CDC Movement Timeline
Joanna Winchester
Created on September 3, 2024
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1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1966
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1965
Listen
The Birth of CDCs
1960s
1960
The turbulent 1960s in the U.S., marked by civil rights activism and urban unrest, highlighted persistent inequality and poverty in many communities. This context led to the emergence of community development corporations (CDCs) as grassroots organizations aimed at empowering residents and addressing systemic issues in underserved neighborhoods.
Timeline
Reverberations of the Watts Rebellion
The violent arrest and beating of Marquette Frye sparked six days of civil unrest, with numerous deaths, injuries, and millions in damages, highlighting severe issues of poverty, unemployment, poor housing, and inadequate education faced by LA's Black community. This led to a push for social programs and policy changes.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
1966
2020s
1960s
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1966
1966
1965
Los Angeles, CA
Landmarks Preservation Bill
Following the loss of NYC's historic Penn Station, a group of architectural and academic leaders organized to push for the successful passage of a landmarks perservation bill, designating over 19,000 structures (2% of the city's total buildings) and sixty historic districts.
New York City, NY
Special Impact Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1970s
1969
1966
1980s
1966
1990s
Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corp.
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1970s
1980s
1966
1990s
1966
2000s
Model Cities
2010s
2020s
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1970s
1969
1980s
1966
1990s
1966
2000s
2010s
The Woodlawn Organization (TWO)
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
2020s
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1970s
1969
1980s
1966
1990s
1966
2000s
2010s
Title VII - Economic Opportunity Act
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
2020s
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1970s
1969
1980s
1966
1990s
1966
2000s
Opportunities Industrialization Center
2010s
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Child
2020s
1960s
New Communities, Inc.
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1966
1966
1970s
Fair Housing Act of 1968
1980s
1990s
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1970s
1966
1980s
1990s
1966
2000s
2010s
Neighborhood Housing Services
2020s
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1960s
1966
1967
1967
1968
1968
1969
1970s
1980s
1966
1990s
1966
2000s
2010s
Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation
2020s
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970s
Listen
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1970
1972
1973
Expansion and Grassroots Organizing
1970s
Timeline
In the 1970s, CDCs gained momentum as urban neighborhoods faced continued disinvestment and economic challenges. These organizations expanded their roles, focusing on affordable housing development, local job creation, and providing social services, often filling gaps left by retreating government programs and private sector disinvestment.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Asociación Puertorriqueños en Marcha
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
National People's Action (NPA)
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Institute for Community Economics
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Young Lords & Lincoln Hospital
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Community Development Block Grant Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Shelterforce Magazine
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Community Reinvestment Act
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Urban Development Action Grant Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1974
1975
1977
1977
1978
1979
1970
1972
1973
Local Initiatives Support Corporation
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1970s
Listen
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1980
1981
Policy Changes and New Funding Sources
1980s
Timeline
The 1980s saw CDCs adapt to a climate of reduced federal funding for urban programs under the Reagan administration. Many CDCs became more entrepreneurial, forming partnerships with private businesses and expanding their revenue streams to sustain community development efforts in an era of government cutbacks.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Anti-Displacement Zoning
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
San Francisco, CA - Chinatown
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Enterprise Foundation
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
now Enterprise Community Partners
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Nehemiah Housing
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
Brooklyn, NY
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Boston's Linkage Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
Boston, MA
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Affordable Housing Act
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1982
1985
1985
1986
1988
1988
1980
1981
Resolution Trust Corporation
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1990
Listen
Scaling Up and Professionalizing
1990s
Timeline
In the 1990s, CDCs matured and professionalized, often scaling up their operations and impact. Many embraced comprehensive community initiatives, addressing not just housing but also education, health, and economic development, while new policies like the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program provided crucial funding mechanisms for their work.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
HOME Investment Partnerships Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Annie E. Casey Foundation's New Futures Initiative
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
Comprehensive Community Initiatives (CCIs)
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1994
1994
1995
1995
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
HOPE VI Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
People's Platform
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
Washington, DC
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Philadelphia Association of CDCs
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Asset-Based Community Development
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Empowerment Zone Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
Comprehensive Community Revitalization Program (CCRP)
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
1999
1990
1991
1991
1990
PolicyLink
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
Listen
New Challenges and Innovations
2000s
Timeline
CDCs in the 2000s faced new challenges with the housing boom and subsequent financial crisis. Many shifted focus to foreclosure prevention and neighborhood stabilization, while also addressing emerging issues like environmental sustainability and equitable development in gentrifying areas.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC)
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Dudley Street - Eminent Domain Authority
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
American Dream Downpayment Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Gulf Coast Housing Recovery
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Harlem Children's ZoneCradle to Career
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Neighborhood Stabilization Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Right to the City Alliance
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2003
2005
2007
2008
2008
2009
2000
2001
Codman Square Health Center
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
Boston, MA
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
Listen
Equity Focus and Collaborative Approaches
2010s
Timeline
The 2010s saw CDCs increasingly engage with issues of racial equity and inclusive growth. Many embraced collective impact models, forming cross-sector collaborations to address complex community challenges. Technology and data analytics became important tools for CDCs to measure and amplify their impact.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Affordable Care Act
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Choice Neighborhoods Initiative
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Promise Neighborhoods Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Sandy Recovery Improvement Act
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Standing Rock Protests
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2010
2010
2012
2015
2016
2019
2010
Opportunity Zone Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
2020
2020
2021
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
Listen
Pandemic Response and Racial Equity
2020s
Timeline
As the 2020s begin, CDCs are navigating a landscape shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic, renewed focus on racial justice, and growing wealth inequality. Early trends suggest CDCs are emphasizing community resilience, digital equity, and innovative approaches to affordable housing amid changing urban dynamics.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2020
1967
1968
COVID-19 Response & Recovery Efforts
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2020
2020
2021
Black Lives Matter
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
1960s
2020
2020
2021
Special Impact Program
President George Bush meets singer Michael Jackson at the White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum. White House. Jackson had been named “Entertainer of the Decade” by the Capital Children Museum.
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Dorothy Height
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Dorothy Mae Richardson
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Slater King
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The Watts Happening Cultural Center, also known as the Mafundi Building, is a significant site in the Watts neighborhood and played an important role as a cultural center for local Black artists, activists, writers, musicians, filmmakers, dancers, and poets following the Watts Uprising. Today, the building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is home to the Watts Coffee House and the Watts Village Theater Company.
Westminster Neighborhood Association& Watts Happening Cultural Center
LA Weekly - Watts Coffee House
Los Angeles Conservancy - Historic-Cultural Monument
PBS SoCal - Watts Resilience & Legacy of Activism
The Westminster Neighborhood Association was the only building left standing on its block following the 1965 uprisings. The organization supported recovery by soliciting emergency donations of food, clothing, and money for residents impacted by violence, property damage, and trauma, and provided safe space for neighbors and community groups to organize and rebuild.
Presbyterian Historical Society: Westminster in Watts
Longtime legacy business and local gathering place, the Watts Happening Coffee Shop. Photo by Rita Cofield/Friends at Mafundi. (Source: https://www.laconservancy.org/learn/historic-places/watts-happening-cultural-center/)
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A. Philip Randolph
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Cecilia Moy Yep
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Rev. Leon H. Sullivan
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Jane Jacobs' 1961 book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" significantly influenced urban planning and community development. Her advocacy for diverse, mixed-use neighborhoods and community-led development shaped the philosophy of many Community Development Corporations (CDCs). These organizations, emerging in the 1960s and 1970s, embraced Jacobs' emphasis on grassroots solutions and neighborhood preservation, often focusing on rehabilitating existing housing and supporting local businesses.
Jane Jacobs
Wikipedia - Jane Jacobs