The Big Bang Theory The Origin of the Universe.pptx

Explore the scientific theory that explains the origin and evolution of the universe, from its initial state of extreme density and temperature to the present-day cosmos.

THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

The Big Bang Theory offers a comprehensive explanation for the origin and evolution of the universe, from a singular point of high density and temperature to the vast and complex cosmos we observe today.

Leftover radiation from the Big Bang, known as the Cosmic Microwave Background, can be observed throughout the universe, providing evidence for the Big Bang theory.

Cosmic Microwave Background

As the universe expanded, it cooled, allowing for the formation of fundamental particles, atoms, and the first structures like stars and galaxies.

Cooling and Formation

This singularity rapidly expanded in an event known as the Big Bang, leading to the creation of space, time, and all matter and energy in the universe.

Rapid Expansion

The universe began from a singular point of extremely high density and temperature, known as a singularity.

The Singularity

THE BEGINNING OF EVERYTHING

The universe reaches its current age and large-scale structure.

13.7 billion years ago

The Milky Way galaxy forms.

4 billion years after the Big Bang

Formation of the first stars and galaxies.

1 billion years after the Big Bang

Recombination: Atoms form, and the universe becomes transparent to light.

380,000 years after the Big Bang

The Big Bang: The universe begins as a hot, dense state and rapidly expands.

13.8 billion years ago

THE TIMELINE OF THE UNIVERSE

Georges Lemaître was a Belgian priest and astronomer who is considered the father of the Big Bang theory. He proposed the idea of an expanding universe in 1927, which was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble's observations. Lemaître's work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe.

GEORGES LEMAÎTRE

The polarization pattern of the cosmic microwave background, which can be used to study the physics of the early Universe and provide additional evidence for the Big Bang theory.

Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization

A detailed all-sky image of the cosmic microwave background radiation, showing tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to the seeds of all future structure in the Universe.

Cosmic Microwave Background Map

THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND

In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the redshift of distant galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. This relationship, known as Hubble's law, provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang theory.

Hubble's Law

The redshift of light from distant galaxies is explained by the Doppler effect, which describes the change in the frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source and the observer. As the universe expands, distant galaxies are moving away from Earth, causing the wavelength of their light to be stretched and shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

Doppler Effect

When light from distant galaxies is observed, it is found to be shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This phenomenon is known as redshift and is a result of the expansion of the universe.

Redshift of Light from Distant Galaxies

THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE

Slight variations in the density of the early universe caused by quantum fluctuations led to the gravitational collapse of regions of hydrogen and helium, forming the first stars and galaxies.

Gravitational Collapse

The formation of hydrogen and helium released energy in the form of radiation, which we now observe as the Cosmic Microwave Background, a faint glow permeating the entire universe.

The Cosmic Microwave Background

As the universe expanded and cooled, these fundamental particles combined to form the first stable elements - hydrogen and helium. This process is known as primordial nucleosynthesis.

Formation of Hydrogen and Helium

In the initial moments after the Big Bang, the universe was incredibly hot and dense, consisting primarily of subatomic particles like quarks and leptons.

The Early Universe

THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

The dispersed matter from dying stars is recycled to form new generations of stars and planets.

Recycling of Matter

Supernovae and other stellar processes create the heavy elements that make up planets and life.

Heavy Element Production

The most massive stars collapse into dense objects called black holes.

Black Hole Formation

Massive stars eventually explode in a supernova, scattering heavy elements into space.

Supernova Explosion

Stars spend most of their lives in a stable state, fusing heavier elements as they age.

Stellar Life Cycle

Stars begin to fuse hydrogen into helium, releasing vast amounts of energy.

Nuclear Fusion

Clouds of gas and dust in space collapse under gravity, forming new stars.

Star Formation

THE BIG BANG THEORY: THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

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5%

Other Scenarios

10%

Big Bounce

15%

Big Rip

50%

Big Freeze

20%

Big Crunch

Estimated probabilities of different scenarios for the ultimate fate of the universe

THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE

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The material around SN 1987A

A supernova (pl.: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion.

Cat's Eye Nebula (GOD)

Discovered by Karl Ludwig Harding, most likely before 1824, this object is one of the closest of all the bright planetary nebulae to Earth.The distance, measured by the Gaia mission, is 655±13 light-years.

How Do Black Holes Form?

Primordial black holes likely formed shortly after the big bang. Stellar black holes arise from the collapse of a massive star's center, leading to a supernova that ejects part of the star. Scientists believe supermassive black holes formed alongside their galaxies, with their size linked to the galaxy's size and mass.