Evidence 1

Solar SYstem and the moon

Evidence 1

SUN

MERCURY

earth

MARS

VENUS

JUPITER

SATURN

URANUS

NEPTUNe

moon

Solar System

And its components

The Sun is a massive, luminous star at the center of our solar system, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, which generates energy through nuclear fusion, providing light and heat to the Earth.

Mercury: The closest planet to the Sun, small and rocky, with extreme temperature changes due to its thin atmosphere.

Venus: Earth's "similar" in size, covered in thick clouds of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet.

Earth: The only known planet with life, has water, a protective atmosphere, and diverse ecosystems.

Mars: The "Red Planet," known for its iron-rich soil, cold deserts, and evidence of ancient water flows.

Jupiter: The largest planet, a gas giant with a massive storm called the Great Red Spot and dozens of moons.

Saturn: Famous for its stunning rings made of ice and rock, another gas giant with numerous moons.

Uranus: An ice giant with a blue-green hue, it rotates on its side and has faint rings.

Neptune: The farthest planet, an ice giant known for its deep blue color and powerful winds.

The Moon: Earth's natural satellite, responsible for tides, and the only celestial body humans have set foot on.

sUN LAYER

SUN INFO

Corona

Chromosphere

Photosphere ^

Convective Zone

Radiative Zone

Core

Moon Phases

EFFECTS

High Tide

Low Tide

Neap Tide

Spring Tide

Earth STructure effects

Earth layers

Traslation

Rotation

Inner Core

Outer Core

Lower Mantle

Mantle Transition

Upper Mantle

Asthenosphere

Oceanic Crust

Continental Crust

Tectonic Plates movement

COnsequences

magma subduction

plastic mantle

solid mantle

continental crust

volcano

crustal movement

Why is geography a multidisciplinary science?It integrates multiple different fields of sciences to effectively understand its object of study, with stuff such as geographical facts and phenomena benefitting from sciences around it.Which are the main landforms and how are they differentiated? There are 3, Mountains, which are the highest elevation on the earth, formed by tectonic folding and can have volcanic origins, Plateaus, high areas, 500 meters above sea level, although with flat terrain, and Plains, these are low areas but also with flat terrain above sea level but not exceeding 500 meters.Which are the different map kinds and when can we use them? There are various maps, the physical maps,about physical phenomena, human maps about human infrastructire and historical maps about historical events. There are split into further subcategories such as:Topographical maps: used to locate things such as rivers, towns, cities and communication means. Land use maps: used to represent intended use, stuff like agricultural farmland or residencial areas. Geological maps: used to represent mine locations and soil distribution. Edaphological maps: used to represent the different kinds of soil. Climatological maps: used to represent climate around the regions of the Earth. Urban maps: used to represent the distribution of manmade infrastructure, such as streets, suburbs, schools. hospitals, etc.Why are there different cartographical projections?Because of the need to project the whole earth in convenient ways, depending on if you need to plot a country or continent or even the whole world, and the struggle of projecting a sphere on a two-dimensional plane. Which are the geographical methods used to study Earth?According to Brittanica: “Geographic information science incorporates the traditional disciplines of cartography, geodesy, and photogrammetry with modern developments in remote sensing, the Global Positioning System (GPS), geostatistics, and geocomputation in activities that bring forward geographers’ eternal interest in maps as sophisticated means of representing, analyzing, and viewing the Earth’s great diversity.” The main methods are the GPS to locate points on the Earth, geostatistics, unsurprisingly being the measure of statistics related to the Earth, and geocomputation, which analyzes the data of geostatistics for a better view of the geographical future. Johnston, R. (2024, August 21). Geography | Definition, Types, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/geography/Methods-of-geography

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Low Tide

These occur in areas where the Moon’s gravitational pull is weakest, causing sea levels to drop. Low tides expose tidal flats and coastal areas, affecting marine organisms that rely on submerged habitats and influencing human activities like fishing and boating.

Rotation

The spinning of the Earth around its own axis, which takes about 24 hours and causes day and night.

Traslation

The movement of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, taking approximately one year to complete and responsible for the changing seasons.

High Tide

These occur when the side of the Earth facing the Moon (and the opposite side) experiences a stronger gravitational pull, causing sea levels to rise. High tides affect navigation, increase the risk of coastal flooding, and help distribute nutrients in coastal ecosystems.

Consequences

The movement of tectonic plates can lead to various geological events and formations, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and the creation of ocean trenches. This movement can also cause the shifting of continents and affect the Earth's surface over time.

Solar System

It is known as Solar System the “group of bodies: planets, satellites, asteroids, meteorites and comets that orbit around the Sun” (Valdés, 2012). There are different theories explaining the origin of the Solar System, including the nebular, the catastrophic, and the gas and dust cloud.

Spring Tides

Happen when the Sun, Moon, and Earth align (during full and new moons). Their combined gravitational pull causes extreme tidal ranges, with the highest high tides and the lowest low tides. Spring tides can lead to coastal flooding, stronger currents, and greater erosion.

Earth's layers

The Earth's layers (crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core) have significant effects on the planet's surface and natural processes: 1. Crust: The outermost, thin layer of Earth where we live. It's divided into tectonic plates, whose movement causes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountains and ocean basins. 2. Mantle: Located beneath the crust, the mantle's semi-fluid layer allows tectonic plates to move. Its convection currents drive plate tectonics, leading to seismic activity and the creation of landforms like volcanoes.3. Outer Core: This liquid layer of iron and nickel surrounds the inner core. The movement of the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field, protecting the planet from harmful solar radiation. 4. Inner Core: The solid center of Earth, composed mostly of iron. Its immense pressure and heat contribute to the generation of geothermal energy, which impacts volcanic activity and Earth’s magnetic field. Together, these layers drive processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the formation of Earth's landforms, influencing the planet's surface and its geological evolution.

About the layers of the sun

1. Core: o The innermost layer where nuclear fusion occurs, converting hydrogen into helium and releasing immense amounts of energy in the form of light and heat. This energy powers the entire solar system. 2. Radiative Zone: o Surrounding the core, energy is transferred outward by radiation. It can take thousands of years for energy to pass through this layer due to the dense plasma. 3. Convective Zone: o In this outer layer, hot gases rise, cool, and sink back down, creating convection currents. These currents help transfer energy from the Sun’s interior to its surface. 4. Photosphere: o The visible surface of the Sun, where sunlight is emitted. It's the layer we see, and it is responsible for the light and warmth received on Earth. 5. Chromosphere: o A thin layer above the photosphere that contributes to solar winds and is visible during solar eclipses as a reddish glow. 6. Corona: o The outermost layer, extending millions of kilometers into space. It is much hotter than the surface and emits X-rays. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections from the corona can affect Earth’s magnetic field and cause auroras.

Neap Tide

Occur when the Sun and Moon form a right angle with Earth. The gravitational forces partially cancel each other out, resulting in smaller tidal ranges. This means less difference between high and low tides, which reduces coastal erosion and the impact on marine habitats