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1966

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Listen

The Birth of CDCs

1960s

1960

The turbulent 1960s in the U.S., marked by civil rights activism and urban unrest, highlighted persistent inequality and poverty in many communities. This context led to the emergence of community development corporations (CDCs) as grassroots organizations aimed at empowering residents and addressing systemic issues in underserved neighborhoods.

Timeline

Reverberations of the Watts Rebellion

The violent arrest and beating of Marquette Frye sparked six days of civil unrest, with numerous deaths, injuries, and millions in damages, highlighting severe issues of poverty, unemployment, poor housing, and inadequate education faced by LA's Black community. This led to a push for social programs and policy changes.

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Los Angeles, CA

Landmarks Preservation Bill

Following the loss of NYC's historic Penn Station, a group of architectural and academic leaders organized to push for the successful passage of a landmarks perservation bill, designating over 19,000 structures (2% of the city's total buildings) and sixty historic districts.

New York City, NY

Special Impact Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corp.

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2020s

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Model Cities

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2020s

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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The Woodlawn Organization (TWO)

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

2020s

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Title VII - Economic Opportunity Act

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

2020s

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Opportunities Industrialization Center

2010s

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Child

2020s

1960s

New Communities, Inc.

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1970s

Fair Housing Act of 1968

1980s

1990s

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

2000s

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2020s

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Neighborhood Housing Services

2020s

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation

2020s

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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1970s

Listen

1980s

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2020s

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Expansion and Grassroots Organizing

1970s

Timeline

In the 1970s, CDCs gained momentum as urban neighborhoods faced continued disinvestment and economic challenges. These organizations expanded their roles, focusing on affordable housing development, local job creation, and providing social services, often filling gaps left by retreating government programs and private sector disinvestment.

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Asociación Puertorriqueños en Marcha

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

National People's Action (NPA)

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Institute for Community Economics

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Young Lords & Lincoln Hospital

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Community Development Block Grant Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Shelterforce Magazine

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Community Reinvestment Act

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Urban Development Action Grant Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Local Initiatives Support Corporation

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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1970s

Listen

1980s

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Policy Changes and New Funding Sources

1980s

Timeline

The 1980s saw CDCs adapt to a climate of reduced federal funding for urban programs under the Reagan administration. Many CDCs became more entrepreneurial, forming partnerships with private businesses and expanding their revenue streams to sustain community development efforts in an era of government cutbacks.

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Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Anti-Displacement Zoning

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

San Francisco, CA - Chinatown

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Enterprise Foundation

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

now Enterprise Community Partners

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Nehemiah Housing

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

Brooklyn, NY

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Boston's Linkage Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

Boston, MA

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Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Affordable Housing Act

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Resolution Trust Corporation

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Listen

Scaling Up and Professionalizing

1990s

Timeline

In the 1990s, CDCs matured and professionalized, often scaling up their operations and impact. Many embraced comprehensive community initiatives, addressing not just housing but also education, health, and economic development, while new policies like the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program provided crucial funding mechanisms for their work.

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HOME Investment Partnerships Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Annie E. Casey Foundation's New Futures Initiative

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

Comprehensive Community Initiatives (CCIs)

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HOPE VI Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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People's Platform

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

Washington, DC

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Philadelphia Association of CDCs

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Asset-Based Community Development

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Empowerment Zone Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program (CCRP)

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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PolicyLink

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

2003

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Listen

New Challenges and Innovations

2000s

Timeline

CDCs in the 2000s faced new challenges with the housing boom and subsequent financial crisis. Many shifted focus to foreclosure prevention and neighborhood stabilization, while also addressing emerging issues like environmental sustainability and equitable development in gentrifying areas.

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New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC)

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Dudley Street - Eminent Domain Authority

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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American Dream Downpayment Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Gulf Coast Housing Recovery

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Harlem Children's ZoneCradle to Career

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Neighborhood Stabilization Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Right to the City Alliance

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Codman Square Health Center

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

Boston, MA

2010

2010

2012

2015

2016

2019

2010

1970s

1980s

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1960s

Listen

Equity Focus and Collaborative Approaches

2010s

Timeline

The 2010s saw CDCs increasingly engage with issues of racial equity and inclusive growth. Many embraced collective impact models, forming cross-sector collaborations to address complex community challenges. Technology and data analytics became important tools for CDCs to measure and amplify their impact.

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2010

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2010

Affordable Care Act

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2010

2012

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2010

Choice Neighborhoods Initiative

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2010

Promise Neighborhoods Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2010

Sandy Recovery Improvement Act

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2010

2012

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2010

Standing Rock Protests

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2010

Opportunity Zone Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

2020

2020

2021

1970s

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2010s

2020s

1960s

Listen

Pandemic Response and Racial Equity

2020s

Timeline

As the 2020s begin, CDCs are navigating a landscape shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic, renewed focus on racial justice, and growing wealth inequality. Early trends suggest CDCs are emphasizing community resilience, digital equity, and innovative approaches to affordable housing amid changing urban dynamics.

1970s

1980s

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2020

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COVID-19 Response & Recovery Efforts

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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2020

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Black Lives Matter

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

1970s

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1960s

2020

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Special Impact Program

President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.

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Dorothy Height

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Dorothy Mae Richardson

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Slater King

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The Watts Happening Cultural Center, also known as the Mafundi Building, is a significant site in the Watts neighborhood and played an important role as a cultural center for local Black artists, activists, writers, musicians, filmmakers, dancers, and poets following the Watts Uprising. Today, the building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is home to the Watts Coffee House and the Watts Village Theater Company.

Westminster Neighborhood Association& Watts Happening Cultural Center

LA Weekly - Watts Coffee House

Los Angeles Conservancy - Historic-Cultural Monument

PBS SoCal - Watts Resilience & Legacy of Activism

The Westminster Neighborhood Association was the only building left standing on its block following the 1965 uprisings. The organization supported recovery by soliciting emergency donations of food, clothing, and money for residents impacted by violence, property damage, and trauma, and provided safe space for neighbors and community groups to organize and rebuild.

Presbyterian Historical Society: Westminster in Watts

Longtime legacy business and local gathering place, the Watts Happening Coffee Shop. Photo by Rita Cofield/Friends at Mafundi. (Source: https://www.laconservancy.org/learn/historic-places/watts-happening-cultural-center/)

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A. Philip Randolph

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Cecilia Moy Yep

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Rev. Leon H. Sullivan

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Jane Jacobs' 1961 book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" significantly influenced urban planning and community development. Her advocacy for diverse, mixed-use neighborhoods and community-led development shaped the philosophy of many Community Development Corporations (CDCs). These organizations, emerging in the 1960s and 1970s, embraced Jacobs' emphasis on grassroots solutions and neighborhood preservation, often focusing on rehabilitating existing housing and supporting local businesses.

Jane Jacobs

Wikipedia - Jane Jacobs