The Big Bang Theory The Origin of the Universe.pptx
Diego Fernando Guillen
Created on September 8, 2024
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Transcript
Explore the scientific theory that explains the origin and evolution of the universe, from its initial state of extreme density and temperature to the present-day cosmos.
THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
The Big Bang Theory offers a comprehensive explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe, from a singular point of high density and temperature to the vast and complex cosmos we observe today.
Leftover radiation from the Big Bang, known as the Cosmic Microwave Background, can be observed throughout the universe, providing evidence for the Big Bang theory.
Cosmic Microwave Background
As the universe expanded, it cooled, allowing for the formation of fundamental particles, atoms, and the first structures like stars and galaxies.
Cooling and Formation
This singularity rapidly expanded in an event known as the Big Bang, leading to the creation of space, time, and all matter and energy in the universe.
Rapid Expansion
The universe began from a singular point of extremely high density and temperature, known as a singularity.
The Singularity
THE BEGINNING OF EVERYTHING
The universe reaches its current age and large-scale structure.
13.7 billion years ago
The Milky Way galaxy forms.
4 billion years after the Big Bang
Formation of the first stars and galaxies.
1 billion years after the Big Bang
Recombination: Atoms form, and the universe becomes transparent to light.
380,000 years after the Big Bang
The Big Bang: The universe begins as a hot, dense state and rapidly expands.
13.8 billion years ago
THE TIMELINE OF THE UNIVERSE
Georges Lemaître was a Belgian priest and astronomer who is considered the father of the Big Bang theory. He proposed the idea of an expanding universe in 1927, which was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble's observations. Lemaître's work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe.
GEORGES LEMAÎTRE
The polarization pattern of the cosmic microwave background, which can be used to study the physics of the early Universe and provide additional evidence for the Big Bang theory.
Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization
A detailed all-sky image of the cosmic microwave background radiation, showing tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to the seeds of all future structure in the Universe.
Cosmic Microwave Background Map
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the redshift of distant galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. This relationship, known as Hubble's law, provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang theory.
Hubble's Law
The redshift of light from distant galaxies is explained by the Doppler effect, which describes the change in the frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source and the observer. As the universe expands, distant galaxies are moving away from Earth, causing the wavelength of their light to be stretched and shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.
Doppler Effect
When light from distant galaxies is observed, it is found to be shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This phenomenon is known as redshift and is a result of the expansion of the universe.
Redshift of Light from Distant Galaxies
THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
Slight variations in the density of the early universe caused by quantum fluctuations led to the gravitational collapse of regions of hydrogen and helium, forming the first stars and galaxies.
Gravitational Collapse
The formation of hydrogen and helium released energy in the form of radiation, which we now observe as the Cosmic Microwave Background, a faint glow permeating the entire universe.
The Cosmic Microwave Background
As the universe expanded and cooled, these fundamental particles combined to form the first stable elements - hydrogen and helium. This process is known as primordial nucleosynthesis.
Formation of Hydrogen and Helium
In the initial moments after the Big Bang, the universe was incredibly hot and dense, consisting primarily of subatomic particles like quarks and leptons.
The Early Universe
THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
The dispersed matter from dying stars is recycled to form new generations of stars and planets.
Recycling of Matter
Supernovae and other stellar processes create the heavy elements that make up planets and life.
Heavy Element Production
The most massive stars collapse into dense objects called black holes.
Black Hole Formation
Massive stars eventually explode in a supernova, scattering heavy elements into space.
Supernova Explosion
Stars spend most of their lives in a stable state, fusing heavier elements as they age.
Stellar Life Cycle
Stars begin to fuse hydrogen into helium, releasing vast amounts of energy.
Nuclear Fusion
Clouds of gas and dust in space collapse under gravity, forming new stars.
Star Formation
THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
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5%
Other Scenarios
10%
Big Bounce
15%
Big Rip
50%
Big Freeze
20%
Big Crunch
Estimated probabilities of different scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe
THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
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The material around SN 1987A
A supernova (pl.: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion.
Cat's Eye Nebula (GOD)
Discovered by Karl Ludwig Harding, most likely before 1824, this object is one of the closest of all the bright planetary nebulae to Earth.The distance, measured by the Gaia mission, is 655±13 light-years.
How Do Black Holes Form?
Primordial black holes likely formed shortly after the big bang. Stellar black holes arise from the collapse of a massive star's center, leading to a supernova that ejects part of the star. Scientists believe supermassive black holes formed alongside their galaxies, with their size linked to the galaxy's size and mass.