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Chapters 16 and 17
Brenna Bretzinger
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Transcript
Chapters 16 and 17
Monday, October 21
Go!
wow
Learning Objectives
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Kahoot: Identify Fallacies
Reminders and Preview
Announcements
Agenda
Announcements
- Persuasive Brainstorm Worksheet due Monday, October 21 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)
- Persuasive Audience Analysis Worksheet due Wednesday, October 23 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)
- Chapters 16 and 17 due Sunday, October 27 @ 11:59 (Connect)
Learning Objectives
- Define a question of fact, value, and policy speech and give an example of a specific purpose statement for each (Chapter 16).
- Explain the three basic issues of need, plan, and practicality, and their importance in persuasive speeches on questions of policy (Chapter 16).
- Discuss the three methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy (Chapter 16).
- Define the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility (Chapter 17).
- Discuss three ways a speaker can enhance their credibility (Chapter 17).
- Discuss the four tips for using evidence (Chapter 17).
- Define reasoning from specific instances, principle, causal, and analogical and explain the guidelines for using these methods of reasoning (Chapter 17).
- Identify and explain the ten fallacies in this chapter (Chapter 17).
- Identify three methods a speaker can use to generate emotional appeal when speaking to persuade (Chapter 17).
16
Speaking to Persuade
Pages 286-311 in The Art of Public Speaking
Types of Persuasive Speeches
Question of Fact
Deals with truth or falsity of an assertion
Question of Value
Deals with worth of rightness of an idea or action
Question of Policy
Whether a course of action should or should not be taken
+ Example
+ Example
+ Example
Policy Issues
NEED: Is there a problem that requires change from current policy? PLAN: What is the speaker's plan to solve the problem with the current policy? PRACTICALITY: Will the plan solve the problem? Will the plan create new problems?
Example
Problem-Solution
- Main Point I: Documents existence of problem
- Main Point II: Presents solution to the problem
Problem-Cause-Solution
Main Point I: Documents problem Main Point II: Analyzes causes Main Point III: Presents solution
+ Example
Example
Comparative Advantage
- Each main point explains why one solution is preferable to the other.
- Comparative advantage speeches are organized topically.
- Both solutions are presented in each main point.
17
Methods of Persuasion
Pages 312-339 in The Art of Public Speaking
Building Credibility
Using evidence
Reasoning
Appealing to Emotions
Credibility
Perception of speaker's competence and character (A.K.A. ethos)
Initial
Before the speech
Tip
Derived
Produced during the speech
Terminal
At the end of the speech
Evidence
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something (A.K.A. logos)
Use novel evidence
Make clear the point of evidence
Use credible evidence
Use specific evidence
Reasoning
Drawing conclusions based on evidence
Specific instances
Causal
Principle
Analogical
Fallacies
An error in reasoning
HASTY GENERALIZATION
FALSE CAUSE
INVALID ANALOGY
BANDWAGON
RED HERRING
AD HOMINEM
EITHER-OR
SLIPPERY SLOPE
APPEAL TO TRADITION
APPEAL TO NOVELTY
Emotional Appeals
Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc. (A.K.A. pathos)
Use emotional language
Develop vivid examples
Speak with sincerity and conviction
Make appropriate to topic
Don't substitute for evidence and reasoning
- Get into groups of 2-3
- Use your phone or laptop and go to kahoot.it.
- In your small group, try to identify the logical fallacies from the given statements.
Kahoot: Identify Fallacies
Reminders and Preview
- Reminders
- Persuasive Brainstorm Worksheet due Monday, October 21 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)
- Persuasive Audience Analysis Worksheet due Wednesday, October 23 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)
- Chapters 16 and 17 due Sunday, October 27 @ 11:59 (Connect)
- Preview
- Cover key concepts from Chapter 6
- Work time on Audience Analysis Worksheet
Appeal to Tradition
Definition: Assuming something old is automatically better than new. Example: I don't see any reason to abolish the electoral college. It has been around since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, and we should keep it as long as the United States continues to exist.
Appeal to novelty
Definition: Assuming something new it automatically better than old. Example: If you want to make friends, you have to wear the latest fashion and the trendiest gadgets.
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the U.S. Congress should pass legislation that will reduce lead levels in the nation's water supply. Central Idea: Because lead in the water supply is a serious problem in the United States, Congress should pass legislation reducing lead levels in our water. Main Points: I. Lead in our nation's water supply is a serious problem. II. Solving the problem requires action by the federal government.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION EXAMPLE
Invalid Analogy
Definition: Two cases being compared that are not essentially alike. Example: Students are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must students.
Definition
Moving from general principle to specific conclusion.
Example
- Major Premise: All people are mortal.
- Minor Premise: Socrates is a person.
- Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Guidelines
- Use major premise listeners will accept.
- Provide evidence for minor premise.
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Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Central Idea: There are three good reasons to believe that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake. II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon. III. Experts agree that an earthquake of 9.0 or above could strike California any day.
QUESTION OF FACT EXAMPLE
Definition
Comparing two similar cases.
Example
If you're good at tennis, you will probably be good at Ping-Pong.
Guidelines
- Avoid invalid analogy fallacy.
- What is true for the first case must be true for the second.
- Cases must be essentially alike.
Ad hominem
Definition: Attacking a person rather than dealing with the real issue. Example: The head of the commerce commission has a number of interesting economic proposals, but let's not forget that she comes from a very wealthy family.
Slippery Slope
Definition: Assuming the first step will lead to later steps that cannot be prevented. Example: Now that everyone is texting, posting on social media, and sending video messages, it's only a matter of time before people forget how to write complete sentences and the whole English language falls apart.
Bandwagon
Definition: Because something is popular, it is good or correct. Example: The governor must be correct in his approach to social policy; after all, the polls show that 60% of the people support him.
False Cause
Definition: Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Example: When a team from the NFC wins the Super Bowl, economic growth during the next year is stronger than when a team from the AFC wins the Super Bowl. Therefore, if we want economic growth, we should root for a team from the NFC to win this year's Super Bowl.
Got an idea?
Use this space to add awesome interactivity. Include text, images, videos, tables, PDFs... even interactive questions! Premium tip: Get information on how your audience interacts with your creation:
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- Activate user tracking;
- Let the communication flow!
- Passive Agreement: Convinces audience policy is desirable but avoids encouraging action to support policy.
- Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that there should be stricter privacy standards on companies that offer personal genetic testing.
- Immediate Action: Convinces audience policy to act in support of policy.
- Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to donate to the Wounded Warrior Project.
QUESTION OF POLICY EXAMPLE
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that our city should built a rapid bus system instead of a new highway. Central Idea: A rapid bus system will be cheaper and more effective than a new highway. Main Points: I. Research models show that we will save a million dollars if we build a rapid bus system instead of a new highway. II. Research models also show that a rapid bus system will reduce traffic congestion more than a new highway.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE EXAMPLE
- Explain competence
- Establish common ground
- Speak expressively and with conviction
Enhancing Your Credibility
Hasty generalization
Definition: Jumping to conclusion based on insufficient evidence. Example: College dropouts always make excellent businesses leaders. Just look at Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs. They all dropped out and went on to create powerful companies.
Definition
Establishing relationship between causes and effects.
Example
Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.
Guidelines
- Avoid fallacy of false cause.
- Do not assume events only have one cause.
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that action is required to deal with the problem of childhood obesity. Central Idea: Childhood obesity is a serious problem that can be controlled by changes in diet and exercise. Main Points: I. Childhood obesity is a major problem in the United States. II. There are two major causes of the increase in childhood obesity. III. Solving the problem requires dealing with both causes.
PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION EXAMPLE
Either-or
Definition: Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist. Example: The government must either raise taxes or eliminate services for the poor.
Definition
Moving from particular facts to general conclusions.
Example
My P.E. course last term was easy. My roommate's P.E. course was easy. My brother's P.E. course was easy. Therefore, P.E. courses are easy.
Guidelines
- Avoid hasty generalizations
- Qualify argument when necessary
- Reinforce argument with statistics and testimony
Red Herring
Definition: Irrelevant issue diverting attention from the actual subject. Example: How dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of life for all people in the United States.
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that elephant trophy hunting is legally and morally wrong. Central Idea: Elephant trophy hunting violates international accords and our duty to treat animals humanely. Main Points: I. Elephant trophy hunting violates international accords on species conservation. II. Elephant trophy hunting violates what moral philosopher Immanuel Kant says is our duty to treat animals humanely.