Línea cronológica fotos

Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Chetumal

Civil Engineering

Software in Civil Engineering ICA1031

September-2024

Topic 1.1

History of Computing

ICA1031 Software In ING. Civil

Group V1C

John Napier and Logarithmritmos (1614)

The anti-cytere Mechanism 100 B.C.

The Abacus (2000 B.C.)suanpan (en chino算盤)

2000 B.C - 1679C.

History of Computing

Astrolabe 150 B.C. - 100 d. C.

Cultures that adopted the abacus

17TH Century

600 - Algebra

Fibonacci - 1202

+info

1679

Binary numeric system

+info

1672

Machine of leibinz

+info

1642

Machine of pAScal

Calculus Rule

1622

Rule of calculus

History of computing

2000 a.C - 1679 d.C.

1843

lady Ada'S IDEA

1822

THE CREATION OF Charles babbage

1801

tHE FRENCH Joseph Marie Jacquard,Í

1777

19702010

17th Century

History of computing

THE WORK OF CHARLES BABBAGE.

1801

1769

THE ANALYTIC MACHINE

1893

The First successful machine in the morning

1884

DORR FELT COMPTOMETER

1879

Herman hollerith And its development of system

1878

1854 y 1869

The Development of the Boole's Machine

19702010

18th and 19th centruy

History of computing

THE INVENTION OF RAMON VEREA

1879

(1854 1869)

1980-1990

1980

FIFTH GEN

1970-1980

1970

FOURTH GEN

1960-1970

THIRD GEN

1950-1960

1950

SECOND gen

1943-1944

1940

FIRST GEN

19401990

20TH CENTURY

History of computing

1960

2007-2008

2007

The apple iphone

2004-2007

2004

sealing system operational UBUNTU BASed on LINUX

2003-2004

2003

first processor for 64 bit computer

2001-2002

2001

operating system mAC OS X

2000-2001

2000

Itantum processor of intel

20002024

21st century

History of computing

2024

THE LANGUAGE MODEL NATURAL GPT-4

2019-2024

2019

WINDOWS 10

2012-2019

2012

WINDOWS 8

2010-2012

2010

WINDOWS 7 OF MICROSOFT

2008-2010

2008

THE FIRST ONE LAUNCHED PROSESADOR DE4 NUCLEOS, INTEL CORE I7

20002024

21ST CENTURY

HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Topic 1.2Computer Architecture

ICA1031 SOFTWARE in ING. CIVI

Group V1C

A computer's architecture is its fundamental design. It's like a blueprint that defines how all the components, from the processor to the memory, work together to run programs.

Computer Architecture

Memory

It is where the data programs that are being used at the moment are stored.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of the Computer, where instructions are executed and calculations are made.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of the Computer, where instructions are executed and calculations are made.

Basics components of computer

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)2. memory3. Input/Output (I/O)4. Bus

Input/Output (I/O)

These are the devices that allow you to interact with the computer such as the keyboard, mouse, screen and speakers.

It is the communication system that connects the different components of the computer, but saying that the data moves between them.

Bus

It is the communication system that connects the different components of the computer, but saying that the data moves between them.

Bus

It is the communication system that connects the different components of the computer, but saying that the data moves between them.

Bus

Von Neumann architecture

It is the most common architecture, in which the CPU, memory, and I/O devices are connected via a bus.

Von Neumann architecture

It is the most common architecture, in which the CPU, memory, and I/O devices are connected via a bus.

Harvard Architecture

It is the communication system that connects the different components of the computer, but saying that the data moves between them.

Harvard Architecture

It is the communication system that connects the different components of the computer, but saying that the data moves between them.

Architecture of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

It is an architecture that uses a reduced set of instructions to improve performance.

Architecture of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

It is an architecture that uses a reduced set of instructions to improve performance.

Architecture of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

It is an architecture that uses a broad set of instructions to perform complex tasks.

Architecture of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

It is an architecture that uses a broad set of instructions to perform complex tasks.

Purposes to know the Architecture of computers

Understanding the architecture of computers allows you to understand how data is processed, how instructions are executed, and how input/output devices are interacted.

Purposes to know the Architecture of computers

Understanding the architecture of computers allows you to understand how data is processed, how instructions are executed, and how input/output devices are interacted.

Design and develop efficient software

Knowing the architecture of computers allows you to design and develop software that adapts to the characteristics of the hardware, which can improve performance and efficiency.

Design and develop efficient software

Knowing the architecture of computers allows you to design and develop software that adapts to the characteristics of the hardware, which can improve performance and efficiency.

Optimize computer performance

Understanding computer architecture allows you to identify and optimize computer performance.

Optimize computer performance

Understanding computer architecture allows you to identify and optimize computer performance.

Diagnose and fix problems

Understanding the architecture of computers allows you to diagnose and troubleshoot hardware and software problems effectively.

Diagnose and fix problems

Understanding the architecture of computers allows you to diagnose and troubleshoot hardware and software problems effectively.

Learn about emerging technologies

Computer architecture is constantly evolving, so knowing about it allows you to stay on top of the latest trends and emerging technologies.

Learn about emerging technologies

Computer architecture is constantly evolving, so knowing about it allows you to stay on top of the latest trends and emerging technologies.

Improve Information Technology (IT) security

Understanding computer architecture allows you to identify vulnerabilities and develop strategies to improve computer security.

Improve Information Technology (IT) security

Understanding computer architecture allows you to identify vulnerabilities and develop strategies to improve computer security.

Benefits of Computer Architecture

Computer architecture offers a variety of paramount benefits that drive technological development and enhance the user experience.It contributes to a significant increase in the performance of a computer by allowing a faster and more efficient execution of tasks.Compatibility between different systems and components is possible, which speeds up the interconnection and interoperability of devices and software.

Benefits of Computer Architecture

Develop skills in engineering and programming

Knowing computer architecture is essential to develop skills in engineering and programming.

Topic 1.3Hardware

ICA1031 SOFTWARE IN ING. CIVIL

Group V1C

INTRODUCTION

The hardware refers to all the physical and tangible parts of a computer system, meaning everything that can be touched and serves as the physical foundation on which the software runs. Without it, the software could not function, as it is the means by which operations are carried out.

How is it useful in our lives?

Communication
Education
Work
Entertainment
Health

WHAT ARE MICROPROCESSORS?

MICROPROCESSORS

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

It is responsible for performing arithmetic, logical, and data control operations, but it produces heat, so it needs to be cooled with fans.

CPU

19712020

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS

2017

2008

2006

1993

1985

1982

1978

1974

1972

1971

2020

Intel 4004

Intel 8080

Intel 80286

Apple M1

Intel Pentium

Intel Core i7

Intel 8008

Intel 8086

Intel 80386

Intel Core Duo

AMD Ryzen

HDD (Hard Disk Drive):They use rotating magnetic disks and mechanical read/write heads.

SSD (Solid State Drive):They use NAND flash memory with no moving parts.

Emerging Technologies (Non-Volatile Memory Express):It is a transfer protocol specifically designed for solid-state drives (SSD).

Persistent Memories: Also known as PMEM, they combine the characteristics of RAM and non-volatile storage.

Storage Memories

WHAT ARE GRAPHICS CARDS?

The Graphics cards, or GPU

A graphics card, also known as a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), is a hardware component designed to process and render graphics on a computer. Its primary function is to handle graphical tasks, such as displaying images, videos, and animations, but it can also be used for complex mathematical calculations.

In civil engineering, it is used for:1. Designing plans and structures in software such as AutoCAD and Revit.2. Structural simulations, visualizing stresses and deformations.3. Modeling and analyzing terrain with geospatial data.Visualizing projects in 3D.

GPU

+info

2018

NVIDIA RTX

2006

NVIDIA CUDA

+info

1999

NVIDIA GeForce 256

1995

3dfx Voodoo

+info

1981

IBM CGA

19812018

The Evolution of Graphics Cards (GPU)

+info

The motherboard is the main board in the internal structure of a computer where the electronic circuits, processor, memory, and primary connections are located.When referring to the motherboard, it is a type of technology that has been present from the early days of computers to the present. It connects all the computer components, with its primary function being to control and manage all the elements.

Motherboard

WHAT IS IT?

Communication Interfaces

It allows two components to share information and operate together.Typically, these exchanges of information occur in the form of bits and are transported via dedicated cables known as a BUS.

WHAT IS IT?

2019

2018

2017

2002

2000

1996

usb, thunderbolt, hdmi.

Communication Interfaces

USB 1.0

HDMI 1.0

THUNDERBOLT 3

19962019

2013

2011

THUNDERBOLT 1

THUNDERBOLT 2

2008

USB 2.0

USB 4.0

HDMI 2.1

HDMI 2.0

USB 3.0

Peripherals are hardware devices that connect to a computer's motherboard and act as an interface between the user and the machine, serving functions such as inputting, outputting, or storing information.

Hardware Peripherals

WHAT IS IT?

Topic 1.4software

ICA1031 SOFTWARE IN ING. CIVIL

Group V1C

SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENTSOFTWARE

1940

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2010

Plantea una pregunta dramática; es el ingrediente esencial para mantener la atención del público. Se suele plantear de forma subyacente al inicio de la historia para intrigar a la audiencia y se resuelve al final.El contenido visual es un lenguaje transversal, universal, como la música. Somos capaces de entender imágenes de hace millones de años, incluso de otras culturas.

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1822

1822. Charles Babbage designed his "Analytical Artifact", a general purpose apparatus that was capable of performing any type of mathematical calculation. The analytical artifact designs were the first clear conceptualization of a machine that could execute the type of computational calculations that are now considered the heart of computing.

Chales Babbage's Analytical Artifact

Hyman, A. (2000). Charles Babbage: Pionneer of the Computer

1990

Los contenidos multimedia son esenciales para conseguir un efecto WOW en tus creaciones. Incluir un hilo musical, audios o efectos de sonido aquí… ¡Siempre suma!Utilizando recursos interactivos, lograrás distribuir la información en diferentes niveles, lo que la hará más comprensible. Además, la interactividad permite que la audiencia asimile las ideas que quieres transmitir de forma intuitiva y sin esfuerzo.

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1930

Take advantage of our resource bank or upload your own visual elements to enhance the storytelling of your creation.

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Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? Well, 90% of the information we assimilate comes through our vision, and we retain 42% more information when the content is dynamic. What you read: interactivity and animation can turn even the dullest content into something engaging. At Genially, we use AI (Awesome Interactivity) in all our designs, so you can level up with interactivity and make your content valuable and captivating.

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The iPhone was launched in June 2007 and revolutionized the smartphone industry. It was the first mobile phone with a touch screen and an intuitive user interface. The iPhone also introduced the App Store, which allowed users to download third-party applications. - "iPhone: The Missing Manual" by David Pogue (2007) - "Apple iPhone: A Revolutionary Mobile Phone" by Apple Inc. (2007)

2007

APPLE'S IPHONE IS LAUNCHED

Mesopotamia (~2000 A.C.) Description: It is believed tyhat the oldest abacus was used in the Mesopotamia to make simple calculations related to accounting, especially for the management of agricultural assets and resourcesEgypt (~1300 A.C.) Description: Althought there are no clear records of an Egyptian abacus simar to mesopotamian, it is known that the edipts used counting toolssuch as tables with marks to keep records Greece (~500 a.C.) Description: The Greeks developed a more avengeous form of the abacus known as the " Salamin abacus" a marble board with grooves where pleuras or pure tiles were placed to perform calculationsRome (~500 a.C. - 500 d.C.) Description: The Romanians inheritedthe abacus of the Greek and adapted it to their own numerical system (Roman numerals). They used a portutil versionof the abacus with small stones or metal beads on barsChina (~1200 d.C.) Description: The chinese abacus, known as Saunpan, made a significant advance in the use of abacus. The abacus has two level of accounts: the higher level has two accounts at each bar (representing multiples of five) and the lower level has five accounts ( which represent units), the suanpan allowed more complex calculations, such as multiplications and divisions.Japan (~1600 d.C.)West Asia and India

Cultures that adopted the abacus

1943

Early Electromechanical and Electronic Computers: Colossus (1943-1944): Used by the British to break codes in World War II. It was one of the first programmable digital electronic computers.ENIAC (1945): Considered the first general-purpose electronic computer. It used vacuum tubes and was developed in the USA for ballistic calculations. UNIVAC I (1951): The first commercial computer available on the market. It used vacuum tubes and was designed for business and scientific applications.

Colossus, eniac, univac i

First Generation

Martínez, F. J. (2001). Historia de la computación: De los inicios a la primera generación. Editorial Alfaomega.García, R. (2005). Las primeras computadoras: La historia de la informática desde sus comienzos. Editorial McGraw-Hill.

1960

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La interactividad y la animación pueden ser tus mejores aliadas a la hora de crear tablas, infografías o gráficos que ayuden a dar contexto a la información y simplificar los datos para traducirlos ante tu público. Somos seres visuales y nos resulta más sencillo 'leer' imágenes, que leer un texto escrito.Demostrar entusiasmo, esbozar una sonrisa y mantener el contacto visual con tu audiencia pueden ser tus mejores aliados a la hora de contar historias que emocionen y despierten el interés del público: 'The eyes, chico. They never lie'. Esto te ayudará a hacer 'match' con tu audiencia. ¡Déjales con la boca abierta!

Con las plantillas de Genially podrás incluir recursos visuales para dejar a tu audiencia con la boca abierta. También destacar alguna frase o dato concreto que se quede grabado a fuego en la memoria de tu público e incluso embeber contenido externo que sorprenda: vídeos, fotos, audios... ¡Lo que tú quieras!

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1843

1843. Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace suggested the idea of punched cards being adapted in ways that would cause Babbage's engine to repeat certain operations. And so he added explanatory notes that expanded its length to almost double the original. .

Lady Ada created the first computer algorithm

Lovelace, A. (2018). Notas de la traductora. En C. Babbage, Bosquejo de la máquina analítica

1679

The binary number system is a base 2 system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent all numbers. It is fundamental in computing because digital electronic circuits, such as those found in computers, operate efficiently with two states: on (1) and off (0). This binary representation simplifies circuit design and data manipulation at the hardware level, facilitating the operation of modern computing systems. (Patterson, D., & Hennessy, J. L. Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. 5ª ed. Morgan Kaufmann, 2017.)Patterson, D., & Hennessy, J. L. (2017). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. 5ª ed. Morgan Kaufmann.

Binary number system

1960

Integrated Circuits (ICs): They integrated multiple transistors on a single chip, reducing the size and cost of computers. The IBM System/360 is an important example of this generation. Minicomputers: Smaller, more affordable computers for businesses, such as the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

Integrated Circuits and Minicomputers

Second generation

Integrated Circuits and Minicomputers

García, R. (2012). La tercera generación de computadoras: De los circuitos integrados a los sistemas operativos avanzados. Editorial Alfaomega.Rodríguez, J. M. (2015). Historia de la informática: De la tercera generación a los microprocesadores. Editorial McGraw-Hill.

2019

Windows 10 was released in July 2019 and was designed to replace Windows 8.1. It offers a more secure and stable platform than its predecessors, with continuous updates and greater integration with mobile devices. Windows 10 also introduced a new user interface and greater support for virtual and augmented reality devices. - "Windows 10: The Official Guide" by Microsoft (2019) - "Windows 10: A New Era for Windows" by Microsoft ( 2019)

WINDOWS 10

1884

1884 Dorr Felt developed his "Comptometer", which was the first calculator that was operated by simply pressing keys instead of, for example, sliding wheels. It was also an adding machine with the advantage that you could press as many digits as you wanted simultaneously. .

The development of Dorr Felt

Williams, R. (2001). History of technology in the 19th century: Innovations and developments.

2012

Windows 8 was released in October 2012 and was designed to offer a more intuitive and easy-to-use platform than Windows 7. It featured a new user interface and greater integration with mobile devices. - "Windows 8: The Official Guide" by Microsoft (2012) - "Windows 8: A New Era for Windows" by Microsoft (2012)

MICROSOFT WINDOWS 8 IS LAUNCHED

2010

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2001

Mac OS X was released in March 2001 and was Apple's first Unix-based operating system. It was designed to replace the Mac OS 9 operating system and provide a more stable and secure platform for Mac users. Mac OS Reference" by Scott Meyers (2001) - "Apple Mac OS X: A New Era for Macintosh" by Apple Computer (2001)

MAC OS

600

Algebra

During this period, algebra developed significantly in the islamic world, especially through the work of mathematicians such as Al-Khwarizmi.Key Contributions: Al-Khwarizmi wrote a Kitab al Mukhtasar hisab al jabar wal mugabala ( The calculation book by completionand balance), which systematized methods to solve linear and square equations. This text is the origin of the term algebra and marked the beginning of a more formalized approach to the resolution of equationsKatz, V. J. (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction. Addison-Wesley.

2000

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¿Necesitas más motivos para crear contenidos dinámicos? Bien: el 90% de la información que asimilamos nos llega a través de la vista y, además, retenemos un 42% más de información cuando el contenido se mueve.Lo que lees: la interactividad y la animación pueden hacer que el contenido más aburrido se convierta en algo divertido. En Genially utilizamos AI (Awesome Interactivity) en todos nuestros diseños, para que subas de nivel con interactividad y conviertas tu contenido en algo que aporta valor y engancha.A la hora de llevar a cabo una presentación hay que perseguir dos objetivos: transmitir información y evitar bostezos. Para ello puede ser una buena praxis hacer un esquema y utilizar palabras que se graben a fuego en el cerebro de tu audiencia.

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100 a. C.

The Antikythera Mechanism it was discovered in 7901 in the remains of the nauragio near the Greek island of Anticilla, whereits name come from. It is believed that it was built around 100 BC, although some estimates place its origin at a somewhat earlier or later date. This device was used by the Greek Anligous to predict astronomical positions and eclipses.Source: Freeth, T., & Jones, A. (2006). The Antikythera Mechanism: The Construction, Functions, and Chronology of the World’s First Analog Computer.

Antikythera mechanism- 100 a.C.

2004

LINUX-BASED UBUNTU OPERATING SYSTEM IS LAUNCHED

Ubuntu was released in October 2004 and is a Linux-based operating system. It was designed to be easy to use and offer a secure and stable platform for users. Ubuntu is open source and is maintained by the developer community. - "Ubuntu: Up and Running" by Phil Bull (2005) - "The Official Ubuntu Book" by Benjamin Mako Hill and Jono Bacon (2006)

1622

William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented the calculus rule, a tool used to perform complex mathematical calculations such as multiplication, division, square roots and logarithms. Although it is not a computer in the modern sense, it was one of the first mechanical tools to perform calculations.Source: Cajori, F. (1915). A History of the Logarithmic Slide Rule and Allied Instruments.

Calculus Rule

History of computing (1622)

1801

Silk spinning revolution

1801. The Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard used a punched card mechanism to control the pattern formed by the threads of fabrics made by a weaving machine. The idea of Jacquard, which revolutionized silk spinning, was to form the basis of many computing devices and programming languages..

K rogh, S. R. (2007). The history of the Jacquard loom and its impact on the development of computer technology.

GIbson, W. (2000). The Jacquard loom: The influence of the first computing mechanisms.

Key figures such as Winston Royce and Barry Boehm, who helped formalize the process in the 1970s, influenced how software was documented. This documentation includes a set of documents that specify the characteristics and functions of the softwareThis system allows for effective communication between developers and clients, facilitating the planning and execution of software projects. It includes operating systems that manage hardware and provide a platform for running other applications.

Overview of Systems Software

Systems Software

Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft, used on personal computers, servers, and mobile devices. Its main function is to serve as an interface between the user and the hardware, allowing people to interact with the computer more easily and efficiently. The operating system enables users to create, copy, move, rename, and delete files, etc. It is very important to provide a user-friendly graphical interface and manage system resources.

1769

analytical machine

Especifically between 1769 and 1777, it is focused on the development of tools that facilitate calculations and data processing, although modern computing was still far from being a reality..

Smith, J. (1769). Historia de la computación de libros: Desde los primeros métodos hasta la revolución digital.

2024

- The GPT-4 is an autoregressive language model that uses a transformative neural network architecture. - It is trained on a massive data set of internet text and can generate coherent and relevant text in a variety of styles and formats. - The GPT-4 has a more advanced language generation and understanding capability than its predecessor, GPT-3.- "GPT-4: A New Generation of Language Models" by OpenAI (2023)- "Improving Language Understanding with GPT-4" by OpenAI (2023) - "GPT-4: A Review of the State-of-the-Art Language Model" by arXiv (2023)

GPT-4 NATURAL LANGUAGE MODEL LAUNCHED

2006

With the introduction of CUDA, GPUs began to be used for general-purpose computing beyond graphics, such as artificial intelligence, scientific simulations, and data analysis. CUDA enabled GPUs to perform massive parallel computations, marking the beginning of their use in supercomputing.An astonishing fact is that, thanks to CUDA, NVIDIA GPUs have been used to break records in scientific calculations, including protein simulations for biomedical research—something that was unimaginable for a traditional GPU dedicated solely to graphics.

The GPU Beyond Graphics

NVIDIA CUDA

1777

The work of Charles Babbage

He is known for his designs of the "Differential Engine" and the "Analytical Engine", which are precursors to modern computers. Although his machines were not fully built in his time, the concepts Babbage developed laid the foundation for future computing. His "Differential Engine", designed to perform mathematical calculations and generate tables of functions, was an important advance in automatic data processing.

Stein, D. (1998). Charles Babbage: El pionero de la computadora. Ediciones Akal

Swade, D. (2001). La máquina diferencial: Charles Babbage y la búsqueda de la primera computadora.

1999

Recognized as the first true "GPU" (Graphics Processing Unit), it was the first to integrate transformations and lighting calculations directly into the hardware. This offloaded these tasks from the CPU, enhancing graphical performance and enabling the creation of much more complex 3D environments.

Birth of the First GPU

NVIDIA GeForce 256

2000B.C.

Description: The abacus is one of the first mechanical devices of calculation, used by the ancient Mesopotiamians, Egyptians, Greek and Romans. The Abacus has a much older history. The first records of the use of abacus date back to approximately 2000 B.C in Mesopotamia. Over the centuries, the design and use of the abacus evolved in various cultures such as ancient China, Greece, Rome, Japan. Importance: It was the first tool designed to help in mathematical calculations and make it simplesource: Swade, D. (2001). The Difference Engine: Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer.

The Abacus 算盤

1995

This was the first dedicated graphics card for 3D acceleration. It revolutionized video game graphics by offering real-time rendering with texture smoothing, significantly improving visual quality and performance in games, marking a turning point in the video game industry.

Revolution of 3D in Video Games

3dfx Voodoo

2020

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2000

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2008

The Intel Core i7 processor was released in November 2008 and was the first quad-core processor for personal computers. It offered superior performance and greater memory capacity than dual-core processors. - "Intel Core i7: The First Quad-Core Processor" by Intel (2008) - "Intel Core i7 Processor: A New Era for Desktop and Mobile Computing " by Intel (2008)

THE FIRST 4-CORE PROCESSOR, INTEL CORE I7, IS LAUNCHED

1879

The development of Herman Hollerith

1879. At 19 years of age, Herman Hollerith was hired as an assistant in the US census offices and developed a counting system using punched cards in which the holes represented sex, age, race, among others.

Ceruzzi, P. E. (1998). Historia de la computación moderna.

McCarthy, J. (2000). History of Punched Card Systems: From Hollerith to Modern Computing

Díaz, M. (2005). Raimundo Vera and his calculating machine: Pioneer of computing in the 19th century.

1970

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2010

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1990

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1801

Charles Mahon's first logic machine

1801. The first logical machine was invented by Charles Mahon, the Earl of Stanhope. The "Logic Prover" was a pocket-sized device that solved traditional syllogisms and elementary probability questions.Charles Mahon, Earl of Stanhope (1753-1816), was a British politician, scientist, and inventor known for his contributions to engineering and technology. , among other fields. In 1801, he was primarily known for his work in improving printing technology and his developments in the area of machinery. In 1801, his The focus was on engineering and the improvement of machinery, although there is no specific text from that year that is widely recognized. For more details, it is useful to check academic libraries or historical archives specializing in the life and work of the Earl of Stanhope

Babbage, C. (2014). Pasajes de la vida de un filósofo. Editorial Huerga & Fierro.

Campbell-Kelly, M., & Aspray, W. (2004). Computadoras: Historia de la máquina de información.

1950

Transistors: They replaced vacuum tubes, making them more reliable and efficient. Examples include the IBM 1401 and the IBM 7094.Programming Languages: Languages such as FORTRAN (1957) and COBOL (1959) were developed, facilitating the programming and expansion of applications.

Transistors and First Programming Languages

Second Generation

Martínez, F. J. (2003). Historia de la computación: De la segunda generación a la actualidad. Editorial Alfaomega.García, R. (2007). Las segundas computadoras: La transición de los transistores a los circuitos integrados. Editorial McGraw-Hill.

Transistors and First Programming Languages

1642

Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, developed pascalina, one of the first mechanical calculators. This machine could make additions and subtractions using a gear system. It was an important advance because it showed that the machines could perform anthical calculations in an aulomatic wayImportance: Pascalina was one of the first attempts to create a machine that could automate calculations.source: Mahoney, M. S. (1973). The Mathematical Career of Blaise Pascal.

Pascal Machine

2000

The Itanium processor was released in May 2000 and was designed for high-performance servers and workstations. It was Intel's first 64-bit processor and offered superior performance and greater memory capacity than 32-bit processors.- "The Itanium Processor" de Joel Emer (2000)- "Intel Itanium Processor: A 64-Bit Processor for Servers and Workstations" de Intel Corporation (2000)

INTEL ITANIUM PROCESSOR

1854 y 1869

The development of the Boolean machine (1854 and 1869)

1854 The Development of Boolean Algebra was published by the English logician George Boole. 1869 The first logical machine to use Boolean algebra to solve problems faster than humans, was invented by William Stanley Jevons. The machine, called the Logical Piano, used an alphabet of four logical terms to solve complicated syllogisms.

Boole, G. (1854). An investigation into the laws of thought: On which the mathematical theories of logic and probabilities are based.

Morris, C. (2016). Boolean algebra and its applications.

1940

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2018

The RTX 20 series introduced real-time ray tracing, an advanced technique that simulates how light interacts with objects, creating incredibly realistic shadows and reflections. This advancement changed graphical standards in video games and other visual applications, bringing real-time rendering closer to the level of CGI movies.

Real-Time Ray Tracing

NVIDIA RTX (Ray Tracing)

It is a fundamental tool in civil engineering, as it allows professionals to design, analyze, simulate, and manage construction projects effectively and efficiently.The most useful programs in civil engineering are:

Civil engineering software:

System software:Civil 3DSKETCHUPETABS

Application software:AutoCADSAP2000 STAAD PRO

Development software:CivalgoSolidWorks Revit

1930

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1970

Microprocessors: They integrated all the CPU components into a single chip. The Intel 4004 (1971) was the first commercial microprocessor. Personal Computers: The Altair 8800 (1975) is considered one of the first personal computers. The Apple II (1977) and the IBM PC (1981) popularized the use of computers in homes and offices..

Microprocessors and Personal Computers

Fourth Generation

Microprocessors and Personal Computers

García, R. (2016). La cuarta generación de computadoras: Microprocesadores y avances tecnológicos. Editorial Alfaomega.Rodríguez, J. M. (2018). Historia de la informática: De los microprocesadores a la inteligencia artificial. Editorial McGraw-Hill.

2003

The AMD Opteron processor was released in April 2003 and was the first 64-bit processor for personal computers. It offered superior performance and greater memory capacity than 32-bit processors, and was designed to be compatible with both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems. - "AMD Opteron: The First 64-Bit Processor for x86 Servers" AMD (2003) - "AMD Opteron Processor: A 64-Bit Processor for Desktop and Mobile Computers" by AMD (2003)

FIRST 64-BIT PROCESSOR FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1893

1893. The first successful automatic multiplication machine was developed by Otto Steiger. Originally made for business, science immediately found a use for the device, and several thousand were sold in the forty years that followed.

Otto's successful machine.

Williams, R. (2006). The internal combustion engine: History and evolution.

Smith, J. (2011). The legacy of Otto's internal combustion engine.

According to ADA LOVELACE's notes, the term "software" was coined by JOHN W. TUKEY in 1957, but the concept of "reading successive instructions on Charles Babbage's analytical machine in 1822," on which Ada Lovelace worked and wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine, published in 1843, includes what many consider the first computer program.

Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks.

SOFTWARE

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: Some examples are: Windows, macOS, Linux.

Application software: Some programs are: Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint.

Development software: Some are: Slack, Postman, Git.

Also known as software applications, unlike hardware, which refers to the physical components of a computer, software is intangible and is classified into three groups according to the...

El software es un conjunto de instrucciones, datos o programas que le indican a una computadora como realizar tareas específicas.

Según las notas de ADA LOVELACE El término “software” fue acuñado por JOHN W. TUKEY en 1957 pero el concepto de “ lectura de sucesivas instrucciones sobre la máquina analítica de Charles Babbage en 1822, en la cual Ada Lovelace trabajó y escribió el primer algoritmo destinado a ser procesado por una máquina publicadas en 1843, incluyen lo que muchos consideran el primer programa de computadora.

1878

The invention of Ramón Verea

1878 Ramón Verea invented a calculator with an internal multiplication table; This was much faster than using carries or other digital methods at that time. With the ability to perform multiplications directly, something unthinkable for that time

Díaz, M. (2005). Raimundo Vera and his calculating machine: Pioneer of computing in the 19th century.

1981

IBM launched the first graphics standard for personal computers. Although limited to a palette of 16 colors and low resolutions (320x200), it marked the beginning of graphical development for PCs, initiating desktop graphical visualization.

First Graphics Standard for PCs

IBM CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)

1940

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1980

Y usa este espacio para describirlo. El contenido multimedia es esencial en una presentación, para dejar a todo el mundo con la boca abierta. Además, así sintetizarás el contenido y entretendrás a tu audiencia.

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2010

Windows 7 was released in October 2010 and was designed to replace Windows Vista. It offered a more stable and secure platform than its predecessor, with a new user interface and greater integration with mobile devices. - "Windows 7: The Official Guide" by Microsoft (2010) - "Windows 7: A New Era for Windows "from Microsoft (2010)

MICROSOFT WINDOWS 7 IS LAUNCHED

1673

Description: Designed by German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673, this machine was a significant improvement over Blaise Pascal's calculator. While Pascal's Pascaline could only add and subtract, Leibniz's machine could also perform multiplication, division, and square rooting through repetitive addition and subtraction. In summary, Leibniz's machine was a major milestone that marked a significant advance in the history of computing. He not only introduced technical improvements in automatic calculation, but also laid the foundation for the theory that would later lead to the creation of digital computers.Leibniz, G.W. (1703). Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire.

Leibniz machine or Leibniz calculator (1673)

1960

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1980

-Networks and Connectivity: Computer networks were developed, such as ARPANET, which evolved into the Internet. -Advanced Software: Graphic operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, and object-oriented programming languages, such as C++ and Java-MS, emerged. DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was first released in 1981, specifically on August 12. This operating system was developed by Microsoft for IBM and became a standard in the world of personal computers - Microsoft's first product was Altair BASIC, an interpreter of the BASIC language, released in 1975 for the Altair 8800 computer. However, The first Microsoft Windows operating system was released on November 20, 1985.

Networks, advances in software and Microsoft

Fifth Generation

Freedman, A. (2001). The Essential Guide to MS-DOS. Ziff-Davis Press. García, R. (2020). La quinta generación de computadoras: Inteligencia artificial y el futuro de la informática. Editorial Alfaomega.

1202

Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) (c. 1170 - c. 1250): Italian Mathematician known for his work Liber Abaci (1202) Where he introduced the Indo-Arabic numbering system in Eurpoe, replaced the hand system. This book also presents the sequence of Fionacci, a mathematical sucession that has applications in various fields. The introduction of the decimal system facilitated complex calculations and promoted advances in mathematics and scienceKline, M. (1972). Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times. Oxford University Press.

1202 Fibonacci

150 a.C. - 100 d.C.

Description: Instrument used by Greek astronomers to solve problems related to the position of the stars and planetsImportance:Although it is not a calculating device in the modern sense, help advance mathematical thinking and problem solving Source: Evans, J. (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy.

Astrolabe (~150 a.C. - 100 d.C.)

Development software cannot be attributed to a single person or entity; it is the result of contributions from numerous individuals and organizations over time.It is a broad and diverse category of programming and tools designed to assist in the creation and maintenance of applications, systems, and other types of software. This software is essential in civil engineering because it provides a robust platform for creating designs, managing processes, ensuring proper documentation, and advanced visualization.

Development Software

PYTHON

t is a programming language commonly used for creating websites and software, automating tasks, and performing data analysis. This means it can be used to develop a wide range of programs and is not specialized in any specific problem.

Correct! John Walker, along with a team of twelve programmers, founded Autodesk in 1982 and developed AutoCAD.

It is a set of rules or programs that instruct a computer to perform specific tasks; these are known as application software.John W. Tukey was the first person to bring the concept to life and also used application software in 1957.An application that assists in civil engineering is:

Application Software

AutoCADIt functions by providing a comprehensive platform for technical design, drawing tools, advanced modeling, and editing capabilities.Its precision makes it an essential tool in practice for professionals in fields such as civil engineering, architecture, and others.

1614

Napier developed logarithms to facilitate arithmetic calculations and in particular, to simplify multiplications and divisions. At that time, scientists and mathematicians had to deal with tedious and error prone calculations, especially in astronomy and navigation, where large amounts of data were handled. Napier wanted to reduce these complicated calculations to simpler operationssuch as addition and subtractionSource: Napier, J. (1614). Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio.

John Napier and the Logarithms (1614)

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