2024 PATHS STAGE 2 AUDIO

pages 34 to 61

MEC ALEJANDRO ENRIQUE CRUZ VARGAS

STAGE 2 PATHS OF KNOWLEDGEINTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

2. Uses logical, critical, creative and puposeful thinking to analyze natural and social phenomena that allow them to make relevant decisions in their sphere of influence with social responsibility.Attributes:• Builds a point of view according to their importance and relevance.• Integrates and structures new knowledge that allows decision making with social responsibility.

GENERAL COMPETENCIES AND ATTRIBUTES

7. Makes academic and professional proposals that are inter, multi and trans disciplinary, in accordance with the best global practices for promoting and consolidating collaborative work.Attributes:• Identifies the way forward should a problem arise in collaborative work.• Proposes their points of view while respecting those of their classmates.• Works and participates with a positive attitude in different roles of assigned tasks.8. Usees traditional and cutting-edge research methods and techniques for the development of their academic work, the exercise of their profession and the generation of knowledge.

general competencies and attributes

5. Develops innovations and proposes solutions to problems based on established methods.5.2 Orders information by categories, hierarchies and relationships.5.4 Constructs hypothesis and designs and applies models to test their validity.6. The student has a personal stance on topics of general interest and relevance, considering other points of view in a critical and reflective way.6.1 Chooses the most relevant sources of information for a specific purpose and discriminates between sources based on relevance and reliability.6.2 Evaluates arguments and opinions to identify bias and fallacies.8. Participates and collaborates effectively in different teams.8.2 Provides points of view with openness and consideration of those of others reflectively.

GENERIC COMPETENCIES

CDBH 4. Recognizes the importance of science and technology and its role in the development of their community with philosophical foundations.CDBCE 1. Establishes the interrelationship between science, technology, society, and the environment in its specific historical and social contexts.CDBCS:1. Identifies social and humanistic knowledge as a construct of constant transformation.

BASIC DISCIPLINARYCOMPETENCIES

• Distinguishes the main events that led to the development of science and technology.
• Describes the steps of the scientific method and its application to different fields of knowledge.
• Identifies approaches that allow us to value the importance of science and technology in social development.

ELEMENTS OF COMPETENCY

NATURAL AND SOCIAL PHENOMENA

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

KNOWLEDGE

METHODOLOGICAL

THEORETICAL

EMPIRICAL

SCIENCE

2.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

gathering and domestication of animals and plants

control of fire, hunting

invention of stone tools

2.5 million years ago - - - - - - around 3000 BC

appearance of man to the invention of writing

PREHISTORY

They created tools and technologies

2.1.1 SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

Main discoveries: geometryHeliocentric theory by Aristarchus of SamosClassification of plants and animals AristotleConstruction of buildings like Parthenon and Colosseum

Aristotle observation first step for acquisition of knowledge

origin of scientific method in Ancient Greece systematic observations and first hypotheses

around 3000 BC - - - - - - - - 5th century AD

invention of writing - - - - - - - fall of Roman Empire

ANTIQUITY

2.1.1 SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

2.1.1 SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

2.1.1 SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

2.1.1 SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY

Obscurantism

the theory of blood circulation

science and technology were not a priority in Europe

invention of the printing press

the creation

MAJOR DISCOVERIES

Fall of the Roman Empire to Renaissance5th century AD - - - - - - - - - 15th century

MIDDLE AGES

CHEMISTRY

MIDDLE AGES

OPTICS

MEDICINE

ARCHITECTURE

ALGEBRA

main scientific and technological advances

proyecto futuro

MIDDLE AGES

ARAB WORLD

PERSIA

INDIA

CHINA

advances and discoveries

proyecto futuro

germinal theory of medicine

Boyle and Lavoisier laid the foundations of modern chemistry

Linnaeus´ classification of species

Newton´s law of universal gravitation

invention of telescope and microscope

Copernicus heliocentric theory

MAIN DISCOVERIES

15th century - - - - - - 18th century

from Renaissance to the French Revolution

2.1.2 modern science

MODERN AGE

Galileo Galilei used empirical observation and experimentation

science should be at the service of humanity (Bacon)

Francis Bacon considered founder of scientific method

demonstrated the validity of the law of free fall of bodies

focus on empirical observation and experimentation

MAIN DISCOVERIES

15th century - - - - - - 18th century

from Renaissance to the French Revolution

2.1.2 modern science

MODERN AGE

READ PAGE 38

2.1.2 contemporary age

Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) use of machines and railways

steam machine invention by James Watt

science and technology advanced

From the French Revolution (18th century) to the present day

2.1.2 contemporary age

2.1.2MODERN science

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

EVOLUTIONCHARLES DARWIN

CELL THEORY

19th century

2.1.2MODERN science

Marie Curie

Henri Becquerel

Hand Christian Orsted

RADIOACTIVITY

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

19th century

2.1.2MODERN science

ROBERT KOCH

LUIS PASTEUR

Discovered cholera bacillus

Tuberculosis bacillus and its vaccine

Rabies vaccine

Pasteurization kills harmful bacteria in foods

Microorganisms are the cause of fermentation

19th century

2.1.2MODERN science

click the video in the next slide for audio reproduction

COMPLEXITY THEORY

THE BIG BANG THEORY

QUANTUM PHYSICS

DNA STRUCTURE

ALBERT EINSTEIN´S THEORY OF RELATIVITY

20th century

2.1.2MODERN science

MOBILE PHONES

INTERNET

COMPUTERS

TELEVISION

ELECTRONICS

20th century

2.1.2MODERN science

21ST CENTURIES

MODERN science

MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES OF THE 21st CENTURY

MODERN science

MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES OF THE 21st CENTURY

MODERN science

STAGES OF THE SM

CONCLUSION

DATA ANAYLSIS

EXPERIMENTATION

HYPOTHESIS

OBSERVATION

FORMULATION OF QUESTIONS

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

2.2.1 steps of the scientific method

2.2 scientific method

FREQUENT STOMACH PAIN

FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS: ex. pain es related to spicy food

CONCLUSION: avoid foods that cause stomach pain

DATA ANALYSIS: analyze data collected , hypothesis correct or not

DATA COLLECTION: keep track of the stomachache

EXPERIMENT: remove spicy foods from diet

OBSERVATION: observe when the pain occurs

2.2.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: identify the source of the failure

EXPERIMENTATION: check power cable, replace fuse, inspect main board

HYPOTHESIS: bad power cord, blown fuse, etc

FORMULATION OF PROBLEM: why doesn´t it turn on?

OBSERVATION: the TV does not turn on

CONCLUSION: identify the problem or potential solutions

A BROKEN APPLIANCE AT HOME

2.2.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ALEXANDER FLEMINGDISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ALEXANDER FLEMINGDISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

BOOK PAGE 46 AND 47

2.2.2 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

READ EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

READ EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN PHYSICS

READ EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN CHEMISTRY

SCIENTIFIC LAW

SCIENTIFIC THEORY

2.2.3 SCIENTIFIC laws and theories

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNIQUE

SCIENCE

2.2.3 SCIENTIFIC laws and theories

INEQUALITY

SECURITY RISKS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

PRIVACY

DEPENDENCE

limits of technology

PatienceOrganizationTeamwork abilityAnalyze and synthesize infoEthics

Creativity

Rigor

Open minded

Skepticism

Curiosity

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHER

Essential for economic and social progress

Essential for advancement of society

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

2.3.2 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ITS IMPACT IN SOCIETY

expand our knowledge

impact on economic development

role in political and social decision-making

allows to understand the world

2.3.3 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY

skepticism towards new discoveries

censorship (atomic energy prohibited)

in Middle Age,. influence by Catholic church

BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES

2.3.3 IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY

STUDENTS READ EXAMPLES OF PAGES 55 TO 57

2.3.4 EXAMPLES OF RECENT RESEARCH

READ THIS TOPIC IN YOUR TEXTBOOK

2.3.5 EXAMPLES OF RECENT RESEARCH

STAGE 2

THANKS A LOT

WHAT IS SCIENCE ?

NAME THREE IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES OF MODERN AGE?

WHO SUPPORTED THAT HEALTH IS BASED ON THE BALANCE OF BLOOD AND HUMOURS ?

WHO PROPOSED THE GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM ?

These laboratories play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of fundamental physics, astrophysics, and geoscience. They offer a controlled environment for experiments that require extremely low background noise, enabling scientists to investigate phenomena that would be otherwise impossible to detect on the Earth's surface.

Construction of Gothic cathedrals and the invention of ribbed vault.

It can lead to a digital gap between different social and economic groups

Based on the results of the data analysis our conclusion is made.

4. Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), USA: • Research Areas: Dark matter, neutrino physics, geology, biology. • Notable Experiments: LUX-ZEPLIN, Majorana Demonstrator (dark matter), DUNE (neutrino oscillations). 5. Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM), France: • Research Areas: Particle physics, low-background experiments. • Notable Experiments: EDELWEISS (dark matter), LUMINEU (neutrinoless double beta decay).

set of abilities skills and procedures used to carry out a specific activity.

Next formulate questions that are focused on the problem or phenomenon to be studied.

Analyze the data collected, statistics and other techniques are used.

Major advances in philosophy, literature, medicine and science, important advances in medicine and pharmacology.

Generation of electronic waste and depletion of natural resources

NAME THREE IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES IN PREHISTORY

WHAT IS PSEUDOSCIENCE ?

The first step is observation, it can be direct or indirect.

Distillation and purification of substances, creation of perfumes and medicines.

Creation of hospitals and more advanced medical practices.

Avicenna wrote important treatises on medicine and philosophy, excelled in astronomy and mathematics.

Propose hypothesis to explain the phenomenon (potential explanations).

The process through which hypothesis are tested.

Knowledge acquired through observation, experimentation and data analysis with the aim of understanding natural social and universal phenomena.

Set of logical and systematic steps used to research and understand the natural world. It is a process based on observation hypothesis experimentation and review of results.

Advances in medicine especially acupuncture, techniques for making paper, porcelain and silk.

Development of the lens and its use in vision correction (Alhazen´s work)

1. Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Italy: • Research Areas: Neutrino physics, dark matter, nuclear astrophysics, and geology. • Notable Experiments: OPERA (neutrino oscillations), LUX-ZEPLIN (dark matter), Borexino (solar neutrinos). 2. Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), Canada: • Research Areas: Neutrino physics, solar neutrinos. • Notable Experiments: SNO (confirmed solar neutrino oscillations). 3. Homestake Gold Mine, USA: • Research Areas: Neutrino physics, dark matter. • Notable Experiments: Davis Solar Neutrino Experiment (confirmed solar neutrino deficit), LUX (dark matter).

WHAT WAS HIPPOCRATES CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE ?

WHAT MAJOR ADVANCES OCCURRED IN CHINA IN THE MIDDLE AGES ?

Excessive dependence leads to loss of skills and knowledge

It is the result of the application of science and technique to the development of products processes or systems to satisfy a necessity or improve people's quality of life.

WHY DO WE SAY THE MIDDLE AGES IS A TIME OF OBSCURANTISM ?

Computer systems can be hacked or data stolen

WHAT IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN ARCHITECTURE OCCURRED IN THE MIDDLE AGES?

NAME THREE MAIN DISCOVERIES OF ANTIQUITY

EXPLAIN THE GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM AND WHO PROPOSED IT.

TALK ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ARISTOTLE IN THE ORIGIN OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Developed a system for representing numbers using symbols, advances in astronomy, geometry and algebra.

people can lose control of personal information

Relation or pattern that has been repeatedly observed in nature and can be expressed mathematically, describe what happens and how it happens.

WHO IS CONSIDERED THE FOUNDER OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHOD ?

Broad and detailed explanation of a set of observable phenomena that have been verified through experimentation and research.

6. Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC), Spain: • Research Areas: Neutrino physics, dark matter, geology. • Notable Experiments: NEXT (neutrinoless double beta decay), ANAIS (dark matter). 7. JinPing Underground Laboratory (JUNPL), China: • Research Areas: Neutrino physics, dark matter. • Notable Experiments: Jinping Neutrino Experiment (studying low-energy neutrinos).

Arabic numeral system, introduction of the variable in mathematics, development of algebra.