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IÑAKI ALVAREZ ZINSER

Spill from a PEMEX pipeline in Cadereyta Jiménez, N.L.

IñakiAZ

Problem Situation

Foundation of the Structure and Transformation of MatterQ1028 | Group 101 | Period 1Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus PueblaMr. Jorge Lozano Aponte

A01736006 TEC

Now let's talk about it's geometry Methane (CH4):Geometry =Tetrahedrical Ethane (C2H6):Geometry = TetrahedricalPropane (C3H8): Geometry = TetrahedricalButane (C4H10)Geometry = TetrahedricalIsobutane (iC4H10)Geometry = Tetrahedrical

Iñaki Alvarez ZinserA01736006 TEC

Paraffins

OIl is mostly made of hidrocarbons so let's see which are its components.

Solubility = Insoluble in Water

Properties :- Molar mass in g/mol:Methane (CH4): 16.04 Ethane(C2H6): 30.07Propane (C3H8): 44.09Butane (C4H10): 58.12Isobutane (iC4H10): 58.12- Boiling and Melting points = LOW- Density in kg/m^3:Methane (CH4): 0.716Ethane(C2H6): 1.34Propane (C3H8): 1.97Butane and Isobutane(C4H10): 2.58

Now let's talk about it's geometry Cyclohexane(C8H12):MG = Chair ConformationEG =Tetrahedrical Molar Weight = 84.16 g/mol Density = 0.8 g/cm³Dimethyl Ciclohexane(C7H14):MG = Chair ConformationEG =Tetrahedrical Molar Weight = 112.21g/molDensity = 0.8g/cm^3Solubility = Insoluble in Water

Iñaki Alvarez ZinserA01736006 TEC

Naphthenes

Naphthenes are similar to paraffins, but the difference between them is that the naphthenes have carbon rings and a saturated amount of hydrogen atoms.

Properties :- Boiling PointCiclohexane(C8H12):80.7°CDymethil Ciclohexane(C7H14):Between 120°C to 130°C- Melting PointCiclohexane(C8H12):6.5°C Dymethil Ciclohexane(C7H14):Depends on Isomers but itis aproximately between -80°Cand -60°CAnd also due to that they occur in crude oil, they are chemically stable

AROMATICS

GEOMETRYGM: Planar hexagonGE: Trigonal planar(Excluding the methyl group in the toluene and Xylene)Solubility: Insoluble in Water 1. It occurs in crude oil and can be created by refining process2. Ring of six carbon atoms with double and single bonds and six attached hydrogen atoms.3. Benzene: Formed during the thermal decomposition of complex organic molecules in the Earth's crust

Water (H20)

Now let's see in the next slide the components of water which is the main cause of why it is insoluble with the hydrocarbons.

Polarity : POLAR (DIPOLE )
MG: Bent
ME: Tetrahedrical
Solubility: It is soluble in any other substance but because it is polar and the hydrocarbons non polar, they won't have any solubility

Water can create electrostatic interactions with other molecules, either polar or ions
It is known as a great solvent thanks to its polarity. This polarity causes the different interactions with polar and charged substances

H2O

WATER

The charges at the water molecule helps to attract other molecules, but oils are nonpolar, and they’re not attracted to the polarity of water molecules, now that oil is less dense than water, so it will always float on top of water.

Properties

¿Why does the oil remain on the surface of the river?

Molar Mass : 18.015 g/molDenisty : 0.997 g/cm³

A way to address the pollution caused by the oil spill disaster in Cadereyta involves the application of a method that uses chemical dispersants that play a very important role in breaking down the oil. This process helps with the degradation of the oil.

Solution 1 Dispersants

These are mainly composed of surfactants which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. When these dispersants are applied in an oil spill accident they reduce the surface tension and facilitate the formation of small droplets that make the task of dispersion into the water column easier. Starting with the surfactant interactions, this process involves the attachment of the surfactant molecules to the oil molecules with their hydrophobic tails while the hydrophobic heads remain on the water breaking the oil into smaller parts. If this method is applied to the event that occurred in Cadereyta, dispersants could be a very effective response but taking into account that this process should be managed carefully to not create other negative effects in the environment. As long as the dispersants are chosen wisely to create the least environmental impact they can suppose a really effective way of treating the oil spill that happened in Cadereyta

Bioremediation relies on the biochemical processes of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, fungi, and algae, that can metabolize hydrocarbons present in crude oil. These microorganisms use hydrocarbons as a source of carbon and energy, breaking them down into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass.

Solution 2 Bioremediation

Bioremediation involves oxidation-reduction reactions within microbial cells, allowing for the production of energy necessary for cellular respiration, maintenance, and reproduction.Focus will be given to bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus and Bacillus genus. Pseudomonas is a genus of bacteria that has a great capacity to break down hydrocarbons due to the presence of specific enzymes, such as oxygenases and dehydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hydrocarbons, which are nonpolar molecules and generally not soluble in water. Bioremediation is effective because it takes advantage of natural biochemical pathways that convert toxic hydrocarbons into harmless substances. Microorganisms break carbon-hydrogen bonds and incorporate oxygen, culminating in mineralization into carbon dioxide and water. Biostimulation, with the addition of nutrients, ensures that microorganisms maintain their enzymatic function and energy production, enhancing bioremediation as a viable ecological solution.

In conclusion, after looking at the facts, it could be said that it would be better to provide prevention measures so that these impacts are minor and thus protect the environment and the nearby community, now that this kind of oil spills not just affect the environment but also every ecosystem.

Conclusion

References

Socratic. (n.d.). What is the structural formula for methane? Retrieved from https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-structural-formula-for-methaneStudy.com. (n.d.). Ethane: Structure, uses, formula. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethane-structure-uses-formula.html Wikimedia Commons. (2021, June 1). Propane structural formula [Image]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Propane_Structural_Formula_B_V1.svg Toppr. (n.d.). Butane formula. Retrieved from https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry-formulas/butane-formula/Sirloong Gas. (n.d.). The use of isobutane in the production of plastics. Retrieved from https://www.sirloonggas.com/info/the-use-of-isobutane-in-the-production-of-plas-81709150.html

Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). Cyclopentane, 99%. Retrieved from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/es/product/aldrich/118389Harding, A. (n.d.). Cyclohexane. UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Retrieved from https://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/C/cyclohexane.html

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