Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing

Learning Objectives

Recognise the importance of referencing and citation in your work.

Identify what sources need to be referenced.

Define how and when to cite within your written work.

The Anatomy of an essay

Bibliography

Reference List

Image Section (Adding captions to Images)

List of figures (referencing images)

Main text (citations)

What is a reference?

Reference List or Bibliography

Drew, S. and Bingham, R. (2010) The Guide to Learning and study skills: For Higher Education and at work. Gower. Holmes, K. (2017) What employers want: The employability skills handbook. Bath UK: Trotman. McClean, S.T. (2007) Digital storytelling the narrative power of visual effects in film.

Reference

A reference is found in the Reference list and Bibliography on the last pages of the essay. This must be in alphabetical order by surname of the author or editors name.

Main Text

It has been suggested that ‘the narrative itself is the motivation for visual effects and how they are used’ (McClean, 2007, p.202)....

Citation

A citiation is found in the main text, this is a shorter version of a reference and leads the reader to a full reference in a Reference list or Bibliography.

What is a reference?

A reference is an acknowledgment to an author that you have quoted or paraphrased within your text.

A reference is found in the reference list or bibliography at the end of an essay.

A reference provides the information of the author, year of publication, title of the book/document, place of publication and the publisher.

What is a reference?

Year of Publication

Title

Author(s)

Drew, S. & Bingham, R. (2010) The Guide to Learning and Study Skills: for Higher Education and at Work. Farnham, Gower.

Publisher

Place of Publication

What is a citation?

A citation is a reference used within your text; every time you quote or paraphrase an author’s ideas or text.

A citation leads the reader to the full reference in your reference list/bibliography.

A citation provides information of the author and date of publication.

What is a citation?

Year of Publication

Author(s)

(Drew, S. & Bingham, R. 2010)

What is a reference list or bibliography?

A reference list includes all the sources that you have cited in your work.

A bibliography lists all sources that you have used plus any other sources that you have used in your research that have not been directly cited.

In some occasions, you might be required to provide both. Always check with your lecturer to be sure of what is expected.

what is a Reference List or Bibliography?

Task: From this bibliography, can you identify where these sources were found?

bibliography

Association of Illustrators. (2000). Images 24: the best of British illustration. Crans-Pres-Celigny: Rotovision. Brown, J., Brignone, S. and Ward, A. (2001). The modern garden. London: Thames & Hudson. Kotler, P. et al. (2002). Principles of marketing. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. National Museum Wales (n.d.). The process – from fleece to fabric. [online]. Available from: http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/wool/the-process/. [Accessed 10 August 2015]

Why reference?

For your benefit; to add authority to your argument and add credibility to your information.

For the reader; to understand the context of your work and to allow your reader to track down your research.

To distinguish between your ideas and someone else’s ideas.

What is a reference style?

A referencing style is a standard way of referencing your sources in the text and in the reference list.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities.

What should be referenced?

• Ideas, information, results, opinions
• Definitions of terms
• Illustrations, tables, figures drawn from sources
• Your ideas that are also those of an author you have read

Quoting, paraphrasing and Summarising

Quoting, paraphrasing and Summarising

• Use exact words

• Use quotes to support or illustrate your argument

• Avoid lengthy/frequent quotations

• Use the exact spelling and punctuation from the source
• Quotes are not included in your word count

Quoting

Formatting quotations

Short Quotations: Include quotations of less than one line in the main body of the text within single quotation marks. Example: 'In imitating gender, drag implicitly reveals the initiative structure of gender itself.' (Butler, 1990, p.74)

Long Quotations: Quotations longer than one line should be indented at both left and right margins and should use single line spacing. Quotation marks are not required. Example: Examining different methods of production, Sparke (2009, p.22) ascertains that:

Craft-making relies on the maker’s tacit knowledge and skill, based on repeated practice, and involves chance and an ability to improvise. Factory production eliminated these elements.

Quoting, paraphrasing and Summarising

Paraphrasing

• Involves restating someone else’s argument in your own words.

• Reduce it so that it is shorter than the original text

• Always acknowledge the original author

Helpful when: Describing different authors’ views on a topic. Providing research evidence to support your writing

Quoting, paraphrasing and Summarising

Summarising

• The key ideas of a piece of writing, restated in your own words
• Summarise when you want to shorten or simplify the source material, or give an overview of the whole resource

In-text examples

Emphasis on author

Emphasis on Research

McClean (2007, p.202) suggests that ‘the narrative itself is the motivation for visual effects and how they are used’. Commenting on (topic) McClean (2007, p.202) argues that ‘…’ As McClean (2007, p.202) points out ‘…’

It has been suggested that ‘the narrative itself is the motivation for visual effects and how they are used’ (McClean, 2007, p.202). One study by McClean (2007, p.202) found/suggests/ that… In analysis of (your topic) McClean (2007, p.202) found/suggested that…

Tips and Tricks

Square brackets tell the reader that the writer has inserted their own words into the quote.They can be used to add:

• Clarification
• Information
• Missing words

Example: 'The witness said: "He [the policeman] hit me."'

[Square brackets]

This is the three dots which show that some text has been omitted from the quote. Example: ‘Relaxation … assists one to cope with the situation’ (Turner, 2000, p.17).

Ellipsis (...)

You may sometimes come across a quote or summary from another author’s work, which you would like to make reference to. This is called secondary referencing or secondary citation. Secondary citations should look like the following: Research recently carried out by Brown (cited in Bassett, 2016, p.142) found that … or (Brown, 2008, cited in Bassett, 2016, p.142)

Secondary Citation

How to reference images - List of figures

As with any other material you must credit the source from any images you use in your work. This is an example of how a List of Figures should be displayed. This should be on a page by itself, positioned directly after your Table of Contents.

Figure 1: One of the best-known paintings by the Pre-Raphaelite artist Edward Burne-Jones. Burne-Jones, E. (1880). The golden stairs. [oil on canvas]. In: Wood, C. (1981). The Pre-Raphaelites. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p.121. Figure 2: Milton Glaser’s famous portrait of Bob Dylan.Glaser, M. (1966). Dylan. [online image]. Available from: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/ 8108. [Accessed 12 August 2019]. Figure 3: China 1944 by Cecil Beaton Beaton, C. (1944). China 1944: a mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital. [photograph]. London: Imperial War Museum Collection.

List of figures

Note: If the creator of the image is different from the creator of the work where you found it, reference the creator first and then the work where you accessed it.

How to reference images - In text

Figure 6: The Research Onion (Saunders et. al, 2007)

Image caption example

The caption always appears under the image and is always referred to by their number in the text, eg(figure 6). Captions will be formated as the following: Figure 1: A title for the figure. (In-text citation)

in text example

At the simplest level, Saunders' research onion (figure 6) describes the different decisions you'll need to make when developing a research methodology.

Referencing Tool

Neil's Toolbox