What are the different elements that contribute to a nation's power in international relations?
How does Niall Ferguson define and measure power in the context of global politics?
In what ways does the concept of power extend beyond military capabilities according to the text?
a_________ enemy troops
p_________ violence
underestimate at our p____
make substantial defense e___________
have a special a_____ to
military p____
able to r_______ the US
e_____ power and population
w____ power
e________ rival
in the g___ of population decline
enviromental m______
a_____/ e_______/ c______ power
f_________ resourse
tend to be d________
POWER AND WEAKNESS |Robert Kagan
What are the key differences between American and European perspectives on power as discussed in the article?
How does the concept of power dispersion affect international relations according to the text?
What does Robert Kagan mean by the "psychology of weakness" and "psychology of power"?
THE NEW COOL WAR |David Rothkopf
In the Internet era, conflict is constant, invisible and deadlier than ever. No longer is the country with the biggest army or most missiles the most powerful — instead, those wielding the best algorithm can dominate, says foreign policy strategist David Rothkopf
What are the key characteristics of the "cool war" as described by David Rothkopf?
How does the article compare modern warfare to historical conflicts, such as the Battle of Nancy?
What implications does the rise of technology in warfare have for global power dynamics?
HOW AI WILL REVOLUTIONIZE WARFARE |Michael Hirsh
How do you think the integration of AI in military operations will change the nature of warfare in the next decade?
What are the risks associated with relying on AI for military decision-making, particularly in high-stakes situations like nuclear warfare?
To what extent should human judgment be involved in the deployment of autonomous weapon systems?
In what ways could AI enhance deterrence among major powers?
What measures can be taken to prevent accidental conflicts that may arise from AI misinterpretations or errors in military contexts?
What role should international organizations play in regulating the use of AI and other emerging technologies in military applications?
- u_____ in an era of a new kind of conflict - invisibility and d__________ - e____ with new technologies - s__________ in cyberwar - i______ enemies
- e_______ tensions - o_______ the need - the t_______ of the network - create new v__________ - shifting e_______ of power
- gain the virtual high g_____ - digital d_______ - attack e_______ into a major i________ - h___-s_____ area - provide s_________ against
- d______ and h___-t___ warfare - e_______ complex tools - e_______ non-state actors - potential for d_________ conflict - w_____ the best algorithm
efficacy of power
On the all-important question of power — the efficacy of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power — American and European perspectives are diverging.
a self-contained world of laws and rules
Europe is turning away from power, or to put it a little differently, it is moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation.
punitive sanctions
emphasize the stick over the carrot
When confronting real or potential adversaries, Americans generally favor policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasizing punitive sanctions over inducements to betterbehavior, the stick over the carrot.
the tilt toward unilateralism
As for the United States, there is nothing timeless about the present heavy reliance on force as a tool of international relations, nor about the tilt toward unilateralism and away from a devotion to international law.
to trade places
Two centuries later, Americans and Europeans have traded places — and perspectives.
the strategies of indirection
Partly this is because in those 200 years the power equation has shifted dramatically: When the United States was weak, it practiced the strategies of indirection, the strategies of weakness....
an intolerable threat
Indeed, Europeans and Americans differ most these days in their evaluation of what constitutes a tolerable versus an intolerable threat.
martial glory
When the European great powers were strong, they believed in strength and martial glory.
from time immemorial
This is no reproach. It is what weaker powers have wanted since time immemorial.
imperial thrashing
It was what Americans wanted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when the brutality of a European system of power politics run by the global giants of France, Britain, and Russia left Americans constantly vulnerable to imperial thrashing.
the ‘Mistress of the Seas’
The great proponent of international law on the high seas in the eighteenth century was the United States; the great opponent was Britain’s navy, the “Mistress of the Seas.”
as far as it goes
It is a sound strategy, as far as it goes.
through and through
The United States is a liberal, progressive society through and through, and to the extent that Americans believe in power, they believe it must be a means of advancing the principles of a liberal civilization and a liberal world order.
a real practical payoff
For Europeans, the appeal to multilateralism and international law has a real practical payoff and little cost.
soft-power tools
If Europe’s strategic culture today places less value on power and military strength and more value on such soft-power tools as economics and trade, isn’t it partly because Europe ismilitarily weak and economically strong?
SET 1
power
to endure enduring
to resort to
ultimate ultimately
to eradicate
vulnerable
to perpetuate perpetual
conducive to
sound
SET 2
ultimate goal
enduring values
sound advice
sound judgment
bargainingpower
the powers that be
beyond one’s power
enduring legacy
as a last resort
wield
hungry
power
rise to
veto
goal
test
ultimate
arbiter
authority
hardship
humiliation
to endure
pain
legacy
position
highly
vulnerable
feel
pressure
environment
highly
conducive to
to be
democracy
POWER
HARD/ SOFT POWER
USE OF FORCE
COERCION
UNILATERALISM
WEAKNESS
INTERVENTION
PREEMTIVE
SOVEREIGNTY
VIOLENCE
CONFLICT
R2P
- digital and high-tech warfare - embracing complex tools - empower non-state actors - potential for devastating conflict - wield the best algorithm
крен / уклон в сторону гегемонистского порядка
в сторону односторонних действий
склоняться к одностороннему порядку
обоснованный
надежный
разумный
прочный
Diverging Perspectives on Power
Historical Context
Psychology of Power vs. Weakness
Strategic Judgments
Cultural Analogies
Current Policy Implications
поменяться местами
state
to protect
to violate
the principle of
recognise
national
limited
threaten
Владычица морей
trigger/stir
resolution
ethnic/religious/armed/military
prevent conflicts
resolve conflicts
conflict of interest
internal/external
civil
in the aftermath of
eradicate conflicts
терпеть/ вытерпеть/ претерпеть
выдержать/ выдерживать
перенести/ переносить/выносить
пережить/ переживать
страдать
подвергаться
испытывать
выстоять
инструменты «мягкой силы»
прибегать
прибегнуть
обращаться
насквозь
вдоль и поперек
до мозга костей
непреходящее наследие
неоспоримое наследие
foreign
to begin
early
direct
military
to agree to/ approve
repeated
regulatory
political/economic unilateralism
opt for/ support/ endorse unilateralism in politics
reject/ condemn/ oppose unilateralism
aggressive unilateralism
to switch from
саморегулируемый мир законов и правил
самостоятельный
независимый
самоуправляемый
воинская слава
боевая слава
имперская расправа
противостояние
борьба
реальная практическая отдача
практический выигрыш
настоящая польза
to use
to resort to
to exercise
to question
the concept of
to tilt/shift in favor of soft/hard power
methods/ tools/instruments
a sign of
main
demonstrate/ show
political/military/economic
власть
сила
влияние
мощь
держава
annihilate enemy troops
perpetrate violence
underestimate at our peril
make substantial defense expenditures
have a special appeal to
конечная цель
основная цель
главная цель
сверхзадача
in the grip of population decline
enviromental malaise
assume/ exercise/ contest power
formidable resourse
tend to be dispersed
здравое суждение
здравый смысл
взвешенное
разумное
разумный совет
здравый совет
дельный совет
полезный совет
~ to resolve a conflict
to avoid
to condemn
to authorize
to justify
excessive
disproportionate
achieve political goals through
недопустимая угроза
нетерпимая угроза
неприемлемая угроза
- gain the virtual high ground - digital disruption - attack evolved into a major intrusion - high-stakes area - provide safeguards against
Definition of Power
Economic and Diplomatic Power
Demographic Considerations
Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Soft Power
Complexity of Power
власть предержащие
власть имущие
сильные мира сего
to exercise
to use
power of persuasion
military power
power of words
economic power
to lose
balance of power
to abjure power
ultimate
destructive
limited
at the height of
abuse of
economic/political/social
карательные санкции
карательные меры
переговорная сила
переговорные позиции
преимущество при заключении сделок
The Role of the Internet in Modern Warfare
The Network Paradox
Historical Context and Modern Implications
The ature of the Cool War
The Role of Technology and Data
The Need for Proactive Measures
military pygmy
able to restrain the US
equate power and population
wield power
erstwhile rival
искоренить/ искоренять
уничтожить
ликвидировать
устранить, покончить
избавиться, истребить
стереть
выкорчевать
- usher in an era of a new kind of conflict - invisibility and deniability - equip with new technologies - skirmishes in cyberwar - impede enemies
с незапамятных времен
испокон веков
отдавать предпочтение кнуту, а не прянику
implement the R2P principle
R2P doctrine
according to the R2P principle
support the R2P norm
question the effectiveness of the R2P principle
endorse/ embrace the R2P
political/ economic
means of
be free from
without
уязвимый
ранимый
незащищенный, беззащитный
чувствительный
слабый
неблагополучный
нестабильный
насколько это возможно
до известной степени
в крайнем случае
в качестве последнего средства
в качестве крайней меры
стратегии непрямых действий
стратегии косвенного воздействия
«Обходные пути»
увековечить/ увековечивать
закреплять/ закрепить
сохранить/ сохранять
продлевать существование
эффективность применения силы
действенность власти
эффективности власти
physical
breed/spread
incidents of
act of
use of
ban/condemn/prohibit
gender-based
directed against children/women/ethnic minorities
- elevate tensions - obviate the need - the terrain of the network - create new vulnerabilities - shifting equation of power
за пределами своих возможностей
за пределами своих полномочий
What are the key characteristics of the "cool war" as described by David Rothkopf?
How does the article compare modern warfare to historical conflicts, such as the Battle of Nancy?
What implications does the rise of technology in warfare have for global power dynamics?
power
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index
MIGHT MAKES RIGHT?
SPEAKING ABOUT POWER
WHAT IS POWER? |Niall Ferguson
POWER AND WEAKNESS |Robert Kagan
THE NEW COOL WAR |David Rothkopf
HOW AI WILL REVOLUTIONIZE WARFARE |Michael Hirsh
GLOSSARY
VOCABULARY QUIZ
TOPIC VOCABULARY
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
COLLOCATIONS
POWER WORDS
WHAT IS POWER? |Niall Ferguson
POWER AND WEAKNESS |Robert Kagan
THE NEW COOL WAR |David Rothkopf
In the Internet era, conflict is constant, invisible and deadlier than ever. No longer is the country with the biggest army or most missiles the most powerful — instead, those wielding the best algorithm can dominate, says foreign policy strategist David Rothkopf
HOW AI WILL REVOLUTIONIZE WARFARE |Michael Hirsh
- u_____ in an era of a new kind of conflict - invisibility and d__________ - e____ with new technologies - s__________ in cyberwar - i______ enemies
- e_______ tensions - o_______ the need - the t_______ of the network - create new v__________ - shifting e_______ of power
- gain the virtual high g_____ - digital d_______ - attack e_______ into a major i________ - h___-s_____ area - provide s_________ against
- d______ and h___-t___ warfare - e_______ complex tools - e_______ non-state actors - potential for d_________ conflict - w_____ the best algorithm
efficacy of power
On the all-important question of power — the efficacy of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power — American and European perspectives are diverging.
a self-contained world of laws and rules
Europe is turning away from power, or to put it a little differently, it is moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation.
When confronting real or potential adversaries, Americans generally favor policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasizing punitive sanctions over inducements to betterbehavior, the stick over the carrot.
the tilt toward unilateralism
As for the United States, there is nothing timeless about the present heavy reliance on force as a tool of international relations, nor about the tilt toward unilateralism and away from a devotion to international law.
to trade places
Two centuries later, Americans and Europeans have traded places — and perspectives.
the strategies of indirection
Partly this is because in those 200 years the power equation has shifted dramatically: When the United States was weak, it practiced the strategies of indirection, the strategies of weakness....
an intolerable threat
Indeed, Europeans and Americans differ most these days in their evaluation of what constitutes a tolerable versus an intolerable threat.
martial glory
When the European great powers were strong, they believed in strength and martial glory.
from time immemorial
This is no reproach. It is what weaker powers have wanted since time immemorial.
imperial thrashing
It was what Americans wanted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when the brutality of a European system of power politics run by the global giants of France, Britain, and Russia left Americans constantly vulnerable to imperial thrashing.
the ‘Mistress of the Seas’
The great proponent of international law on the high seas in the eighteenth century was the United States; the great opponent was Britain’s navy, the “Mistress of the Seas.”
as far as it goes
It is a sound strategy, as far as it goes.
through and through
The United States is a liberal, progressive society through and through, and to the extent that Americans believe in power, they believe it must be a means of advancing the principles of a liberal civilization and a liberal world order.
a real practical payoff
For Europeans, the appeal to multilateralism and international law has a real practical payoff and little cost.
soft-power tools
If Europe’s strategic culture today places less value on power and military strength and more value on such soft-power tools as economics and trade, isn’t it partly because Europe ismilitarily weak and economically strong?
SET 1
power
to endure enduring
to resort to
ultimate ultimately
to eradicate
vulnerable
to perpetuate perpetual
conducive to
sound
SET 2
ultimate goal
enduring values
sound advice
sound judgment
bargainingpower
the powers that be
beyond one’s power
enduring legacy
as a last resort
wield
hungry
power
rise to
veto
goal
test
ultimate
arbiter
authority
hardship
humiliation
to endure
pain
legacy
position
highly
vulnerable
feel
pressure
environment
highly
conducive to
to be
democracy
POWER
HARD/ SOFT POWER
USE OF FORCE
COERCION
UNILATERALISM
WEAKNESS
INTERVENTION
PREEMTIVE
SOVEREIGNTY
VIOLENCE
CONFLICT
R2P
- digital and high-tech warfare - embracing complex tools - empower non-state actors - potential for devastating conflict - wield the best algorithm
- gain the virtual high ground - digital disruption - attack evolved into a major intrusion - high-stakes area - provide safeguards against
- usher in an era of a new kind of conflict - invisibility and deniability - equip with new technologies - skirmishes in cyberwar - impede enemies
- elevate tensions - obviate the need - the terrain of the network - create new vulnerabilities - shifting equation of power