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Miss Eunice Martínez G.

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conjunctions.

Coordinating

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Coordinating conjunctions.

A conjunction is a word that connects or links clauses, words or phrases together. Today, we will be discussing a certain type of conjunction, coordinating conjunctions.There are seven coordinating conjunctions, and, but, for, nor, or, yet, so. An easy way to remember this is that the first letters of the words spell fan boys.

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Let's start with one of the most commonly used conjunctions, and. Here's an example sentence, I ate a muffin, and I drank some tea. Reproduce el video desde ::48 y sigue la transcripción0:48 Each of the coordinating conjunctions has two purposes, to connect information and to show a certain relationship between two or more things. In this case, we are connecting two clauses. The relationship that we are showing is addition. Reproduce el video desde :1:5 y sigue la transcripción1:05 Notice that when we connect two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction we use a comma before the conjunction. When we connect two clauses with a coordinating conjunction, this is called a compound sentence. Reproduce el video desde :1:21 y sigue la transcripción1:21 Here's another conjunction that you are probably already familiar with. Reproduce el video desde :1:25 y sigue la transcripción1:25 I ate a muffin, but I didn't like it. But shows us a relationship of something we don't expect or direct contrast as in the example, it's hot outside, but it's cold inside. Reproduce el video desde :1:41 y sigue la transcripción1:41 Or, I go to the beach, or I go to the lake. Or shows us that we have an option, and we can only choose one option, not both. So if I go to the beach, I can't go to the lake, or vice versa. Reproduce el video desde :2: y sigue la transcripción2:00 So shows us cause and effect. I didn't eat lunch, so now I'm hungry. The second action occurred as the result of the first action. Noticed the mix verb tense in this sentence. Remember it's possible to mix tenses because the past affects the future. But you don't have to make stances as in this example, I study a lot, so I get good grades. Reproduce el video desde :2:26 y sigue la transcripción2:26 She's only 6, yet she can do calculus, yet shows us contrast in spite or something. It is similar to saying but still, but anyway, or nevertheless. Reproduce el video desde :2:40 y sigue la transcripción2:40 Yet, as a conjunction is not related to time. We could also say the same sentence like this, she's only six but she can still do calculus. There's often an element of something that we don't expect when we use yet. Reproduce el video desde :2:57 y sigue la transcripción2:57 She's bad at soccer, yet she plays it anyway. It is common to use anyway, or still, with yet. Oftentimes we could use but to mean the same thing, and it is more common to use yet in writing than in speaking. Reproduce el video desde :3:14 y sigue la transcripción3:14 For is most often use a preposition, but it can also be used as a coordinating conjunction although it's not as common as some of the other coordinating conjunctions. Reproduce el video desde :3:25 y sigue la transcripción3:25 I was happy it was Friday, for I had had a busy week. For means because in this case. It shows cause and effect. Reproduce el video desde :3:36 y sigue la transcripción3:36 Notice the difference between for and so. Reproduce el video desde :3:39 y sigue la transcripción3:39 I had had a busy week, so I was happy it was Friday. Reproduce el video desde :3:44 y sigue la transcripción3:44 When we use for, the result comes first. Reproduce el video desde :3:48 y sigue la transcripción3:48 When we use so, the cause comes first, but they express the same relationship. Reproduce el video desde :3:57 y sigue la transcripción3:57 Nor is a little bit different from the rest of our co-joining conjunctions. Reproduce el video desde :4:1 y sigue la transcripción4:01 I don't drink coffee nor do I drink soda. Notice we still have two clauses, but the second clause is a little strange. We'll talk about that in just a minute. Nor is used with two negative clauses. Reproduce el video desde :4:15 y sigue la transcripción4:15 This sentence means the same thing as saying, I don't drink coffee. I don't drink soda. So, why should we use a compound sentence when we can just say it like this? A compound sentence is more sophisticated than a simple sentence. And it helps connect to your writing together, making it easier to understand. We could say the same thing like this. I don't drink coffee, and I don't drink soda. Reproduce el video desde :4:42 y sigue la transcripción4:42 Here are the two clauses. Reproduce el video desde :4:45 y sigue la transcripción4:45 The first clause is the same as in our compound sentence. The second clause is quite different. Notice that after nor we should use question order. Ask yourself how would I change this sentence into a question, do I drink soda? Now it's the same as our compound sentence. Reproduce el video desde :5:6 y sigue la transcripción5:06 We do not use the negative form in the second clause so we do not say I don't drink coffee nor do I not drink soda. Reproduce el video desde :5:16 y sigue la transcripción5:16 Let's try one more. Take this clause I haven't gone to LA and combine it with I won't go to LA using nor. Notice we can use different tenses. Now, we can combine these sentences with nor because they're both negative. You must remember to change it into question form. The correct answer is will I go to LA? I haven't gone to LA, nor will I go to LA. It would be very common to say it like this. Reproduce el video desde :5:45 y sigue la transcripción5:45 I haven't gone to LA, nor will I ever go there. Reproduce el video desde :5:50 y sigue la transcripción5:50 Here are the seven meanings that we talked about today. Now there are just two things to remember before you move on. First, I love math class. But I hate studying. Is incorrect. You may see this in informal writing, but in academic writing, do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Reproduce el video desde :6:11 y sigue la transcripción6:11 Now, watch this example. Reproduce el video desde :6:17 y sigue la transcripción6:17 I think I found love. >> Yeah? >> We were on a date, and we went to the movies, and we got dinner, and we went to a party, and we went surfing, and we went swimming, and we went bowling, and we went to the beach, and we went skating. >> Okay, enough. Enough. Reproduce el video desde :6:38 y sigue la transcripción6:38 >> We call this a stringy sentence because it goes on and on. We went to the movies, and we got dinner, and we went to a party. In academic writing only connect two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction. It is better to just use a period and start a new sentence.

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Question 1 Choose the best conjunction to complete the sentence. I lost my purse, ___________ I will go to Lost and Found to look for it. 1 / 1 point or nor so Correct This shows a result. 2. Question 2 Choose the best conjunction to complete the sentence. I am afraid of the dark, ________ I don't have a nightlight. 1 / 1 point or so but Correct This shows a kind of contrast. 3. Question 3 Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence. I read the first book in the series last week, ________ now I want to read the next one. 1 / 1 point and or nor

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Correlative Conjunctions Part 1 Lecture

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Correlative Conjunctions, you already know that a coordinating conjunction connects two clauses, Play video starting at ::12 and follow transcript0:12 Two phrases, Or two words. But did you also know that we can use a pair of conjunctions to do the same thing? Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that come in pairs. Play video starting at ::36 and follow transcript0:36 That means they must always appear together. Play video starting at ::43 and follow transcript0:43 In this lesson you will learn about how to use both and, not only but also, either or, and neither nor. Let's start with both and and. Play video starting at :1:3 and follow transcript1:03 We use both and and to emphasize two elements in a sentence, Play video starting at :1:9 and follow transcript1:09 for example, two subjects, two verbs, two objects, or even two clauses. When connecting two subjects, the verb must be plural. Play video starting at :1:24 and follow transcript1:24 >> I love grammar. >> I love grammar! [SOUND] >> Emily loves grammar. Play video starting at :1:36 and follow transcript1:36 Jake loves grammar. Play video starting at :1:39 and follow transcript1:39 Both Emily and Jake love grammar. Emily and Jake are the subjects of these sentences. And you can see that the predicate or the rest of these sentences is the same for each of these two sentences. That means we can make a new sentence with a compound subject, Emily and Jake. And when both and and connect two subjects, the verb is a plural verb. Play video starting at :2:16 and follow transcript2:16 Of course, you may not have two different subjects that you'd like to emphasize. Take a look at the following example. Play video starting at :2:26 and follow transcript2:26 Emily loves grammar. Play video starting at :2:29 and follow transcript2:29 Emily loves chocolate. Play video starting at :2:32 and follow transcript2:32 Emily loves both grammar and chocolate. Now, grammar and chocolate are the two different elements in these first two sentences. Play video starting at :2:46 and follow transcript2:46 And this time they aren't the subjects. Play video starting at :2:49 and follow transcript2:49 They are the objects. The subject and the verb, Emily loves, is the same in the first two sentences. Play video starting at :3:2 and follow transcript3:02 So the new combined sentence becomes one with a compound object, grammar and chocolate. Notice the verb appears in the third-person singular form because it agrees with the subject Emily. Okay, let's talk about not only but also, which are correlative conjunctions that emphasize that there are two elements, much like both and. When connecting two subjects with not only but also, a verb agrees with the subject that is closest to it. You'll see an example in a minute. Play video starting at :3:53 and follow transcript3:53 >> One, two, three. >> Wow, how do you stay so healthy? >> I exercise. >> Is that all? >> No, [NOISE] I also drink lots of water. Come on, you can do it too! [NOISE] >> Emily exercises every day. Play video starting at :4:18 and follow transcript4:18 Emily also drinks a lot of water. Play video starting at :4:21 and follow transcript4:21 To stay healthy, Emily not only exercises everyday but also drinks a lot of water. Play video starting at :4:29 and follow transcript4:29 In these first two sentences, the verb phrases differ. Play video starting at :4:37 and follow transcript4:37 However, you can see that the subjects are the same. Play video starting at :4:46 and follow transcript4:46 So this time, we can combine the sentences to make a sentence with two verb phrases. Play video starting at :4:54 and follow transcript4:54 Of course, it is also possible to use not only but also to correlate two subjects, two objects, or two clauses. Play video starting at :5:6 and follow transcript5:06 When not only but also is correlating two clauses, the verb that follows not only may look a little unusual. Do you see what I mean? Play video starting at :5:21 and follow transcript5:21 You notice that we need a helping verb, in this case does, because the verb exercises is in the simple present, third person singular form. Then comes the subject and finally the base form of the main verb. So Emily exercises becomes not only does Emily exercise. However, in the second clause which follows but also, you notice the ordinary subject verb order. Finally, notice the comma after the first clause. Play video starting at :6:13 and follow transcript6:13 If there is already a helping verb such as a modal verb, simply invert the subject and the modal in the clause that comes after not only. Play video starting at :6:24 and follow transcript6:24 Again, the second clause will follow the normal order of subject, helping verb, main verb. Remember, this only happens when not only comes at the beginning of a clause and when two clauses are parallel. Finally, remember that when two subjects are correlated, the subject that is nearest to the verb determines the verb conjugation. In the first sentence, her colleagues is closest to the verb. So the verb is are, plural. In the second sentence, however, Emily triggers a third person singular verb form, is. Play video starting at :7:17 and follow transcript7:17 Okay, this concludes part 1 of this lesson. Watch part 2 to learn about either or and neither nor. Thank you for listening.

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Correlative Conjunctions Part 2. Either, or. We use either, or, a paired conjunctions to show two different options. Not both, but one or the other. Play video starting at ::21 and follow transcript0:21 When connecting two subjects with either, or, the verb will agree with the subject closest to it. Play video starting at ::34 and follow transcript0:34 >> What? >> That's my ex boyfriend, I really don't want him to see me. >> All right, you've got two options. Play video starting at ::42 and follow transcript0:42 You could either wear this mask or you could wear this special disguise. >> I'll take the mask. >> Okay, good choice. He'll never recognize you. Play video starting at ::59 and follow transcript0:59 >> All right, Jake doesn't want to be recognized by her ex-boyfriend. The first option was to wear the mask. Play video starting at :1:9 and follow transcript1:09 The second option was to wear the disguise. Play video starting at :1:13 and follow transcript1:13 Jake had a choice. She could wear either the mask or the disguise, and she chose the mask. Play video starting at :1:23 and follow transcript1:23 Notice the two parts being correlated. That is the two parts that come after either and or. Play video starting at :1:34 and follow transcript1:34 Are they clauses, subjects, verbs, or objects? Play video starting at :1:40 and follow transcript1:40 That's right, they are objects. Play video starting at :1:46 and follow transcript1:46 Okay, let's move on to our final pair of conjunctions, neither, nor. Play video starting at :1:52 and follow transcript1:52 We use neither and nor, to emphasize two negative elements within a sentence. Play video starting at :1:59 and follow transcript1:59 When using neither and nor to connect two subjects, the verb agrees with the subject closest to it. Play video starting at :2:7 and follow transcript2:07 Careful, do not use a negative verb with neither and nor. Neither, nor already communicates not. Play video starting at :2:21 and follow transcript2:21 >> This is just wonderful. >> What? >> I lost my shoe again. >> Not again. Play video starting at :2:27 and follow transcript2:27 There it is. >> What! How did it get up there? >> I don't know. >> We're never going to reach it up there. Play video starting at :2:36 and follow transcript2:36 >> I can't reach. >> I can't reach! Ugh. Play video starting at :2:45 and follow transcript2:45 >> Jake can't reach the shoe. Play video starting at :2:48 and follow transcript2:48 Emily can't reach the shoe. Neither Jake nor Emily can reach the shoe. Play video starting at :2:58 and follow transcript2:58 Notice that the verb in each of these first two sentences Play video starting at :3:3 and follow transcript3:03 is negative, can't and can't. Play video starting at :3:7 and follow transcript3:07 However when we combine the two negative sentences using neither nor Play video starting at :3:14 and follow transcript3:14 the verb is no longer negative, because neither and nor communicate its negative idea. Play video starting at :3:25 and follow transcript3:25 Finally, I'd like to give you a few examples of how we can maintain parallel structure when using correlative conjunctions. Play video starting at :3:37 and follow transcript3:37 Let's take a look at this sentence which is incorrect. Why is it incorrect? Play video starting at :3:45 and follow transcript3:45 All you need to do is look at the elements that come after neither and nor. First, we have nutritious food which is an object or a noun phrase. Play video starting at :4:1 and follow transcript4:01 And then what comes after, nor? Play video starting at :4:5 and follow transcript4:05 Exercises. Play video starting at :4:8 and follow transcript4:08 Is exercises a noun phrase? Is it an object? No, it's a verb. So how can we make this sentence grammatically correct? Play video starting at :4:20 and follow transcript4:20 Well, here's one idea. We could say, Joe neither eats nutritious food nor exercises. Okay, let's try that same test again. Play video starting at :4:34 and follow transcript4:34 What comes after neither? Play video starting at :4:38 and follow transcript4:38 It's a verb phrase. Play video starting at :4:41 and follow transcript4:41 And what comes after nor? Play video starting at :4:45 and follow transcript4:45 It's also a verb phrase. So we've got ourselves a good sentence. Play video starting at :4:53 and follow transcript4:53 All right, let's try one more. This sentence is incorrect. Play video starting at :4:58 and follow transcript4:58 Can you figure out why. Play video starting at :5:2 and follow transcript5:02 Well, what comes after not only. This is a clause and what comes after but also. Play video starting at :5:14 and follow transcript5:14 Fun. Is that a clause? No way. That's an adjective. Play video starting at :5:21 and follow transcript5:21 Let's see how we can fix this sentence. I'm going to make learning English the new subject. Play video starting at :5:30 and follow transcript5:30 Learning English is not only rewarding, but also fun. Play video starting at :5:36 and follow transcript5:36 All right, now we can see what comes after not only. Rewarding, which is an adjective. And what comes after but also? Fun, which is also an adjective. We've got a match, so it's a good sentence. In this lesson you have learned about correlative conjunctions. Thank you for listening, see you next time.

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Transitions: Meaning

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Let's watch a quick video to help us talk about transitions. Play video starting at ::12 and follow transcript0:12 >> Hey! >> Hey, ready? >> Yeah! Yeah, I'm all ready to go to the airport. I have the jacket, my hat. >> Right. >> Yeah. >> So, want me to get your suitcase? >> Yeah. >> Where's your suitcase? >> My gosh! I forgot my suitcase, shoot! >> How do you forget your suitcase? >> I don't know I was so excited, you know I forget things when I'm excited. [SOUND] It's okay, I still want to go. I can buy things when we get there, let's just go. >> No problem, as long as you have your passport then we're good. >> Yeah, I have it right here in my purse. >> Perfect. >> No! >> Come on. >> Where's my purse? No! Play video starting at ::47 and follow transcript0:47 >> Take a look at these simple sentences. I forgot my suitcase. I forgot my passport. You know that you can combine these to make a compound sentence. Play video starting at ::59 and follow transcript0:59 I forgot my suitcase and I forgot my passport. Play video starting at :1:4 and follow transcript1:04 You can also used a transition to connect this information. I forgot my suitcase. In addition, I forgot my passport. In addition is one example of a transition. It has the same meaning as and. Play video starting at :1:18 and follow transcript1:18 A transition is a word or phrase that will help you connect your ideas. Play video starting at :1:24 and follow transcript1:24 Like with coordinating conjunctions there are many transitions with different meanings. In today's lessons we will focus on the meanings of this words. Play video starting at :1:37 and follow transcript1:37 Here's a list of some of the different types of transitions that we will cover today. You don't have to memorize these, but when you finish the lesson you may want to come back and pause the video to look over some of these words. Play video starting at :1:52 and follow transcript1:52 In addition is a transition that shows additional information. There are other transition words that have the same meaning like moreover and furthermore. As in Emily offered to drive me to the airport. Moreover, she is going to feed my cat while I'm gone. Play video starting at :2:11 and follow transcript2:11 You might be wondering why do I need to know more than one word for the same meaning. The answer is that it is a good idea to use a variety of transitions and connectors in your writing. It would get boring if you used the same words over and over again. Play video starting at :2:29 and follow transcript2:29 We also have words that show contrast. I forgot my suitcase. However, I still wanted to travel. We can also use the phrases in contrast, or on the other hand. Play video starting at :2:45 and follow transcript2:45 Therefore is a transition that signals result. I forgot my passport. Therefore, I could not travel. Other words that have the same meaning are as a result, consequently, and thus. Play video starting at :3:4 and follow transcript3:04 We can also use transitions to show time order. Play video starting at :3:8 and follow transcript3:08 I realized I had forgotten my suitcase. Play video starting at :3:12 and follow transcript3:12 Afterward, I discovered I had forgotten my passport too. Play video starting at :3:17 and follow transcript3:17 Some other time order words are first, second, subsequently. Play video starting at :3:24 and follow transcript3:24 If we want to compare two things, we can say it like this. I forgot my passport. Similarly, I left my driver's license at home last week. Play video starting at :3:36 and follow transcript3:36 Here are some other transitions that show similarity. In the same way, likewise. Play video starting at :3:45 and follow transcript3:45 To show emphasis or to make something stand out very clearly, we can say this. Play video starting at :3:53 and follow transcript3:53 I forgot my passport. In fact, I've forgotten my passport for my last two trips. Play video starting at :4:1 and follow transcript4:01 Indeed has a similar meaning to in fact. Play video starting at :4:6 and follow transcript4:06 To give examples we can say I forget a lot of things. For example, I've forgotten my passport, my driver's license, and even my shoes. Play video starting at :4:18 and follow transcript4:18 Specifically and to illustrate express a similar thing. Play video starting at :4:26 and follow transcript4:26 In conclusion, there are many transitions that you can use in your writing. Play video starting at :4:31 and follow transcript4:31 We can use transitions to show that we are nearing the end. We can also say in closing, or in sum.

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Transitions: Punctuation & Placement.

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Transitions: Punctuation & Placement. Play video starting at ::8 and follow transcript0:08 You may have seen these sentences in the previous lesson. I forgot my suitcase. However, I still wanted to travel. I forgot my suitcase. In addition, I forgot my passport. Play video starting at ::21 and follow transcript0:21 In another lesson, we discussed the meaning of these transitions. Now, notice the punctuation surrounding these phrases. Play video starting at ::31 and follow transcript0:31 Both of these come at the beginning of a sentence after a period and after these phrases, we use a comma. Play video starting at ::43 and follow transcript0:43 Here's another example, I forgot my passport. Therefore, I could not travel. Many times, a transition starts a new sentence and we need a comma after the transition. If we change the subject to Jake and she, notice we do not use a capital letter after the comma. Play video starting at :1:10 and follow transcript1:10 Notice the difference in punctuation in these sentences. Play video starting at :1:14 and follow transcript1:14 In the first sentence, I forgot my suitcase; in addition, I forgot my passport, we have a semicolon instead of a period, which is followed by a lowercase letter. We can do the same thing with any of the other transitions. In fact, we can change the second sentence to look like this. Play video starting at :1:36 and follow transcript1:36 These are the two ways to start a sentence with a transition, after a period or after a semicolon. Play video starting at :1:46 and follow transcript1:46 Here is a third way that we can use a transition. Jake forgot her passport. She, therefore, could not travel. Play video starting at :1:56 and follow transcript1:56 This is only acceptable for some transitions, which we will go over in a moment. We can put the transition between the subject and the verb. In this case, the transition should be preceded by a comma and followed by a comma. Play video starting at :2:13 and follow transcript2:13 And finally, we can put the transition at the end of the sentence. Jake forgot her passport. She could not travel, therefore. And it should be proceeded by a comma. Play video starting at :2:28 and follow transcript2:28 We've now seen four different ways to use a transition in three different sentence positions. To review, here are the three positions where we can use therefore. Play video starting at :2:39 and follow transcript2:39 Jim didn't take care of his teeth. Therefore, he has tooth decay. Therefore is at the beginning of the sentence. Play video starting at :2:49 and follow transcript2:49 Tom didn't stretch before his workout; therefore, he got hurt. Again, therefore is at the beginning, but it is preceded by a semicolon. Play video starting at :3:1 and follow transcript3:01 Ann woke up late. She, therefore, was late for work. Play video starting at :3:7 and follow transcript3:07 In this case, therefore is between the subject and the verb. Play video starting at :3:14 and follow transcript3:14 Kim has been saving money. She can afford a car, therefore. And finally, we can put it at the end of the sentence. Play video starting at :3:27 and follow transcript3:27 As I mentioned earlier, we cannot move all transitions to these three places. Play video starting at :3:33 and follow transcript3:33 First, let's look at some other words that can move around like therefore. Then, we'll look at some words that cannot move. Play video starting at :3:44 and follow transcript3:44 Consequently, has the same meaning as therefore. And it can move to all the same positions as therefore. We see here, it's between the subject and the verb or, at the end of the sentence, or, at the beginning with a semicolon. Play video starting at :4:4 and follow transcript4:04 Remember, any transition can also have a period here instead. Since this is true for all transitions, I'm not going to show you this every time. Play video starting at :4:18 and follow transcript4:18 Emily is a skillful dancer. However, Jake is not. Play video starting at :4:24 and follow transcript4:24 However, which expresses contrast, can also move to all the different positions. Between the subject and the verb, and at the end of the sentence. Play video starting at :4:36 and follow transcript4:36 On the other hand, which also shows contrast, can also move to all three positions, and it is the same with in contrast. Play video starting at :4:49 and follow transcript4:49 Here is a list of words that can move to all three positions. Play video starting at :4:57 and follow transcript4:57 Most other transitions that are not listed here only come at the beginning of a sentence. Play video starting at :5:9 and follow transcript5:09 Here are some, but not all transitions that should really only be used at the beginning of a sentence. Play video starting at :5:21 and follow transcript5:21 Finally, let's look at some words that are commonly seen together. I forgot my suitcase. However, I still wanted to travel. Play video starting at :5:31 and follow transcript5:31 I'm not a coordinated dancer. However, I dance anyway. Play video starting at :5:36 and follow transcript5:36 Often, when we use words of contrast, we also use the words still or anyway. These mean that the second action is in spite of the first action. That means that there is really nothing that can stop me from doing the second action. Play video starting at :5:55 and follow transcript5:55 Notice that still goes between the subject and verb and anyway comes after the verb. Play video starting at :6:5 and follow transcript6:05 I forgot my suitcase. In addition, I also forgot my passport. I forgot my suitcase. Furthermore, I forgot my passport too. Both of these transitions show addition. It is common to use the words also and too with transitions of addition. Notice that also is between the subject and the verb and too generally comes at the end of a sentence.

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Prepositional phrases as connectives.

In this lesson, we will look at how to use prepositional phrases to modify clauses and thus connect ideas within sentences. What is a prepositional phrase? Play video starting at ::20 and follow transcript0:20 Well, a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object. Play video starting at ::27 and follow transcript0:27 In this case, after is a preposition because it is followed by a noun. Play video starting at ::37 and follow transcript0:37 Of course a preposition can also be followed by a noun phrase Play video starting at ::46 and follow transcript0:46 Or a gerund in some cases. Play video starting at ::52 and follow transcript0:52 Notice that the prepositional phrase is not a sentence. So it cannot stand alone. Play video starting at :1:1 and follow transcript1:01 It is followed by an independent clause. Play video starting at :1:5 and follow transcript1:05 It is also possible to reverse the order. Play video starting at :1:10 and follow transcript1:10 We may have the independent clause first, and the prepositional phrase last. Play video starting at :1:20 and follow transcript1:20 We can use prepositional phrases as connectives. That is, to connect ideas within sentences. Play video starting at :1:30 and follow transcript1:30 Here is a quick look at a long list of prepositions used as connectives. Play video starting at :1:37 and follow transcript1:37 As you can see they fit into different functional categories, like chronology, spatial description, causation, unexpected result, example, contrast, similarity, and addition. Although there are many, in this lesson we will focus on because of and due to to show cause. In spite of and despite to show an unexpected result. Play video starting at :2:19 and follow transcript2:19 In contrast to to show contrast or difference. Play video starting at :2:25 and follow transcript2:25 Similar to to show a similarity. Play video starting at :2:30 and follow transcript2:30 And in addition to to show addition. Play video starting at :2:36 and follow transcript2:36 Just remember, no matter which preposition you use, it will always be followed by a noun, noun phrase, and in some cases a gerund or a gerund phrase. Play video starting at :2:54 and follow transcript2:54 Regarding comma placement, generally speaking, it is appropriate to put a comma after a prepositional phrase that comes before a clause. Play video starting at :3:8 and follow transcript3:08 While one that comes after a clause does not require a comma. Play video starting at :3:15 and follow transcript3:15 Okay, let's look at some examples. What happens when work conditions aren't perfect? Emily and Jake are coworkers. Lately, there have been some problems at the office that have made it hard to get any work done. Let's see how Jake and Emily react to the problems that arise. The context and example sentences will help you understand the meaning and use of these prepositional phrases. Play video starting at :3:54 and follow transcript3:54 >> [NOISE] What the heck? >> Again? >> Power outage? No problem, I'll just use my trusty flashlights and my notebook. >> I can't get any work done. I'm just going to go to sleep. Play video starting at :4:22 and follow transcript4:22 The copier's broken? Play video starting at :4:25 and follow transcript4:25 Now I can't do any work. [SOUND] [MUSIC] What? It's broken? Play video starting at :4:35 and follow transcript4:35 Well, that's no problem. I'll just write it all by hand. Play video starting at :4:44 and follow transcript4:44 >> I know why you wanted to see me, Mr. Bossman, but I can explain. Because of the power outage, I couldn't get anything done. And due to the broken copying machine, I couldn't finish the project on time. Play video starting at :5:4 and follow transcript5:04 >> Hello, Mr. Bossman? I know you wanted to see me. But before you say anything I thought you should know that, in spite of the power outage, I was able to complete my work. And, despite the broken copy machine, I also managed to finish this project. Just like you asked. Play video starting at :5:37 and follow transcript5:37 >> Similar to Jake, Emily experienced many problems at the office. Play video starting at :5:46 and follow transcript5:46 In contrast to Jake, Emily managed to complete her work. Play video starting at :5:56 and follow transcript5:56 >> So I talked with Mr. Bossman and in addition to giving me the day off tomorrow, he also gave me a raise. Play video starting at :6:8 and follow transcript6:08 >> Well, similar to your situation, Mr. Bossman had some consequences for me too because of my bad behavior. Play video starting at :6:17 and follow transcript6:17 I guess I'll go look for a new job now. Play video starting at :6:27 and follow transcript6:27 >> In this lesson you learned how to use prepositional phrases to connect ideas within sentences. Play video starting at :6:38 and follow transcript6:38 You saw many good examples of how to use prepositional phrases within a context. Play video starting at :6:46 and follow transcript6:46 You also learned the rules for using commas with prepositional phrases. Play video starting at :6:52 and follow transcript6:52 Thank you for listening. See you next time.

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Connectives, Avoiding Common Errors.

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Connectives, Avoiding Common Errors. In this lesson, you will learn how to avoid some common errors that learners of English may make when using connectives in writing. Play video starting at ::12 and follow transcript0:12 Before we begin, it is important that you know you will see many bad examples in this video. Play video starting at ::20 and follow transcript0:20 When it's a bad example, you'll see this face. Play video starting at ::24 and follow transcript0:24 However, there will also be some corrections, some good examples. Play video starting at ::29 and follow transcript0:29 And those will be accompanied by this face. So let's get started. Play video starting at ::35 and follow transcript0:35 Reminder number one. A preposition must be followed by a noun. Play video starting at ::41 and follow transcript0:41 Let's take a look at this example. Can you find the preposition? Play video starting at ::47 and follow transcript0:47 That's right, it's because of. Play video starting at ::51 and follow transcript0:51 But what comes after it? Play video starting at ::53 and follow transcript0:53 She tried so hard. This is not a noun, this is a clause. So what we need to do to fix this problem is change this clause into a noun phrase. Play video starting at :1:8 and follow transcript1:08 Although there may be more than one way to do this, here's one idea. Play video starting at :1:16 and follow transcript1:16 Because of her effort, Lisa finally learned how to dance. Now we've got a good sentence because, because of is followed by a noun phrase. Play video starting at :1:27 and follow transcript1:27 Reminder number two. Do not confuse transitions with prepositions. This is an easy mistake to make because some transitions and prepositions look a lot alike, and they also may communicate the same ideas. However, it's important to remember that grammatically they are different. So, let's look at this example. Jake is an awesome swimmer; Emily, in contrast to, is a terrible swimmer. Play video starting at :2: and follow transcript2:00 That doesn't sound good. We've got a problem here. Play video starting at :2:4 and follow transcript2:04 Can you find a preposition that's a connective? Play video starting at :2:9 and follow transcript2:09 In contrast to, that's right, this is a preposition which you just learned must be followed by a noun, which you can see is not the case here. But there's a really easy way to fix this problem. We can actually just make this preposition a transition by removing, to. Now we have a good sentence. Jake is an awesome swimmer; Emily, in contrast, is a terrible swimmer. Play video starting at :2:42 and follow transcript2:42 Moving on to reminder number three. Avoid fragments, which are incomplete sentences. Play video starting at :2:50 and follow transcript2:50 Take a look at this example. Play video starting at :2:53 and follow transcript2:53 The first sentence, there are many ways to enjoy the cold winter weather, is a good, complete sentence because it has a subject and a verb. However, for example, making a fire, is not a complete sentence, and therefore cannot stand alone. We call this a fragment, which is not proper for writing. Play video starting at :3:19 and follow transcript3:19 So, how can we make this a complete sentence? Again, there are many ways. But, here is one way. Play video starting at :3:28 and follow transcript3:28 Now, making a fire has become our subject. Play video starting at :3:32 and follow transcript3:32 For example, making a fire is a good way to feel cozy. Play video starting at :3:37 and follow transcript3:37 That's a complete sentence. Much better. Play video starting at :3:42 and follow transcript3:42 All right ,reminder number four, it's related actually to the previous reminder. Play video starting at :3:49 and follow transcript3:49 Avoid run-on sentences. Play video starting at :3:52 and follow transcript3:52 Take a look at this example. We have two independent clauses joined by a comma and the transition, however. But you know that we can only join two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction. Play video starting at :4:11 and follow transcript4:11 So, we need to change this. We either need a coordinating conjunction or we need to make two sentences. Play video starting at :4:23 and follow transcript4:23 Now this is much better. That fancy coffee shop is expensive. However, the one by my house is very affordable. Play video starting at :4:33 and follow transcript4:33 Great, let's move on to reminder number five. Play video starting at :4:39 and follow transcript4:39 Perhaps you remember a comma, but it's in the wrong place. Play video starting at :4:45 and follow transcript4:45 Be careful about comma placement. We can't just put commas wherever we feel like it. There's a special place for them, and you already learned about this in previous lessons. Here's a common mistake that learners may make. Play video starting at :5:1 and follow transcript5:01 You see the comma here. Play video starting at :5:4 and follow transcript5:04 It has been put after the preposition. However, it needs to come after the entire prepositional phrase. That is, after the preposition and its object. So where should we move it? Play video starting at :5:22 and follow transcript5:22 That's right, now that's much better. Due to the bad weather, the game was canceled. Play video starting at :5:30 and follow transcript5:30 Okay, let's move on to the last reminder. Play video starting at :5:34 and follow transcript5:34 One other error that learners may make is forgetting that although despite and in spite of mean the same thing and are both prepositions, in spite includes the preposition of, but despite does not. So you can see in this example ,of is not necessary. Despite is simply followed by a noun. So let's go ahead and take that out. Despite the rain, we enjoyed our picnic. Much better. Play video starting at :6:15 and follow transcript6:15 Okay, that's it. Play video starting at :6:17 and follow transcript6:17 In this lesson, you learned how to avoid some common errors related to connectives. Now you're an expert. Thanks for listening.

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Introduction to Adverb Clauses, to understand

You probably already know that an independent clause has a complete subject and verb and can stand alone as a complete thought. For example, Gymnasts are amazing athletes, their ability seems to defy gravity. These are two complete sentences that can standalone, or be joined by a conjunction, a coordinating conjunction. Play video starting at ::51 and follow transcript0:51 This is the first independent clause and this is the second independent clause. Play video starting at ::59 and follow transcript0:59 You can think of an independent clause as a clause that is strong enough to stand alone. Play video starting at :1:6 and follow transcript1:06 Just like me and this wall, we are independent of each other. When I'm standing on my own two feet I don't need any support to stay upright. Play video starting at :1:21 and follow transcript1:21 A dependent clause like an independent clause has a subject and a verb. However unlike an independent clause, it cannot stand alone and is an incomplete thought. Play video starting at :1:41 and follow transcript1:41 For example, what if I told you? Even though they tend to be small? Play video starting at :1:49 and follow transcript1:49 That doesn't make any sense. This is the dependent clause, because you can see that although there is a subject and the verb. Play video starting at :2: and follow transcript2:00 It doesn't make any sense, thanks to even though which is a subordinating conjunction. But, what if it were attached to the another sentence, an independent clause? Play video starting at :2:22 and follow transcript2:22 Hm, okay, now that makes sense. Most gymnasts are very strong even though they tend to be small. When an independent clause and a dependent clause come together to make a sentence, the sentence is called a complex sentence. Play video starting at :2:53 and follow transcript2:53 Okay, remember an independent clause can stand alone, just like me when I'm on my own two feet. However, when I'm standing on my hands I need the wall to help me just like a dependent clause needs an independent clause to help it stand up. Play video starting at :3:22 and follow transcript3:22 Just like me trying to stand on my hands without the support of the wall. A dependent clause without an independent clause cannot stand alone, because it does not communicate a complete thought. Play video starting at :3:41 and follow transcript3:41 Okay now we can talk about adverb clauses. An adverb clause is just one type of dependent clause. Which starts with a subordinating conjunction like before, because or although. Of course there are many others which I'll show you in a minute and the adverb clause also function as an adverb. Play video starting at :4:7 and follow transcript4:07 Which means that information about how, when, why, where, and under what conditions the activity takes place. Play video starting at :4:20 and follow transcript4:20 Okay, here's a good example. This sentence has an independent clause and a dependent clause. Play video starting at :4:28 and follow transcript4:28 Can you find the independent clause? Here's a hint, it can stand alone. Play video starting at :4:35 and follow transcript4:35 That's right, there it is. That means that the other clause, the adverb clause, is a type of dependent clause. Which starts with the subordinating conjunction when, which tells us when I fell on my head. Play video starting at :4:59 and follow transcript4:59 Subordinating conjunctions can express different relationships between dependent and independent clauses. Take a look at these three examples. In the first sentence, the subordinating conjunction, when, shows a time relationship. In the second sentence, because shows a cause relationship and finally, the subordinator even though in the third sentence, shows an unexpected result. Or what some people call a concession, there are other relationships that we can express with subordinating conjunction in adverb clauses. However, you will learn about that in the next lesson but I have one more important tip before we conclude. Play video starting at :5:54 and follow transcript5:54 Adverb clauses can also come at the beginning of a sentence. For example, when I tried to stand on my hands, I fell on my head. Or, because I tried to stand on my hands, I fell on my head. And finally, even though I have strong arms, I fell on my head. Play video starting at :6:17 and follow transcript6:17 Here's a quick look at a long list of subordinating conjunctions that might precede adverb clauses. In the next lesson, we'll take a closer look at how to use these different subordinators, and we'll also talk about punctuation. Thanks for listening. Introduction to Adverb Clauses, to understand: Added to Selection. Press [CTRL + S] to save as a note en ​

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Adverb clauses, punctuation and use.

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You already know that an adverb clause is a type of dependent clause that functions as an adverb. Play video starting at ::13 and follow transcript0:13 And starts with a subordinating conjunction. Play video starting at ::18 and follow transcript0:18 For example, this complex sentence contains the adverb clause, because their eyes are small. Play video starting at ::28 and follow transcript0:28 Introduced by the subordinating conjunction, because. Play video starting at ::36 and follow transcript0:36 Because is just one of many subordinating conjunctions we can use to introduce an adverb clause. Play video starting at ::47 and follow transcript0:47 An adverb clause may come at the beginning of the sentence. Play video starting at ::52 and follow transcript0:52 When it does, it is followed by a comma. Play video starting at ::59 and follow transcript0:59 It can also come at the end of a sentence. Play video starting at :1:3 and follow transcript1:03 In most cases, no comma is needed. Play video starting at :1:10 and follow transcript1:10 Although it's not common, it is possible to have an adverb clause in the middle of a sentence. Between the subject and the verb of the main clause, as you see here in this example. When the adverb clause comes in the middle of a sentence, we will need two commas, one before it and one after it. Play video starting at :1:37 and follow transcript1:37 There is an exception. When we use whereas and while to show direct contrast, as in this sentence. There will be a comma if the adverb clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, and if it comes at the end. Play video starting at :1:59 and follow transcript1:59 So in both cases, a comma is necessary. This is always true with whereas. But this is only true with while when we use while to show direct contrast, not when it is used to show a time relationship. Play video starting at :2:20 and follow transcript2:20 Okay, now I'd like to show you a short video that'll give us some examples of adverb clauses in context. Play video starting at :2:30 and follow transcript2:30 Let's check it out. Play video starting at :2:37 and follow transcript2:37 >> [SOUND] So, Jake, my roommate, and I decided to have a dinner party. But I'm a little nervous because when it comes to cooking, Jake is, well, a little clumsy in the kitchen. And she doesn't always know exactly how to handle herself. But I don't want her to feel bad, so I'm going to try to work with her to prepare this dinner party the best that we can. >> Okay, you see three ideas here. We understand that these ideas are related to one another. Play video starting at :3:17 and follow transcript3:17 To be a good writer and a good speaker in English, it's important to connect our ideas. Which is why we use adverb clauses, and other connective devices, like the ones you've been learning throughout this course. So let's take a look at the relationship between the first two ideas. Play video starting at :3:41 and follow transcript3:41 Jake lacks skills in the kitchen. Play video starting at :3:46 and follow transcript3:46 The expectation would be that Emily won't want her help because she can't help in the kitchen, she's clumsy. However, the second idea says that Emily is going to ask for her help. So, in this case, the relationship is an unexpected result. You'll remember that we can use the subordinating conjunctions although, even though, or though, to show an unexpected result. Play video starting at :4:21 and follow transcript4:21 In the second two ideas, the relationship is more of a cause relationship. Why is Emily going to ask for Jake's help? Well, because she doesn't want her to feel bad. Play video starting at :4:35 and follow transcript4:35 Okay, now we can make a sentence to combine the first two ideas using the subordinating conjunction, even though. That looks good,right? And we're going to use because to connect the second two ideas. Play video starting at :4:58 and follow transcript4:58 But if we were writing something here, we see that we have an idea that is repeated. Which idea is that? Yeah, Emily is going to ask for her help, is in both sentences. So, actually, we can combine these two sentences to make one sentence with two adverb clauses. Now we have connected all of these ideas together. Play video starting at :5:31 and follow transcript5:31 Even though Jake lacks skills in the kitchen, Emily is going to ask for her help because she doesn't want to hurt her feelings. Play video starting at :5:41 and follow transcript5:41 Notice that because we have two adverb clauses, we've put one at the beginning of the sentence and one at the end. This is generally a good way of placing adverb clauses when you have two of them. Okay, in the next video, you can watch Emily and Jake as they prepare for the dinner party. Play video starting at :6:8 and follow transcript6:08 And you can practice using Play video starting at :6:10 and follow transcript6:10 adverb clauses to express different relationships between ideas. Thank you for listening.

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Subordinating Conjunctions: Avoiding Common Mistakes.

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Mistake number one is a problem with commas. You may remember from another lesson that a comma is needed when you start a sentence with a dependent clause. Play video starting at ::19 and follow transcript0:19 If you write this sentence, Play video starting at ::22 and follow transcript0:22 Because Jake is clumsy in the kitchen Emily doesn't want her help. It is incorrect, because you are missing a comma. Play video starting at ::32 and follow transcript0:32 In addition, if the dependent clause follows the independent clause, no comma is needed. Play video starting at ::40 and follow transcript0:40 Emily doesn't want her help because Jake is clumsy in the kitchen. This is incorrect. Do not put a comma before subordinating conjunctions. Play video starting at ::53 and follow transcript0:53 Mistake number two, you used the wrong conjunction. Play video starting at ::59 and follow transcript0:59 Because I'm not good at dancing, I like dancing. Play video starting at :1:3 and follow transcript1:03 In this example, the punctuation looks correct. However, this is wrong because the meaning is incorrect. Play video starting at :1:11 and follow transcript1:11 Because shows cause and effect. These two clauses do not have a cause and effect relationship. The correct conjunction is. Play video starting at :1:23 and follow transcript1:23 Although I'm not good at dancing, I like it. Play video starting at :1:29 and follow transcript1:29 Here is another example where the wrong conjunction is used. Before I woke up, I brushed my teeth. This does not make sense because in this sentence this action happens first and this section happens second. Unless you brush your teeth while you are sleeping, this isn't true. For the same reason, this sentence is also incorrect. Play video starting at :1:56 and follow transcript1:56 After I brushed my teeth, I woke up. Play video starting at :1:59 and follow transcript1:59 When you used the conjunction after the first action should come immediately after this word. Play video starting at :2:7 and follow transcript2:07 When you use before, the second action should come immediately after this word. Play video starting at :2:17 and follow transcript2:17 Mistake number three, you do not have a complete clause. Play video starting at :2:22 and follow transcript2:22 I like the food Emily cooks because delicious. This is incorrect. Remember that after a subordinating conjunction you should use a complete clause. Play video starting at :2:33 and follow transcript2:33 Here we have a complete clause, but this is not a clause because you do not have a subject and a verb. It is correct to say, I like the food Emily cooks because it's delicious. Now there is a subject and a verb in the dependent clause. Play video starting at :2:54 and follow transcript2:54 Mistake number four, you have a fragment. In this example, we have an independent clause. Emily won't ask Jake to help her cook in the future, but the dependent clause is not a complete sentence, unless Jake takes a cooking class. Play video starting at :3:15 and follow transcript3:15 This clause cannot stand alone. This is called a fragment. It is just a small piece of a sentence. To fix this sentence, remove the period. Play video starting at :3:28 and follow transcript3:28 Emily won't ask Jake to help her cook in the future unless Jake takes a cooking class. Play video starting at :3:36 and follow transcript3:36 Mistake number five, you have an extra conjunction. Here we have two independent clauses. Emily is a good cook. Jake is not. You know that you can combine them into a compound sentence like this. Emily is a good cook, but Jake is not. Play video starting at :3:53 and follow transcript3:53 Or you can form a complex sentence. Although Emily is a good cook, Jake is not. Play video starting at :4: and follow transcript4:00 You may wonder if we can combine these to say, although Emily is a good cook, but Jake is not. The answer is no, this is incorrect. When you use an adverb cause, the independent cause should not start with the coordinating conjunction. Play video starting at :4:22 and follow transcript4:22 Mistake number six, a subordinating conjunction is not a transition. Play video starting at :4:29 and follow transcript4:29 Another common mistake is for learners to use a subordinating conjunction as a transition. It is incorrect to say, Jake put a pie in the oven. After, the pie shrunk. Because after is not a transition. Play video starting at :4:44 and follow transcript4:44 You could put a transition here. Play video starting at :4:48 and follow transcript4:48 After that is a transition, but after is a subordinating conjunction. Do not put a comma after a subordinating conjunction. Play video starting at :4:59 and follow transcript4:59 Emily didn't want Jake to help. Although, Jake wanted to help. This is also incorrect for the same reason. You may put a transition here instead, or you could say it like this. Play video starting at :5:13 and follow transcript5:13 Emily didn't want Jake to help although Jake wanted to help.

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