NEUROGLIA

By: MAgy & dany

Neuroglia

MICROGLIA

ACTIVITY

EPENDYMAL CELLS

MIELYN

OLIGODENDROCYTES

SCHWANN CELLS

ASTROCYTES

GLIAL CELLS

NEUROGLIA

INDEX

Greek "neuron" "Glia"

WHAT IS NEUROGLIA?

CNS

PNS

astrocytes

Made up of connexins

They form hundreds of aqueous pores that join adjacent cytoplasms. Ensures that all connected cells have similar ion concentrations and membrane potentials

GAP JUNCTIONS

BBB

Neurotransmitters

K+ Buffer

Gasoline

ASTROCYTES

BBB permeability

Provide secreted factors

Adequate association between the cells of the BBB Formation of strong tight junctionsProtective effects against endothelial cell deathRegulation of ion flow

Blood-brain-barrier

In absence of glucose in brain, it can maintain the brain for up to 5 to 10 min

GASOLINE

Glycogen reserve

Astrocytes store pretty much all glycogen in brain.Important energy reserve for neurons

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Blood glucose is found first with the astrocytic foot

Anaerobic glycolisis

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K+ BUFFER

Glutamate is released by neuron and captured by astrocyte.Astrocyte converts it into glutamine.Glutamine is released and can be used to produce more glutamate.** In other neurons, after being turned to glutamate, it's turned into GABA.

neurotransmitters

Glutamate–glutamine cycle

Glutamine synthetase: Glutamate-> GlutamineGlutaminase: Glutamine -> GlutamateGlutamate decarboxylase: Glutamate -> GABA

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• Dorsal root ganglion
• Autonomic ganglia

PNS

satellite cells

Node of Ranvier

They provide and maintain myelin sheaths in the axons

CNSMyelinates many axons

oligodendrocytes

PNSA single cell provides a single segment of myelin to a single axon.

Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

Contains ferritin, which stores ironand transferrin, which transports iron

Contains carbonic anhydraseThis catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2, dissipating pH gradients in the brain

iron metabolism

ph regulation

• Repair Schwann Cells (de-differentiation)
• Secrete trophic factors and cytokines that promote axonal repair and regeneration.
• Activate myelin autophagy to eliminate myelin and axons debris.
• Form Büngner bands, which are guiding structures to direct the growth of regenerated axons toward their appropriate targets.

Help repair peripheral nerves

Schwann cells:

myelin

black insulating tape

Myelin formation

1) Spiral wrapping around axon 2) Compaction (cytoplasm expelled)

Myelin sheath = Lipids and proteins

Myelination results in the accumulation of voltage-gated sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier

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SALTATORY CONDUCTION

b.c.s.f.b.

EmpenDymal cells

Microglia

Free radicles Nitric OxideCytokines

Microglia

Microglia

05:00

activity

Manu, D. R., Slevin, M., Barcutean, L., Forro, T., Boghitoiu, T., & Balasa, R. (s. f.). Astrocyte Involvement in Blood–Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 24(24), 17146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417146Schiera, G., Di Liegro, C. M., Schirò, G., Sorbello, G., & Di Liegro, I. (2024). Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier. Cells, 13(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13020150Salzer, J., & Zalc, B. (2016). Myelination. Current Biology, 26(20), R971-R975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.074Genotipia. (2019, 17 abril). Descubren un mecanismo fundamental para reparar los nervios dañados - Genotipia. https://genotipia.com/genetica_medica_news/celulas-de-schwann/

REFERENCES