Chapters 9 and 10

Chapters 9 and 10

Wednesday, September 25

Draft Outline

Learning Objectives

Example Speech

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Reminders and Preview

Connectives Worksheet

Announcements

Agenda

Announcements

• Chapters 8, 9, and 10 due Sunday, September 29 @ 11:59 (Connect)​
• Draft Outline due Monday, September 30 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)
• COMS Tracks #1 due Sunday, October 6 @ 11:59

Draft Outline (15 pts)

• Submit a rough draft of your informative outline to Blackboard as a Word document or PDF.
• Does not have to be complete
• Ideally, you should have at least the introduction and two main points.
• Even if you don't reach this goal, turn in whatever you have so I can give you feedback on your work so far.
• There will be work time on Monday.

Identify three major patterns of organizing main points in a speech (Chapter 9).​

Explain the four kinds of speech connectives and their roles in a speech (Chapter 9).​

Identify the major functions of a speech introduction and conclusion (Chapter 10).​

Explain eight methods that can be used to gain attention in an introduction (Chapter 10).

Explain the methods a speaker can use to fulfill the functions of a conclusion (Chapter 10). ​ ​

Learning Objectives

Example Speech

• We will get into five groups, each one focusing on a different part of a speech:
• Introduction​

• Conclusion​
• Delivery
• Organization
• Supporting Materials
• Listen to the informative speech called "Medical Robots." As a group, take notes on what the speaker did well for your assigned section, using the questions provided to you as prompts. You will have some time to discuss with your group before you present your thoughts to the class.

Chapter 9:Organizing the Body of the Speech

Pages 154-171 in The Art of Public Speaking​

Topical

Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics.​

+ EXAMPLE

+ EXAMPLE

+ EXAMPLE

Spatial

Main points follow a directional pattern.​

Chronological

Main points follow a time pattern.​

Strategic Organization Types

• Transition
• Internal Preview
• Internal Summary
• Signpost

Connective: Word or phrase that connects ideas

Transition

Indicates speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another.​

Internal Preview

Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next.​

Internal Summary

Statement in body summarizing preceding point or points.​

Signpost

Brief statement showing where a speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas.​

Connectives Worksheet

• Find a partner to work with on this activity

• Complete the worksheet on Blackboard that focuses on creating transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews
• You and your partner will have about 10 minutes to come up with an appropriate connective between the outline excerpts.
• The first transition that you write should connect the section starting with "Over the years . . ." and "There are several reasons . . ."
• The second should provide a summary of the section starting with "There are several reasons . . ."
• The third should transition from the section starting with "Mental healthcare . . ." and provide a preview of the main ideas in the section starting with "The problem . . ."
• Be prepared to share your examples with the class

Chapter 10:Beginning and Ending the Speech

Pages 172-191 in The Art of Public Speaking​

8 Ways to Gain Attention in the Introduction

• Relate topic to audience​
• State importance of topic​
• Startle audience​
• Arouse curiosity​

• Question audience​
• Begin with a quotation​
• Tell a story​
• Use visual aids

Parts of the Introduction

• Attention getter: The device a speaker uses at the beginning of a speech to capture an audience's interest.​
• Credibility: Perception of a speaker's qualifications.​
• Preview Statement: Statement in the introduction identifying the main points of the body. ​

Conclusion

• Signal end of speech​
• Reinforce central idea​

Reinforce Central Idea

• Summarize speech​
• End with quotation​
• Make dramatic statement​
• Refer to introduction​

• Preview
• Cover key concepts from Chapter 11
• Bring your laptop for work time on your outline next week

Reminders and Preview

• Reminders
• Chapters 8, 9, and 10 due Sunday, September 29 @ 11:59 (Connect)
• ​Rough Draft Outline due Monday, September 30 @ 11:59 (Blackboard)

Signpost Example

The first cause of this problem is inefficient agricultural production. The second cause is recurrent drought in the affected countries. The final cause is the mismanagement of available food resources by local leaders.

Note: Transitions between main ideas may use signposts. A transition statement will connect main ideas, but a signpost focuses the audience's attention.

Transition Example

I have spoken so far of Cesar Chávez the community organizer, but it was his work as a labor leader that truly etched his name into American history. ​

Ineffective: Today I am going to talk about dreams, a subject that has always fascinated me. I will look first at why we dream and then at how psychologists interpret the meaning of dreams. Effective: You're being chased by an object of unspeakable horror, yet your legs can only move in slow motion. Each step takes unbearably long, and your frantic struggle to run faster is hopeless. Your pursuer gets closer, and your desperation turns to terror. You're completely helpless --eye to eye with death.Then you wake up, gasping for air, your heart pounding, your face clammy with sweat. It takes a few minutes for your heart and breathing to slow down. You reassure yourself that it was "just a dream." Soon you drift back to sleep.

Ineffective v. Effective

Take a look at these two pills. Do you notice a difference between them? How about these two? Do you see a difference here? How about these? To the naked eye, these pills are indistinguishable. But at a chemical level, they are very, very different. In each case, the pill on the left is real; it will help you get better. The pill on the right is counterfeit; it will not help you get better. In some cases, it may even kill you.

Example

Internal Preview Example

In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we'll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today. ​

Famous: Mark Twain once said, "It could probably be shown by facts and figures that there is no distinctly American criminal class except Congress."Personal: "It is a moment I will never forget. I glimpsed a flash of color in the thicket, and then I saw it -- a Bachman's Warbler, one of the rarest birds in all of America. I was so excited I could barely keep my binoculars from shaking." This statement was made by my father. He is just one of the millions of people who have discovered the joys of birdwatching.

Famous v. Personal

Internal Summary Example

In short, palm reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than five thousand years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, survived the Industrial Revolution, and remains popular today in many parts of the world.

Single: How would you respond if a loved one was the victim of terrorism?Single: What would you think if you went to the doctor because you were ill and she told you to watch It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as part of your treatment?Multiple: Have you ever gone fishing and lost a lure? Do you think about what happens to the lure? Do you wonder what happens when large fishing boats lose their equipment? What do you think happens to the nets, buoys, hooks, and lines that they leave in the ocean every day? The problem of equipment abandoned at sea by commercial fishermen is wreaking havoc on our environment. A recent study in Scientific Reports found that this "ghost gear" is responsible for destroying habitats, spreading harmful microplastics, and aiding invasive animal species.

Single v. Multiple

Chronological

I. ESports began in the 1980s as friendly competitions among friends.​II. ESports became a global phenomenon during the 1990s. ​III. ESports flourished through official tournaments in the 2000s. IV. ESports today draws more viewers than many traditional sports leagues.

Topical

I. As an entertainer, Josephine Baker captivated audiences in Europe and America.​ II. As a spy, Baker gathered information on Nazi activities in France during World War II.​ III. As a civil rights activist, Baker worked for racial equality on a variety of fronts. ​

This past month, more than 1 billion people around the world skipped lunch every day. They ate no food of any kind and drank no liquid of any kind from sunup to sunset. They did this every day during the month, and they do the same thing every year. I myself did it.Why? Last month was a time for tending to the mind, the body, and the spirit. Last month was the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

Example

#1: Climate change is moving faster than we are. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide are higher than they have been for 800,000 years. . . . The past five years have been the hottest period on record. We are in a war for the very existence of life on our planet as we know it.#2: Beach volleyball has grown from summer fun to an intensely competitive international sport, with 5 million participants in the United States alone. It's the fastest growing sport in NCAA history, with more than 75 sanctioned programs in its first decade. At the Summer Olympics, tickets to beach volleyball often sell out sooner than any other sport. Today, we'll look at the history of beach volleyball and some of the reasons for its spectacular growth.

Examples

Spatial

I. At the center of a hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye.​ II. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall.​ III. Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and precipitation called spiral rain bands.

Take a moment and think of the three women closest to you. Who comes to mind? Your mother? Your sister? Your girlfriend? Your wife? Your best friend? Now guess which one will be sexually assaulted during her lifetime. It's not a pleasant thought, but according to the U.S. Department of Justice, one of every three American women will be sexually assaulted sometime during her life.

Example

There I stood, wearing a surgical mask, in the middle of a large, brightly lit room. In the center of the room were five figures huddled over a table. I found it difficult to see since everything was draped in blue sheets, yet I didn't dare take a step toward the table. Then one of the figures called to me, "Angela, get over here and take a closer look." My knees buckled as I walked through the sterile environment. But eventually I was there, standing over an unconscious body in the operating room.

Example

Ineffective: Today I am going to talk about dreams, a subject that has always fascinated me. I will look first at why we dream and then at how psychologists interpret the meaning of dreams. Effective: You're being chased by an object of unspeakable horror, yet your legs can only move in slow motion. Each step takes unbearbaly long, and your frantic struggle to run faster is hopeless. Your pursuer gets closer, and your desperation turns to terror. You're completely helpless--eye to eye with death.Then you wake up, gasping for air, your heart pounding, your face clammy with sweat. It takes a few minutes for your heart and breathing to slow down. You reassure yourself that it was "just a dream." Soon you drift back to sleep.