Educational Theories

Learning theories in the classroom

To motivate learners

To foster learning

Some of the most familiar educational theories are:

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Constructivism

Humanism

Sources: Roggeman Pamela, 2021 National University, 2024

Cognitive learning theory stems from the work of Jean Piaget (the founder of cognitive psychology) and focuses on the internal processes surrounding information and memory. It involves schema, the basic unit of knowledge, and schemata that build up over time. Explanation: Learning relies on external factors (like information or data) and the internal thought process. Application: Developed in the 1950s, this theory moves away from behaviorism to focus on the mind’s role in learning. Teachers who engage in cognitive learning might ask students about their experiences with the lesson and emphasize connections between past ideas and new ones. Incorporating student experiences, perspectives and knowledge can foster engagement with the material and help students feel respected.

Behaviorism has roots in the work of John Watson, who is often regarded as the father of behavioral psychology. Explanation: Behaviorism is concerned only with observable stimulus-response behaviors opens in new window, as they can be studied in a systematic and observable manner. Application: Learning is based on a system of routines that “drill” information into a student’s memory bank and elicit positive feedback from teachers and the educational institution itself. Students who do an excellent job receive positive reinforcement and are signaled out for recognition. Most teachers who use behaviorist principles focus on delivering prompt feedback to encourage student learning. They also implement reward systems that reinforce good behavior.

Constructivism promotes active, internal learning processes that use new information to build upon a foundation of previously acquired knowledge. Explanation: The learner builds upon their previous experience and understanding to “construct” a new understanding. Application: In constructivism, students take an active approach to learning. Rather than being “filled up” with knowledge, they construct meaning by interacting with the world around them. Promoting student autonomy by encouraging students to be active in their learning through experiments, open-ended questions are another tool for constructivist learning, since they can help foster classroom conversation and dialogue, which encourages students to think critically and form questions and solutions in real time.

Humanism emphasizes the importance of personal growth, self-actualization and whole-person development. Humanist learning theory emphasizes the unique needs and capabilities of each student and underscores the efficacy of a personalized education. Explanation: This approach focuses on the unique capabilities of each learner rather than the method or materials. Application: In the classroom, a humanistic approach might look like a teacher providing students with choices about what to study in order to promote autonomy and intrinsic motivation. It also emphasizes positive teacher-student relationships, making it important for teachers to form connections with each student. Humanistic educators might use discussions, group work and self-evaluation to encourage critical thinking and this sort of connection.