Want to make creations as awesome as this one?

Transcript

From SDGs to practical actions: urban planning

A focus on Goal #11

Photo by:TheOtherKev

This course provides an introduction to the main concepts around "Cities", as a fundamental element carachterizing human way of shaping Earth. The course explores today's challenges linked to:-The main features of SDG 11: the first stand-alone urban goal; -The relationship between sustainable objectives, strategies, policies and their implementation phases; -Methodologies and tools useful to describe cities’ complexity; - the "Heatlhy City" concepts -The role of governments and communities related to different kind of organizational structures

Welcome

Organizational structure of the Healthy City

Image by Pexels from Pixabay

The complexity of the SDG 11: a stand-alone Goal

This course is divided into 3 modules

The founding principles and aims of the Healthy City

Index

Piazza De Gasperi: a successful result

Organizational Structure of the Healthy City

Healthy Cities' Goals

Qualities for a Healthy City

Introduction

Principles & Aims of the Healthy City

Complexity & Goal 11

Conclusions

Complexity and Goal 11

PROCESS OF CHANGE

URBANIZATION

POPULATION

EQUILIBRIUM

Cities are central

Carbon emissions
Energy consumption
Planet's land occupancy

SDGs deepen the urban component by providing the first Urban Sustainable Development Goal (USDG): “to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”

Proponents of a standalone urban goal were numerous, demonstrating its utility in terms of coordination and support towards actors’ efforts

The 17 SDGs and their associated 169 targets, covering the years from 2016 to 2030, are applied to all 193 countries member of ONU

In 2015, the UN General Assembly has spread the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which constitute an integral part of the formal declaration known as 2030 Agenda, involving all sustainability dimensions at the planetary scale

A stand-alone Urban Goal

Tier 3Meaning that methodology is currently under development.

Tier 2Meaning that methodology exists but data are not widely available.

Tier 1 Meaning that methodology and data are available.

Indicators

Each indicator belongs to one category named ‘Tier’, depending on the level of data availability, specifically:

The SDGs global indicator framework, led by the UN Statistical Commission, count 247 indicators across its 17 goals and 169 targets. Around 6% (14/247) of the total indicators refers to SDG 11.

GOAL 11 INDICATORS' FRAMEWORK

TIER 2

11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically

TIER 2

11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries

TIER 2

11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons

TIER 1

11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

TIER CLASS
INDICATORS
TARGETS

TIER 2

TIER 1

11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)

TIER 2

11.6.1 Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities

11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

TIER 1

11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation people in vulnerable situations to global GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

TIER 2

11.4.1 Total per capita expenditure on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by source of funding (public, private), type of heritage (cultural, natural) and level of government (national, regional, and local/municipal)

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

TIER 1

TIER 2

11.b.2 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies

TIER 2

11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels.

TIER 2

11.a.1 Number of countries that have national urban policies or regional development plans that (a) respond to population dynamics; (b) ensure balanced territorial development; and (c) increase local fiscal space.

11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri- urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning

TIER 2

11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

Only four SDGs' indicators (11.1.1; 11.5.1; 11.6.2; 11.a.1) are categorized under ‘Tier I’ class, highlighting the strict necessity for the city to be involved in the existing ‘data revolution’ which implies to expand conversations and debates regarding leveraging technology, big data, and citizen science for ‘smart’ cities and improved urban planning.

No suitable replacement indicator was proposed. The global statistical community is encouraged to work to develop an indicator that could be proposed for the 2025 comprehensive review. See E/CN.3/2020/2, para. 23

11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

Founding principles and aims of the Healthy City

HEALTH

People’ physiological and pshychological status, balance, and potential

Complex interactions of our total physical and social environments

Promoting Health in Cities

'Health promotion determines a change from conceptualizing health as the absence of disease (the bio-medical approach) to a socio-ecological health interpretation centered on strength, resilience, and assets to health '

- World Helath Organization

A Healthy City is defined by a process and not just an outcome. A Healthy City is not one that has achieved a particular health status level, but it is conscious of health and striving to improve it. Thus, any city can be a healthy city, regardless of its current health status.

What is a Healthy City?

The Healthy Cities (HCs) movement, greatly promoted by the World Health Organization and in process for 33 years, has effectively recognized this great necessity and developed approaches to deliver health benefits among citizens generating much actionc worldwide. The movement embraces the importance of social-spatial and physical dimension of cities for health (WHO, 2015).

Health & Sustainability - evolution through time

1972

1987

1992

1996

2000

2012

2015

2016

HEALTHY CITY MOVEMENT EVOLUTION

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION

1977

1986

2000

2012

2018

Two parallel paths

1972

1987

1992

1996

2000

2012

2015

2016

HEALTHY CITY MOVEMENT EVOLUTION

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION

1977

1986

2000

2012

2018

Two parallel paths

1972

1987

1992

1996

2000

2012

2015

2016

11

From the planning group, Duhl and Hancock developed 11 qualities a HC should strive to achieve and that were listed in the very first WHO Healthy Cities Paper

2 People

The number of people guiding the group: Leonard J. Duhl and Trevor Hancock, who are recognized world-wide as the founders of the Healthy Cities Movement

1986

At the beginning of 1986, the WHO’s Regional Office for Europe in Copenhagen engaged a small group of health promoters to plan a WHO Europe Healthy Cities Project

10

11

Healthy Cities' Goals, according to the WHO

Goal 1

Goal 2

Goal 3

Goal 4

Goal 10

Goal 9

Goal 5

Goal 6

Goal 7

Goal 8

World Health Organization strategies for Healthy Cities

Implementation of the strategy within the local government that has to be translated into a city health plan derived from intersectoral partnerships and stakeholder engagement

Involvement of a varied range of stakeholders, also considering local communities which perfectly embrace the spirit of Agenda 21 thus abandoning an exclusively expert-led health agenda towards one that gives importance to the role of the community, enhancing empowerment and participation.

Necessity for cities involved to build a substantial political commitment linked to a shared vision at the local level

Terminology

Organizational structure of the Healthy City

Benefits

Why?

What?

National Healthy Cities Networks

7. Capacity-building

8. Participation in networking activities

9. Attend WHO European Healthy Cities Network meetings

10. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms

Requirements

1. Political commitment

2. Administrative infrastructure

3. Evidence-based policies-city health profile

4. Prioritized action

5. City health plans

6. Partnership

The Network became a non-profit, independent association

The Italian Healthy Cities Network (IHCN) was organized into a program

The HCs movement started informally

1995

2001

1989

Next

A practical example: the Italian Healthy Cities Network

Relationship between environment and health

Healthy lifestyles

Physical activity

Healthy eating habits

Sustainable mobility

Main activities focus on:

Further info on the network

Map of the cities which are part of the Italian Healthy Cities Network; the city of Modena heads the Network.

Phases

35

7 phases

The Network is currently involved into Phase VII (2019-2025)

11

The European project of HCs Network was formally disseminated between 1986 and 1988, initially involving 11 pilot cities, quickly growing to 35

5 years

It was based on five-year action plans, starting from 1988

A closer look to Phase 7°

2014 - 2018

2009 - 2013

Phases of the Network

1988-1992

1993 -1997

1998-2002

2003 - 2008

2019 - 2025

Participation
Peace
Prosperity
Planet
Places
People

A closer look to the core themes

In 2018, the WHO-EHCN (World Health Organization - European Healthy Cities Network) adopted the political vision until 2030: "the Copenhagen Consensus of Mayors: Healthier and Happier Cities for All".The document provided the core themes for the implementation of Phase VII (WHO, 2019):

PLANET

PEACE

PROSPERITY

PEOPLE

PLACES

PARTICIPATION

The phase 7: core themes

⑥ planet

⑤ peace

④ prosperity

③ participation

② places

① people

Modena
Padua
Udine

A practical example of application of the five-year cycle approach

Regarding the Italian context, Modena, Udine and Padua took part to Phase VII. Attention in particular on three topics over the six proposed by the European Network:

Planned Expenditures

Involved Actors

Next

€ 860,000

TMunicipality of Padua and its technicians, Community operator, local citizens and associations

2018 (inclusion in the public works’ list of the Municipality of Padua) 2021 (end of construction)

Construction Years

≈ 20,000 m2

Area

Micro – Neighborhood level

Scale

TPiazza Alcide De Gasperi, Padua

Location

A successful result: Piazza De Gasperi

Next

In a few decades, the area where the square is located has undergone a major change: from a ‘station area’ with serious drug distribution problems, to a new attractive center for the inhabitants and shop owners of the historical center.
A successful result: Piazza De Gasperi
Why?

THE SPREADING OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE COUNTS ON ASSESSMENT EXERCISES

TO ENSURE FURTHER PARTICIPATION AND COMMITMENT TO MORE ACTIONS

Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB/ARGs)

Engineered materials at the micro- and nano-size, including microplastics and nano-plastics

TO CONDUCT VALUABLE COMPARISONS WITH OTHER PARTICIPANTS

Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB/ARGs)

THE HC PROJECT HAS TO KEEP ITS OWN POLITICAL LEGITIMACY

TO DETERMINE MODIFICATIONS IN MUNICIPAL POLITICAL PROCESSES

consists of developing a set of indicators that are comprehensive both qualitatively and quantitatively, subjective and objective, that are analytical and holistic, and that, above all, consider the social context.

The real challenge

The question has constituted for years a key issue, raising a great debate on the possible existing ways to evaluate interventions in HCs

A key issue

Is the movement producing beneficial outputs or not?

Socio-economic indicators

Environ-mentalIndicators

Health Services

Health

SET OF INDICATORS

Next

ACTUAL REFERENCE FRAMKEWORK

URBAN GREEN

LIFESTYLE

AIR QUALITY

PUBLIC & GREEN SPACES

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION vs. PRIVATE VEHICLES

WALKABILITY

Air quality

A Healthy City focuses on active and public transportation, discouraging the use of cars and motorcycles. At the urban level, it means taking into account three main aspects: .

Percentage of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) by mode in each city

DELHI

LONDON

SAN PAULO

BOSTON

COPENHAGEN

MELBOURNE

CRIME

ROAD-ACCIDENTS

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Lifestyle

The contemporary lifestyle leads to a greater development of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDS the main cause of death), mainly due to a sedentary lifestyle, an unbalanced diet and unhealthy habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs); other causes of death/disability are traffic accidents and crime

Open-ended questions & opportunities are still in the making

WHAT TO DO?

Still, numerous gaps exist, and actors from the HCs movement are certainly aware of the significant limitations regarding the scale of action compared with original aspirations.

"If the WHO-ECHN has interests in maintaining its credibility in a world of public health still dominated by narrow research paradigms, in that case a modest investment should be considered to bringing again to light both intelligence and evidence that are produced by the Network’s activity, but which tends to be dissipated"

To propose a repeatable optimization that can work in different contexts and overcome the ‘case by case’ practice during the public-private negotiation phase.

Developing a well-structured conceptual framework as a fundamental preliminary step to support action

THE NETWORK'S ENDURING GAPS

Thanks for your attendance!

You can now proceed with the self-assessment examination, to make sure you have understood the concepts and contents of the module.Afterwards, you can access the final examination: if successfully passed, you will gain your Open Badge!

The Report refers to health as part of social sustainability and highlights its fundamental role in connection with the global necessity of having an adequate environment (Principle 1).The Report enshrines the first definition of Sustainable Development: “ [is the] development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

Health 2020: a European policy framework and strategy for the 21st centuryThe 53 countries of the European Region approved a new value- and evidence-based health policy framework for the Region, Health 2020, at the session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in September 2012. Health 2020 focuses on improving health for all and reducing health inequalities, through improved leadership and governance for health. It focuses on today’s major health problems. It identifies four priority areas for policy action and is innovative in terms of responses across all levels and sectors of government and society, emphasizing developing assets and resilience within communities, empowerment and creating supportive environments. It details the strengthened roles of public health services and the health system.

First Urban Sustainable Development Goal (USDG - Goal 11)Around 11% of the SDGs indicators concern health issue, and 33% of these urban health- related indicators are addressed by Goal 11 through a direct link

The Report refers to health as part of social sustainability and highlights its fundamental role in connection with the global necessity of having an adequate environment (Principle 1).The Report enshrines the first definition of Sustainable Development: “ [is the] development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

26 STOCKHOLM PRINCIPLES UN Conference on the Human EnvironmentThe Stockholm Declaration, which contained 26 principles, placed environmental issues at the forefront of international concerns and marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized and developing countries on the link between economic growth, the pollution of the air, water, and oceans and the well-being of people around the world. However, major critics were moved to the conference:“[it] was more concerned with identifying trade-offs between environment and development than with promoting harmonious linkages between the two”.The first reference to the possible “hazards to human health” (Principle 7) caused by sea pollution, appears.

The Report refers to health as part of social sustainability and highlights its fundamental role in connection with the global necessity of having an adequate environment (Principle 1).The Report enshrines the first definition of Sustainable Development: “ [is the] development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

. Increasing emphasis on partnership-based healthdevelopment plans. Core themes include healthy urban planning, healthimpact assessment and healthy ageing

NEW URBAN AGENDAUN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development - Habitat IIIThe New Urban Agenda provides a main vehicle for directly strengthening the SDGs in cities.Human health was established as a desirable outcome of SD, and for the first time it was put at the center of urban planning and governance discussions, beyond the provision of health care services.UN-Habitat however fails to provide a comprehensive monitoring framework

Promoting healthy urban planning and design

. Emphasis on intersectoral action, community participation andcomprehensive city health planning

AGENDA 21UN Conferenceon the Environment and Development (UNCED) - Earth Summit- Local governments recognized as oneof the leading partners in implementation- 2/3 of the total recommendations determine implications for citiesThe conference, resulted in a 500-page collection of agreed healthy practices, emphasizing how health constitutes both an essential objective for people and a main element at the basis of the Sustainable Development process

Promoting health and equity in all local policies, addressing inequalities in health through a social determinants of health approach andfully aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals agenda

26 STOCKHOLM PRINCIPLES UN Conference on the Human EnvironmentThe Stockholm Declaration, which contained 26 principles, placed environmental issues at the forefront of international concerns and marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized and developing countries on the link between economic growth, the pollution of the air, water, and oceans and the well-being of people around the world. However, major critics were moved to the conference:“[it] was more concerned with identifying trade-offs between environment and development than with promoting harmonious linkages between the two”.The first reference to the possible “hazards to human health” (Principle 7) caused by sea pollution, appears.

National networks were developed to overcome language and other barriers that could limit participation and adapt healthy cities’ goals to an extended variety of social, economic, political, administrative, and cultural European contexts.

Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements - Habitat II For the first time, the deliberation process included the extensive participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)If actors were interacting horizontally, vertical collaborations and engagements with government representatives were taking place with difficulties

ITALIAN HCs NETWORK AS INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION

30 years of activity of the HEALTHY CITY NETWORK

. Action on health and sustainable development and healthy urban planning. Action on key NCD risk factors. Addressing the social determinants of health. City health development plans-an essential tool. Partnership with other city networks in Europe

AGENDA 21UN Conferenceon the Environment and Development (UNCED) - Earth Summit- Local governments recognized as oneof the leading partners in implementation- 2/3 of the total recommendations determine implications for citiesThe conference, resulted in a 500-page collection of agreed healthy practices, emphasizing how health constitutes both an essential objective for people and a main element at the basis of the Sustainable Development process

"THE FUTURE WE WANT"UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) - Rio+20,Rio Earth Summit 2012The Conference emphasized that better health is a “precondition for, an outcome of, and an indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable development”

NEW URBAN AGENDAUN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development - Habitat IIIThe New Urban Agenda provides a main vehicle for directly strengthening the SDGs in cities.Human health was established as a desirable outcome of SD, and for the first time it was put at the center of urban planning and governance discussions, beyond the provision of health care services.UN-Habitat however fails to provide a comprehensive monitoring framework

UN Millenium Summit The UN Millenium Summit gave birth to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)The Millenium Development Goals gave form to a more practical expression of the balance between the economic, social, and environmental pillars.Sector goals were still placed in a too fragmented way separating environmental considerations from healthy ones

The Report refers to health as part of social sustainability and highlights its fundamental role in connection with the global necessity of having an adequate environment (Principle 1).The Report enshrines the first definition of Sustainable Development: “ [is the] development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

30 years of activity of the HEALTHY CITY NETWORK

. Goal 1: Fostering health and wellbeing for all and reducing health inequities. Goal 2: Leading by example nationally, regionally and globally. Goal 3: Supporting implementation of WHO strategic priorities

. Health and health equity in all local policies. Core thematic strands: caring and supportive environments, healthy living, healthurban environment and design

ITALIAN HCs NETWORK AS INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION

Health 2020: a European policy framework and strategy for the 21st centuryThe 53 countries of the European Region approved a new value- and evidence-based health policy framework for the Region, Health 2020, at the session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in September 2012. Health 2020 focuses on improving health for all and reducing health inequalities, through improved leadership and governance for health. It focuses on today’s major health problems. It identifies four priority areas for policy action and is innovative in terms of responses across all levels and sectors of government and society, emphasizing developing assets and resilience within communities, empowerment and creating supportive environments. It details the strengthened roles of public health services and the health system.

NEW URBAN AGENDAUN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development - Habitat IIIThe New Urban Agenda provides a main vehicle for directly strengthening the SDGs in cities.Human health was established as a desirable outcome of SD, and for the first time it was put at the center of urban planning and governance discussions, beyond the provision of health care services.UN-Habitat however fails to provide a comprehensive monitoring framework

Investing in a healthy start in life for children and providing support to disadvantaged groups such as migrants, unemployed peopleand people living in poverty

AGENDA 21UN Conferenceon the Environment and Development (UNCED) - Earth Summit- Local governments recognized as oneof the leading partners in implementation- 2/3 of the total recommendations determine implications for citiesThe conference, resulted in a 500-page collection of agreed healthy practices, emphasizing how health constitutes both an essential objective for people and a main element at the basis of the Sustainable Development process

Creating environments that support healthy lifestyles, including active living

"THE FUTURE WE WANT"UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) - Rio+20,Rio Earth Summit 2012The Conference emphasized that better health is a “precondition for, an outcome of, and an indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable development”

The Report refers to health as part of social sustainability and highlights its fundamental role in connection with the global necessity of having an adequate environment (Principle 1).The Report enshrines the first definition of Sustainable Development: “ [is the] development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements - Habitat II For the first time, the deliberation process included the extensive participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)If actors were interacting horizontally, vertical collaborations and engagements with government representatives were taking place with difficulties

First Urban Sustainable Development Goal (USDG - Goal 11)Around 11% of the SDGs indicators concern health issue, and 33% of these urban health- related indicators are addressed by Goal 11 through a direct link

“National healthy cities networks can be seen as organizational structures to inspire and motivate cities to join the healthy cities movement, to help them exchange information and experiences and to create more favorable social, political, economic and administrative conditions or the implementation of healthy cities strategies in their countries”

HEALTH FOR ALL STRATEGY BY THE YEAR 2000HEALTHY ESTABLISHMENT CITIES AS STRATEGIC PROJECT INITIATIVE IN OTTAWA EUROPE CHARTER"Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love." - The Ottawa Charter, 1986.This statement is at the heart of the Healthy Settings approach, which has its roots in the WHO Health for All strategy and, more specifically, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

"THE FUTURE WE WANT"UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) - Rio+20,Rio Earth Summit 2012The Conference emphasized that better health is a “precondition for, an outcome of, and an indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable development”

HEALTH FOR ALL STRATEGY BY THE YEAR 2000HEALTHY ESTABLISHMENT CITIES AS STRATEGIC PROJECT INITIATIVE IN OTTAWA EUROPE CHARTER"Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love." - The Ottawa Charter, 1986.This statement is at the heart of the Healthy Settings approach, which has its roots in the WHO Health for All strategy and, more specifically, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

Strengthening disease prevention programmes, with special focus on obesity, smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity

Investing in green, clean, child-friendly and age-friendly city environments

. Creating new structures and introducing new ways ofworking for health in cities. City health profiles-an essential tool

Strengthening local public health functions and the city's capacity to respond to public health emergencies

Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements - Habitat II For the first time, the deliberation process included the extensive participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)If actors were interacting horizontally, vertical collaborations and engagements with government representatives were taking place with difficulties

UN Millenium Summit The UN Millenium Summit gave birth to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)The Millenium Development Goals gave form to a more practical expression of the balance between the economic, social, and environmental pillars.Sector goals were still placed in a too fragmented way separating environmental considerations from healthy ones

UN Millenium Summit The UN Millenium Summit gave birth to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)The Millenium Development Goals gave form to a more practical expression of the balance between the economic, social, and environmental pillars.Sector goals were still placed in a too fragmented way separating environmental considerations from healthy ones

Investing in health promotion and health literacy

26 STOCKHOLM PRINCIPLES UN Conference on the Human EnvironmentThe Stockholm Declaration, which contained 26 principles, placed environmental issues at the forefront of international concerns and marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized and developing countries on the link between economic growth, the pollution of the air, water, and oceans and the well-being of people around the world. However, major critics were moved to the conference:“[it] was more concerned with identifying trade-offs between environment and development than with promoting harmonious linkages between the two”.The first reference to the possible “hazards to human health” (Principle 7) caused by sea pollution, appears.

Supporting community empowerment, participation and resilience and promoting socialinclusion and community-based initiatives

First Urban Sustainable Development Goal (USDG - Goal 11)Around 11% of the SDGs indicators concern health issue, and 33% of these urban health- related indicators are addressed by Goal 11 through a direct link

The National Healthy Cities Networks affect the structural framework in:- The potential for disseminating HCs ideas- policy innovation- policy transfer based on HC approach

. Leadership for health. City health diplomacy. Applying Health 2020 lens with emphasis on life-course approaches,community resilience and health literacy

Providing universal health coverage and social services that are accessible and sensitive to the needs of all citizens