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7 CONTINENTS

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A2 - ABENTEUER AUTOBAHN

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EUROPE PHYSICAL MAP

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TEN WAYS TO SAVE WATER

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GRETA THUNBERG

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FIRE FIGHTER

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Transcript

REFINERY PROCESSES

1. LOGISTIC PLATFORM

  • In oil terminals, the crude oil is unloaded and stored in large storage tanks, usually floating roof tanks, (100,000 to 150,000m3 capacity)
  • The crude is desalted in desalters.

  • Similarly, downstream of the refinery, there are all the storage tanks for refined products, generally smaller.
  • We recognize in particular the LPG storage tanks (butane and propane) to their spherical shape, maintained under pressure.

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2. CORE REFINING:A. Distillation Units (also called Separation units/ Fractionators)

The first stage of refining is to separate the various hydrocarbons according to their boiling temperatures by (atmospheric or vaccum) distillation leading to fractions corresponding to distillation ranges, called "cuts".

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2. CORE REFININGB. The Cracking Units (also called Conversion Units):

  • This step objective is to "break" the big hydrocarbon molecules (heavy) into smaller molecules (light) based on conversion processes, also called cracking processes.
  • Two main processes are Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) and Visbreaking (thermal cracking).

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2. CORE REFININGC. The Octane Upgrading Units:

  • In these units, the chemical transformation of aromatic hydrocarbons (cyclic hydrocarbons) to a high octane number usually takes place by means of a catalytic reforming unit.
  • Other methods, less frequently used, are isomerization and alkylation

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  • Used Catalysts
  • Various washing waste
  • Alkylation acids & others

3. CORE-REFININGC. The Treatment Units:

The final step here is to remove impurities as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals etc.

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3. OFF-SITES: A. Utilities

This term includes all that is necessary for the proper functioning of the refinery, but do not fall within the Refining Core business and therefore can, in this respect, be outsourced:

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  1. Management of energy utilities (electricity, steam, etc.)
  2. Water Supply
  3. Wastewater treatement, Waste treatment & Storage units (in-situ incinerator, sludge pre-treatment, etc.)
  4. Maintenance units: workshop, wash areas
  5. The living environment units: offices, canteen, infirmary, laboratory etc.

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Average crude oil processing capacity of a petroleum refinery is of 8 million tons per year or 180 000 bpd.The processing of the crude oil is completed in following three stages:

  1. Logistic Platform
  2. Core refining
  3. Off-sites

*The technomap will give us more details on the above given stages.