Honeycomb Mind Map

Actors

References

Conclusion

Problems

Instruments

Impacts

Reducing Greenhouse Emissions by Transportation Efficiency at Monterrey

PHASE 2: NETWORK MAP

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Santiago Isaac Maldonado Hernández - A00843054 Adrián Murga de la Garza - A01178062 Manuel Iván Vea Durán - A01252887 Ian Cordier Burgunder - A01722099 David Marcelo Benavides Meléndez

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• According to AirVisual from IQAir, a tool from Switzerland used to measure air quality around the globe, Santa Catarina, Monterrey, San Nicolás de los Garza and San Pedro Garza Garcia are the top 3-6 with the worst air quality and most PM2.5 pollution cities in Mexico in 2024. (IQAir, 2023)
• According to SIMA (Sistema Integral de Monitoreo Ambiental), Monterrey during 329 days of 2020 had PM2.5 levels 58% above the standard rule.

DIRECT

The map provides a valuable visual representation of the complex issues surrounding transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions in Monterrey. It highlights the interconnectedness of various actors, instruments, problems, and impacts. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that involves collaboration among governments, industries, individuals, and communities. By understanding the complex dynamics at play, we can develop effective strategies to create a more sustainable and livable city.

Conclusion

Herrera, E. (2023, August 15). Contaminación en NL causa 2 mil 500 muertes al año, revela Secretaría de Medio Ambiente. Grupo Milenio; Grupo Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/contaminacion-causa-2-mil-500-muertes-al-ano-en-nuevo-leon-arratia Cubero, C. (2024, January 31). Aumentan enfermedades respiratorias durante alerta ambiental en Nuevo León. Grupo Milenio; Grupo Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/incrementan-nuevo-leon-enfermedades-respiratorias-alerta-ambiental BBC News. (2022, June 27). “A Monterrey le llegó el día cero”: la grave crisis de falta de agua que vive la segunda ciudad más poblada de México - BBC News Mundo. BBC News Mundo; BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-61917457 EH. (2023, February 2). Monterrey, una de las ciudades con más tráfico en 2022. EL HORIZONTE; Info7. https://www.elhorizonte.mx/finanzas/monterrey-una-de-las-ciudades-con-mas-trafico-en-2022/vl1458677 IQAir. (2023). Iqair.com. https://www.iqair.com/mx/mexico Amaro, V. (2024, September 4). Monterrey sufre “tráfico mortal”: 250 víctimas en cuatro años. EL HORIZONTE; Info7. https://www.elhorizonte.mx/nuevoleon/monterrey-sufre-trafico-mortal-250-victimas-en-cuatro-anos/2157040614 IMER Noticias. (2023, December 13). Tren Suburbano Monterrey: conoce si pasará por tu ciudad el nuevo proyecto - IMER Noticias. IMER Noticias. https://noticias.imer.mx/blog/tren-suburbano-monterrey-conoce-si-pasara-por-tu-ciudad-el-nuevo-proyecto/ José Luis Marroquín. (2024, January 16). Semarnat revela empresas que contaminan en Nuevo León. Telediario México; Telediario México. https://www.telediario.mx/comunidad/semarnat-exhibe-empresas-contaminantes-en-nuevo-leon

Green Taxes and Congestion PricingCarbon Taxes: Managed by the Secretaría de Finanzas y Tesorería General de Nuevo León in coordination with the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León. Specific policies are implemented with municipal coordination (Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2024). This means that every industry that is operating in Monterrey needs to declare their monthly emissions to see if they need to pay a fee or not. This idea is such a game changer because it highly incentivizes everyone to pollute less, and if they are highly contaminant, they should pay for the consequences (literally). (Nuevo León Establece Nuevos Impuestos Ambientales – Cacheaux, Cavazos & Newton, 2022)

Public Transport ImprovementsMetrorey Modernization: Metrorey, managed by Metrorey Director Manuel Alonso, is responsible for modernizing and expanding metro lines across Monterrey, including potential service enhancements for Distrito Tec (Metrorey, 2023).Fleet Modernization: Managed by IMA Nuevo León, under Noé Chávez Montemayor, with a focus on transitioning to electric or hybrid models across the fleet (IMA Nuevo León, 2023).Monitoring and Data AnalyticsAir Quality Monitoring Networks: Managed by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León in collaboration with Tecnológico de Monterrey and local governments for real-time data collection (Tecnológico de Monterrey, 2023).AI in Traffic Management: Managed by the Instituto de Movilidad y Accesibilidad de Nuevo León and implemented in Distrito Tec through smart city initiatives run by Tecnológico de Monterrey’s Smart City Program (Distrito Tec, 2023).

• 2500 deaths per year due to contamination confirmed by “Secretaría de Medio Ambiente” (Herrera, 2023)
• Increase in respiratory diseases in Nuevo León
• Second week of 2024 compared with second week of 2023
• 59.26% increase of acute otitis
• 11.34% increase of conjunctivitis
• 21.73% increase of serious respiratory diseases
• 30.17% increase of asma
• (Cubero, 2024)

Direct Impacts

The Monterrey suburban train is currently a project that not only improves mobility, but also helps reduce the environmental impact in the metropolitan area. The train has 26 stations with an initial investment of 26 million pesos. It is considered a sustainable means of transportation that will improve the public transportation network at least until 2027. The growth of this project will allow the stations to grow rapidly, reaching from just the population of Monterrey to 83.2% of all of Mexico. (IMER Noticias, 2023)

• According to an electronic article of “El Horizonte”, 116 hours per person was lost due to excessive car traffic in 2022, caused by the lack of transportation efficiency. (EH, 2023)
• In four years, 14% of the car accidents registered in Nuevo Leon (80,582) have fatal results. This means that Nuevo Leon is the state with the most car accidents in Mexico. According to “El Horizonte” every month 21 people die in Nuevo León due to car accidents. (Amaro, 2024)

INDIRECT

Public Awareness and Education Sustainable Mobility Campaigns: Educating the public about the benefits of sustainable transportation can influence behavior change. Reference: New York City Department of Transportation. (2023). Bike Month. New York City: New York City Department of Transportation. "Hoy No Circula": While not yet implemented, this program can help reduce traffic congestion and emissions during peak pollution periods.

Public-Private Partnerships Electric Bus Initiatives: Partnerships with private companies can accelerate the adoption of electric buses, reducing emissions from public transportation. Charging Infrastructure: Private sector involvement is essential for expanding EV charging infrastructure, supporting the growth of electric vehicles. Community-Led Initiatives Car-Free Days: These initiatives can raise awareness about the impacts of car use and encourage alternative transportation. Bike-to-Work Campaigns: Promoting cycling as a daily commute can reduce traffic and emissions. Circular Economy Initiatives Car-sharing Platforms: By reducing the need for individual car ownership, car-sharing platforms can decrease the number of vehicles on the road. Bike Rentals and Electric Scooters: These shared mobility services offer convenient and sustainable transportation options.

Law Verificación Vehicular: Administered by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León, which is responsible for enforcing emissions testing regulations. The current Secretary is Félix Arratia Cruz (Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2023). NOM-041-SEMARNAT-2015: Overseen by SEMARNAT (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales) at the federal level. Locally, Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León enforces compliance (SEMARNAT, 2015). NOM-047-SEMARNAT-2014: Also enforced by SEMARNAT at the national level and locally by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León (SEMARNAT, 2014). Ley Estatal de Protección al Ambiente: Administered by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León. Specific enforcement for transportation-related emissions is coordinated with municipal authorities (Gobierno de Nuevo León, 2023).

Technologies Electric Vehicles (EVs): Managed by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León for local tax incentives and SEDET (Secretaría de Economía y Trabajo de Nuevo León) for business-related infrastructure projects. Distrito Tec’s sustainability office is in charge of deploying EV charging stations within the area (Distrito Tec, 2023). These cars do not necessarily need to be electric, but they can be very fuel efficient, which can reduce gas emissions by having a better “kilometers/liters” ratio. (Darían Descuentos En Refrendo a Autos Limpios, 2023). Ecovía & Expansion : The Instituto de Movilidad y Accesibilidad de Nuevo León (IMA), led by Noé Chávez Montemayor, manages the modernization of bus fleets, including the integration of electric buses (IMA Nuevo León, 2023). Carpooling and Bike-Sharing Platforms: Managed by IMA Nuevo León in coordination with Distrito Tec’s Mobility Program (Distrito Tec, 2023).

There is a huge amount of industries that pollute in massive amounts in Monterrey. The most contaminant ones are Ternium, Pemex, Iberdrola and Cemex, which not only emit contaminants into the atmosphere but also they use dangerous chemicals (carbon dioxide, cadmium, nitrogen dioxide, chromium, lead and nickel) that affect water and ground. The chemicals that are present in the highest amounts are carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde and cadmium spewing 69 million 762 thousand 661,147 tons per year of carbon dioxide in its plant located in San Nicolás. If we want to talk specifically about a company, CEMEX Monterrey generated 2,214.5 tons per year of benzene; 11.1 tons per year of chromium; 2.1 tons per year of cadmium; 4.7 tons per year of arsenic and 1.1 tons per year of mercury. (José Luis Marroquín, 2024)

• According to BBC News, 5.3 million people suffered the extreme drought in 2022.
• (BBC News, 2022)
• According to Greenpeace Mexico association the increase in temperature causes this lack of water. “La escasez de agua es consecuencia del cambio climático y de la falta de acción de gobiernos e industrias”
• (Greenpeace México, 2022)

INDIRECT

Urban Planning and Infrastructure Smart Urban Design: Creating pedestrian-friendly areas and expanding bike lanes promotes active transportation, reducing car use and emissions. Reference: Copenhagenize Design Company. (2014). Copenhagenize: The guide to city transformation. Copenhagen: Copenhagenize Design Company. Metrorey and Rail Expansion: Expanding public transportation options provides alternatives to cars, especially for longer commutes. Reference: Paris City Council. (2023). Paris Plan for Climate. Paris: Paris City Council. Intermodal Transport: Integrating different transportation modes makes public transport more accessible and convenient, discouraging car use. Reference: Seattle Department of Transportation. (2023). Seattle Transit Master Plan. Seattle: Seattle Department of Transportation.

Financial Instruments Subsidies and Tax Incentives: These incentives encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and EV charging infrastructure, reducing tailpipe emissions. Reference: London Transport. (2023). Congestion Charge. London: London Transport. Green Bonds: Financing sustainable transportation projects through green bonds ensures that public funds are allocated for environmentally friendly initiatives. Reference: Amsterdam Municipality. (2023). Amsterdam Green Deal. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Municipality.