Unit 1

Civil War, Reconstruction, Westward Expansion

Unit 1

Unit 1- 3 subunits

Westward Exp

Reconstruction

Civil War

Civil War

How did pre-Civil War political turmoil divide the nation?

Essential Q:

SS.912.A.2.1: Review causes and consequences of the Civil War

Standard:

Contextualize your topic with a subtitle

Cause of the Civil War

Cause of the Civil War

- Supported policies that boosted farming & encouraged further settlement-Mining (Gold Rush)

West

-Agricultural slave plantation economy-Little federal government interference

South

- the old Northwest was dominated by small farmers while the Northeast became the center of manufacturing- strong federal government (tariffs-taxes on imports to protect American industry

North

Each region of the U.S. evolved it's own distinct social system

sECTIONALISM:

Douglass and Truth gave speeches and wrote books about the horrors of slavery. Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator, and Stowe's book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, helped to spread abolitionist ideas across the North

Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Sojourner Truth Harriet Beecher Stowe

: Reformers who wanted to abolish (eliminate) slavery

Abolitionist

Cause of the Civil War

The most explosive issue facing America was that of slavery. Pro-slavery Southerners argued that African Americans were inferior and acutally better off as slaves

Slavery

1. This led to the creation of the Republican Party in 1854, which did not oppose the existence of slavery in the South, but opposed its expasion 2. Southerners felt the only way to keep control of the Senate was by extending slavery to some of the of the new states.

Cause of the Civil War

A. The US controlled half of the Oregon Territory and acquired a large section of Mexico by 1853 B. Many Northerners were concerned that slavery would spread into the new territories

Westward Expansion

Missouri Compromise

Cause of the Civil War

Breakdown of compormise

1854

The Kansas Nebraska Act

1850

Compromise of 1850

1820

TIMELINE

1859

F. John Brown's Raid

1857

Dred Scott Decision

1854

Ostend Manifesto

Cause of the Civil War

Differences in Constitutional interpretation:

States Rights: Southerners argued that states had created the federal government by ratifying the Constitution and therefore had the power to leave it if they wished. A. Norhterners argued that "We the People" created the Constitution, not the states, and therefore states did not have the power to leave the Union whenever they pleased

Cause of the Civil War

Lincoln's Election and Secession of the South

The Election of 1860- Republicans nomiated Abraham Lincoln. Democrats were divided between Northern and Southern, and a new party (the Constitutional Party) nominated a candidate as well. -Lincoln wins with only 39% of the popular vote and not a single single Southern electoral vote -South Carolina immediately secedes (leaves) the Union and is quickly followed by six other states. The confederate States of America are formed with Jefferson Davis as President

South

• White Southerners were defending their way of life
• Southern military leadership (exp: Robert E. Lee, "Stonewall" Jackson)
• Were fighting a defensive war, the North had to come to them

North

• Much larger population (22 million to 5.5 million free persons in the South)
• More industrialized: more railroads, factories, mines, roads, and canals
• More coal, iron, gold, and other natural resources.
• Control of the Navy

Advantages

Southern Strategy:

• A defensive strategy: the South hoped to defeat Union attacks, show the North that this would not be easy to win, and have the public lose interest in the war.
• The South also hoped to gain support from foreign countries that depended on Southern Cotton

Southern sTRATEGY

Union Strategy:

• Strangling the South with a naval blockade
• Using the Navy to seize control of the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in two
• Take over the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Course of the Civil War

nORTHERN sTRATEGY

Battle of Bull Run

The opening battle of the Civil War was fought at the Battle of Bull Run (Confederate Victory)

Battle of Antietam

The single bloodiest day of the war. The war had been about preserving the Union. By making the war about ending slavery Lincoln would end the Chance of British and French support to the Confederacy, satisfy abolistionists, and show that Lincoln personally hated slavery

Emancipation Proclamation

• Issued on September 22,1862
• Announced all slaves in states in rebellion would be freed
• The Union began recruiting African American troops

Battle of Gettysburg

Confederate General Lee advances into the North and is defeated at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in July 1863

• More than 50,000 troops were killed or injured. Lee retreats
• Lincoln honors the Union losses in his Gettysburg Address

Course of the Civil War Battles

Battle of Vicksburg

After a 47 day siege, the last major fortified Confederate town on the Mississippi River falls to the Union and General Ulysses S. Grant on the day after the Battle of Gettysburg. This gives control of the river to the North.

Last Year of War

• Lincoln appoints General Grant as his supreme commander.
• Lincoln wins re-election in 1864 following these victories
• By 1865, Confederate forces are on the ropes and Gratn advances on the Confederate captiol of Richmond, VA and takes the city on April 3, 1865

The End

• On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox, virtually ending the Civil War.
• On April 14, 1865, Lincoln is assassinated by Southern-sympathizer John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford's theater in Washington

Course of the Civil War Battles

The consequences of the war

1. The Civil War ended slavery
2. The power of the federal government is strengthened
3. Re-affirmed the existence of the Union
4. 600,000 lives were lost

Florida in focus: civil war

1. Only had 140,000 residents in 1860, 40% of them were slaves
2. Joined the Confederacy in Februrary of 1861
3. The North tried to enforce a blockade along Florida's coastline and occupied Ft. Pickens near Pensacola and controlled Key West as well. Federal forces also seixed control of Apalachicola, Cedar Keys, Fernandina, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Tampa.
4. Floridians often successfully ran the Union blockades, bringing in cargos from Cuba and the Bahamas
5. Provided the Confederacy with produce and cattle
6. The largest battle fought in Florida was the Battle of Olustee in 1864, where 5200 Confederate troops defeated 5000 Union soldiers. Further Confederate victories occurred at Gainesville. Cedar Keys, and Natural Bridge.
7. The war ended in Florida on May 10, 1865, when Tallahassee was occupied by federal forces

Reconstruction

Essential Q:

Standard:

Contextualize your topic with a subtitle

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

The war had destroyed two thirds of southern shipping and 9,000 miles of railroads. It had destroyed farmland, farm buildings and farm machinery, work animals, and 1/3 of livestock. The North had lost 364,000 soldiers, including 38,000 African Americans. The South, 260,000 soldiers 1/5 of its white men. 1 out of every 3 men were killed or injured. After the Civil war, the south was in shambles. The South needs to be rebuilt. The North now has to decide what they are going to with the South. They were once their enemy, but they are also a part of the United States. Should they punish them? What would you do?

Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction (1865-1877): attempt to repair damage to the South & bring southern states to the Union
1. Black Southerners- 4 million freed- now homeless, jobless, & hungry
2. Plantation owners lost slave labor worth 3 billion. Couldn't afford to hire workers
3. Poor White Southerners no work, many moved west.

Congress

Johnson

Lincoln

Reconstruction plans

• Many Republicans in Congress objected to his plan
• Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) which proposed more demanding terms:
• 50% of voters of a state to take loalty oath
• Only permitted non-Confederates to vote for new state constitution

Reaction to

Reconstruction Plans

• Lenient
• Pardoned Confederates who swore alligence to the Union

• They also had to be accept the Emancipation Proclamation to be readmitted
• state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitamate by the United States president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath

Lincoln's Plan- 10% plan

• Southern voters chose former Confederate leaders to represent them in the new Congress.
• Passed “Black Codes” – restrictive laws based on the slave codes of the past
• Defined freedmen as “persons of color,” and then prevented such persons from voting, serving on juries, testifying in court against whites, holding office, or serving in the state militia

Black Codes

Reconstruction Plans

• Offered amnesty upon oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers - Granted 13,500 special pardons
• Must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts

• Revival of southern defiance - Black Codes

Johnson's plan: presidential reconstruction

Reconstruction Plans

• Congressional Radical Republicans rejected Johnson's plans and clashed with him many times
• Civil Rights Act of 1866- declared all people born in the US citizens and deserving of equal rights
• Reconstruction Act of 1867- placed the South under military occupation (divided the South into 5 military districts)
• States had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted

Congressional reconstruction

Impeachment

• Congress also passed the Tenure of Office Act- Limits the President's power to dismiss his own cabinet members
• Johnson refused to obey and dismissed the Secretary of War - led to impeachment
• First President to be impeached
• Ulysses S. Grant was elected as the next President of the United states

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery in th United States

Free

14th Amendment

Citizenship Rights

Citizens

15th Amendment

African American males obtained the right to vote

Vote

Reconstruction Amendments

Reconstruction governments

• Giving the vote to freedmen created new conditions in the South
• Carpetbaggers- term used by Southern newspapers for new arrivals from the North
• teachers, businessmen, political leaders & greedy men
• Some Northerners came to help freedmen while other came for new business opportunities
• Scalawags - Southern whites who supported Reconstruction

New Opportunities

• African Americans filled numerous posts in states government
• Hiram Rhodes Revels- first African American to sit in Congress when elected as Senator from Mississippi in 1870
• 15 other African Americans sat in Congress during Reconstruction
• Other accomplishments- creation of a system of public schools, laws banning racial discrimination, and the encouragement of investment in railroads

Problems

• Government was often guilty of corruption
• Faced great financial difficulties
• Southerners resented Northern interference and refused to recognize African Americans as social equals
• Without changing white Southerners attitudes or giving African Americans greater resources, Reconstruction policies were ultimately doomed to fail once the North withdrew

Sharecropping

Landowner allots a portion of land to a farmer in return for a share of the crops produced. The land and the house are owned by the landowner. Keeps the farmer in perpetual debt to the landowner

Tenant Farming

Similar to sharecropping, but in this situation, the tenant farmer usually paid the landowner rent for the farmland and a house

Debt peonage

a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work

Birth of the "New South"

• Atlanta, G.A., becomes an industrial city
• Rebuilt infrastructure - roads, bridges, canals, 3,300 miles of new RR track, telegraph, and public schools. More cotton mills and fabric factories

• Courruption - much of spending lost to corruption, southerners blamed African Americans and Carpetbaggers.

Reconstruction comes to an end

• Reconstruction government lasted no more than 10 years
• Under the "Compromise of 1877," all the disputed electoral vote from the 1876 election were given to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who agreed to withdraw Northern troops from the South and end Reconstruction
• 1877 - Northern troops left the South- things returened to local white Southern rule.

Freedmen lacked education & political experience

Economic Dependence of African Americans

Legacy of Racism

Why did it fail?

We are visual beings. We can understand images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.

Step 1

Narrative beings. We tell thousands and thousands of stories. ⅔ of our conversations are stories.

Step 2

Social beings. We need to interact with one another. We learn in a collaborative way.

Step 3

Digital beings. We avoid being part of the content overload in the digital world.

Step 4

Synthesis and organization, the two pillars of presentation

Course of the Civil War Battles

Down with boring content in your presentation: make it entertaining

Here you can put an important title

This is an index

Galery

Timeline

Data

Video

List

Map

Quote

Text/image

Section

We are visual beings. We can understand images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.

Step 1

Narrative beings. We tell thousands and thousands of stories. ⅔ of our conversations are stories.

Step 2

Social beings. We need to interact with one another. We learn in a collaborative way.

Step 3

Digital beings. We avoid being part of the content overload in the digital world.

Step 4

Synthesis and organization, the two pillars of presentation

process

Maps are a great ally, use them!

map

-Genially

‘Your content is good, but it’ll engage much more if it’s interactive.’

Info

Insert an awesome video for your presentation.

ViDEO

Use graphs in your presentation

DATa

Design

november

Structure

october

Plan

september

TIMELINE

Plan

february

Impress

january

Communicate

december

Communicate

may

Design

april

Structure

march

Use an image

gallery

Don’t forget to publish!

He also embraced the women's rights movement, helped people on the Underground Railroad, and supported anti-slavery political parties. He bought a printing press and ran his own newspaper, The North Star. In 1855, he published his second autobiography, My Bondage and My Freedom, which expanded on his first autobiography and challenged racial segregation in the North.

Douglass began to attend abolitionist meetings and speak about his experiences. He soon gained a reputation as an orator, and was paid to speak about slavery by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.

Frederick Douglass

His Work

"So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war." This was Abraham Lincoln's reported greeting to Harriet Beecher Stowe when he met her ten years after her book UNCLE TOM'S CABIN was published. Across the north, readers became acutely aware of the horrors of slavery on a far more personal level than ever before. In the south the book was met with outrage and branded an irresponsible book of distortions and overstatments

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Uncle Tom's Cabin