous factors that affect the Earth’s landscape, like earthquakes and volcanoes. Some results of this are:- Mountains- Plateaus-Plains

Volcanism

Volcanism is also a effect from the tectonic plates movement. Collisions between plates create cracks through which magma and other solid and liquid elements are expelled to the Earth’s surface. When the pressure inside the magma reservoirs is too high that the Earth’s crust cannot hold it, the magma flows to the exterior through ducts that are known as volcanoes.

Seismicity

An earthquake is the result of the collision between two tectonic plates, their displacement or rearrangement. These movements release energy in the form of seismic waves. The point where the earthquake originates is called the hypocenter or focus, and the point directly above the hypocenter and over the Earth’s crust is called the epicenter.here are two ways to measure an earthquake: - Mercalli scale - Richter scale

Atmosphere

The atmosphere is composed of gases, mainly nitrogen (78%), and oxygen (21%). Other gases found in the atmosphere and that make up approximately 0.99% of it are argon, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.The atmosphere has 5 atmospheric layers, one of each having different gas compositions, temperature and heights:1) Troposphere2) Stratosphere3) Mesosphere4) Ionosphere or Thermosphere5)Exosphere

In the atmosphere, one of the most important phenomena for the life on this planet takes place: climate. To comprehend this phenomenon, it is necessary to distinguish between the terms weather and climate because, although one may think that they are the same, they are very different things. Meteorology is the branch of Geography that studies the physical laws related to the climatic conditions by analyzing the variables involved, allowing you to comprehend how climate works. The meteorological phenomena are those changes that atmosphere experiments like temperature, wind, humidity, and rain.

New Moon

The Moon is in the new phase when a new cycle starts, every 29 days. In New Moon, the Sun and the Moon rise the same day at the same time.

Last Quarter

The Moon is in the new phase when a new cycle starts, every 29 days.In New Moon, the Sun and the Moon rise the same day at the same time.

External nucleus

It is liquid and presents ascendant and descendant convective movements that produce electric currents, what in turn is the basis of the Earth’s magnetic field. It is composed mainly of molten iron, nickel, sulfur and silicon. Some authors support the idea that the external nucleus exists as plasma, the fourth state of matter.

This term refers to rocky bodies, of different shapes and sizes that orbit around the Sun, especially in the inner Solar System. The first to be discovered were the ones in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. But then some others were found to orbit near the Earth and they are called Near Earth Objects (NEO).

Asteroids

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Planets

They are dull bodies that are capable of reflecting light and revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits.There are eight planets in the Solar System:1. Mercury2. Venus3. Earth4. Mars5. Jupiter6. Saturn7. Uranus8. Neptune

Comets move around the Sun in very long, elliptical orbits. Comets reside in the Kuiper Belt or in the Oort Cloud, beyond the Neptune orbit. When they come close to the Sun they heat up and spews dust and gases that makes the head to glow and appear larger than most planets, which gives a luminous spectacle when crossing the space close to the Earth.

Comets

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Litosphere

It is Earth’s outermost layer and is formed by the crust and the upper mantle. It is formed also by 16 tectonic plates that move above one of the mantle’s most fluent zone, called asthenosphere. It supports the lithosphere, including the continents. Here is where the volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen. Other layers found over the Earth’s crust are the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, which you will study later.

Tectonic plates

Chunks of rocks or debris in space. They are solid bodies that origin from the destruction of comets or asteroids, and that cross the space with big velocity. They become meteors once they fall through the planet's atmosphere and are also often known as shooting stars.

Meteoroids

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and their effects

Moon Phases

The Moon crosses phases during its movement around the Earth. Its revolution also has an effect on Earth like the tides. A tide lasts 24 hours and 50 minutes. Some shorelines records two high and two low tides in the same day, which is called semi-diurnal tides. They are formed by the action of the Sun when the Earth and the Moon are aligned in a straight line, which produces attraction forces that makes the water masses to move.

Not a part of our Solar System, but this one is part of one. A galaxy is a HUGE amount of starts gathered in groupsThere are three different types of galaxies: - Spiral Shape (S): Most frequent one- Elliptic Shape (E): 20% common- Irregular shape (Irr): They look chaotic and undefinedOur galaxy? A spiral shaped galaxy called the Milky Way

Galaxies

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Satellites (Natural)

They are small rocky bodies that move around bigger objects, especially planets.One example is the Moon, which orbits around our planet and is the fifth biggest satellite in our Solar System.

Upper mantle

Also called exterior mantle, it is located just below the Earth’s crust and is separated from it by the Mohorovicic discontinuity. It contains solid elements, called magma. When it melts, magma is expelled to the Earth’s surface through volcanic eruptions, cracks or fissures, and is known as lava.

Lower mantle

Also called interior mantle, is mainly composed of iron silicates and is solid.

Crust

It is the most superficial layer of Earth and the tiniest one, because it only has a thickness ranging from 50 km to only 5 km below the seabed. Oceanic crust: Basaltic rocks predominate. The oceanic crust covers the upper mantle and is the seat of the continental cortex. Continental crust: It is the outermost layer of Earth. Its thickness has barely 35 kilometers, but it is greater in the mountainous zones. Granitic rocks predominate (rich in aluminum silicates). They are found over the oceanic crust and the basaltic rocks (which are rich in magnesium silicates). These zones are separated from each other by the Conrad discontinuity, the nearest discontinuity to the Earth’s surface.

Internal nucleus

Despite its very high temperature (around 5000°C), it is solid because of the great pressures that the superior layers exert on it. It is composed mainly of nickel and iron.

Full Moon

The Sun, the Moon and the Earth are directly aligned. The Moon looks totally illuminated. There is a 12-hour difference between the Sun and Moon rises.

First quarter

The Moon appears illuminated on its right side. It is located 90° in relation to the Sun. Dawn occurs 6 hours before the Moon rise.