physical education lesson

Physical Education

The art and science of human movement.

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Index

Definitions of Physical Education

History of Physical Education in Botswana

Health and fitness

Components of Physical Education

Types of movement patterns at synovial joints

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short Quiz

THE HEART

History of Physical Education in Botswana

Since independence several attempts have been made by the Ministry of Education to develop a Physical Education programme for Botswana junior secondary school.

Physical Education was taught at teachers colleges as a minor subject

The first ten schools were selected to pilot Physical Education.

Physical education was established at the University of Botswana

1993-1995

1990

1987

HOME

GOAL

2006

1996

2009

In January 2009 it was introduced in all senior secondary schools as a fully-fledged subject.

Physical Education was finally introduced in the junior secondary schools after 1996 and piloted in several schools.

The syllabus for junior secondary schools was produced in 2006 and today all junior secondary schools in Botswana offer Physical Education.

Abduction

Elevation

Flexion

Depression

Adduction

Dorsiflexion

Types of movement patterns at synovial joints

Plantar flexion

Circumduction

Pronation

Extension

Supination

Literal flexion

Hyperextension

Components of Physical Education

• Games

• Athletics

• Health and fitness

• Aquatic sports

• Gymnastics

• Adventure Education

• Dance

• Sport and society

Learning sessions

Health and fitness

Cardiovascular system

THE HEART

The skeletal

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Cardiovascular system

+Functions

+Components

+Introduction

Learning sessions

The Heart

drag and drop to label the correct parts of the HUMAN heart

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary Valve

Right Atrium

Left Ventricle

Mitral Valve

Pulmonary Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Pericadium

Right Ventricle

Superior Vena Cava

Aortic Valve

Left Atrium

Aorta

Inferior Vena Cava

DID YOU KNOW...

+Cervical Vertebra

+Cranium

+Ribs

Scapula

+Humerus

+Thoracic Vertebra

+Ulna

+Lumbar Vertebra

+Radius

+Coccyx

+llium

+Patella

+Femur

+Tibia

+Fibula

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The skeletal system serves several essential functions in the human body

Support: It provides structural support for the body, giving it shape and form. Without the skeletal system, the body would collapse.

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Which type of muscle contraction involves the muscle lengthening as it contracts?

The type of muscle contraction that involves the muscle lengthening as it contracts is called eccentric contraction.

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Properties of muscles

These properties allow muscles to perform various functions in the body, including movement, support, and maintenance of posture.

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the primary function of the cardiovascular system

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the blood.

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energy systems

Energy systems in relation to exercise refer to the physiological processes through which the body generates and utilizes energy to perform physical activities. These systems provide the necessary fuel for muscle contractions during various types of exercise.

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Knowledge acquired

What knowledge have you acquired?

• Muscle strength and flexibility: Influences stability and range of motion around the joint.
• Joint structure and shape: Determines the joint's mobility and stability.
• Ligament and tendon health: Provides support and reinforcement, ensuring proper alignment and preventing excessive movement.Include visuals appropriate to the topic.

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"Congratulations on completing the quiz! Your hard work and dedication have surely paid off.

+Summary

Definitions of Physical Education

• It can be defined as the total development of the body, mind through a planned and supervised program of physical activity.

• The art and science of human movement.

• An integral part of the education process which enhances and harmonies the physical, social and emotional aspects of an individual personality through directed physical activities.

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Unit Self-Evaluation

Self-Evaluation

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Factors affecting range movement

• Age
• Injury
• Structure of the joint

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The type of movement that involves decreasing the angle between two body parts is called flexion.

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In order of their movement, the types of muscle contractions are: Concentric Contraction Isometric Contraction Eccentric Contraction

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Muscles have the ability to contract, respond to stimuli, stretch without damage, and return to their original shape.

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During an isometric contraction, muscles exert force without changing length, such as holding a plank or pressing against a wall. This type of contraction helps in stabilizing joints and maintaining posture without joint movement.

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Quiz completed!

Congratulations on completing the quiz!

What knowledge have you acquired?

• Understanding how muscles work together to produce movement and stabilize joints.
• Grasping the biomechanics involved in physical activities such as sports and daily movements.
• Recognizing the coordination required between muscles and joints for effective motion and stability.

+Summary

Unit completed

Reflect on what you have learned in this module

Home

In January 2009 it was introduced in all senior secondary schools as a fully-fledged subject.

Did you know...

The femur is the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the human body, connecting the hip to the knee and playing a vital role in supporting body weight and facilitating movements such as walking and running.

PULMONARY VEIN

The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, playing a crucial role in the systemic circulation.

eccentric contraction.

An example of eccentric contraction is when you lower a weight during a bicep curl. As you lower the weight, your bicep muscle is still contracting but lengthening at the same time.

• Muscle strength and flexibility are crucial for stabilizing joints and enhancing range of motion, influencing overall joint stability and movement capabilities.
• Joint structure and shape directly impact joint mobility and stability, highlighting the importance of understanding anatomical variations and their implications for physical performance.
• Ligament and tendon health play a significant role in supporting joints, ensuring proper alignment, and preventing injuries by providing structural reinforcement.

These insights underscore the intricate interplay between muscles, joints, and connective tissues in facilitating efficient movement, maintaining stability, and optimizing physical performance in various activities.

LEFT VENTRICLE

The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood received from the left atrium into the aorta, initiating the systemic circulation to supply oxygen to the rest of the body.

Did you know...

The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, running parallel to the radius, and contributing to the structure of the elbow joint while providing support and stability to the forearm.

AORTA

The aorta is the main artery of the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, and it distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through systemic circulation.

GAMES

Activities which are more organized than recreation and play. They involve an agreed area of play and agreed time limit. Examples;

Invasion/Contact Games – this is where one team attack the opponents territory (area). Players also mix within the playing area e.g. Netball, soccer, basketball.

Net/Wall Games – these are games which have a net that divides the players into two equal halves just in the middle. The net act as a wall that separates opponents as they play e.g. Volleyball, tennis, badminton etc.-

Striking/fielding games – these are the games when one team fields while the other team is batting e.g. Softball, cricket, baseball etc.

-Traditional games e.g. Dibeke, koi, mantlwaneetc

Did you know...

The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm or forelimb, connecting the shoulder and elbow joints, and playing a key role in arm movement and support.

AORTIC VALVE

The aortic valve is a heart valve that regulates the flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, ensuring the proper direction of blood as it is pumped out to the rest of the body through systemic circulation.

Did you know...

The ilium is one of the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle, forming the upper and largest part of the hip bone, and contributing to the support and flexibility of the pelvis.

Pronation

Pronation refers to the inward rolling motion of the foot and ankle during walking or running, where the arch of the foot flattens and the ankle turns inward. It helps with shock absorption and adaptation to uneven surfaces.

RIGHT VENTRICLE

The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood received from the right atrium into the pulmonary artery, directing it to the lungs for oxygenation in the pulmonary circulation.

LEFT ATRIUM

The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, receiving oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumping it into the left ventricle for distribution to the rest of the body through systemic circulation.

Flexion

Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, commonly observed in actions like bending the elbow or bringing the knee towards the chest.

Did you know...

The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the small, triangular bone at the base of the spine, composed of fused vertebrae, and providing attachment points for ligaments and muscles while supporting a person's seated posture.

DANCE

It is divided into two categories which are: Contemporary Modern and Traditional dance. The words contemporary and modern means something new or current while traditional suggests that it has existed for a long time. Examples of modern contemporary dance e.g. Tsutsube, Phathisi, Setapa etc.

Finally the syllabus for Junior Secondary Schools was produced in 2006 and today all junior secondary schools in Botswana offer Physical Education.

You should know

Managing health and wellness involves understanding how body systems function during physical activity. This includes knowing about muscles, joints, respiration, and energy systems, as well as their effects on movement and exercise outcomes.

Did you know...

The cranium is the skull's top part, encasing and protecting the brain while providing structural support to the head.

Abduction

Abduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body or another reference point. For example, raising the arm sideways away from the body is an example of abduction at the shoulder joint.

Dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion is the movement at the ankle joint where the toes are lifted towards the shin, decreasing the angle between the foot and the leg. This movement is used when walking uphill or bringing the foot closer to the body while sitting.

Gymnastics

A performance of skills routine on a piece of apparatus

Physical education was established at the University of Botswana programmes included.

• One year certificate - 1993 • Two year diploma – 1994 • Four year degree – 1995

Physical Education programmes at University of Botswana aimed at producing sports coaches and Physical Education teachers for primary and secondary schools.

THE main functions of the skeletal system are:

Support Protection Movement

Mineral storage Blood cell production Fat storage

cardiovascular system

Transport of Oxygen: Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. Transport of Nutrients: Blood delivers nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to cells throughout the body. Transport of Hormones: Hormones produced by various glands are transported in the blood to target organs or tissues. Removal of Waste Products: Blood carries metabolic waste, such as carbon dioxide, away from cells to be eliminated by the lungs or kidneys.

Did you know...

The tibia, also known as the shinbone, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, running parallel to the fibula and playing a key role in supporting body weight, forming the shin, and connecting the knee to the ankle.

Hyperextension

Hyperextension is the excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, often resulting in an angle greater than 180 degrees. This can occur in joints like the elbow or knee, where the joint is pushed past its straight or neutral position.

Did you know...

The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone situated on the upper back that connects the humerus with the clavicle, contributing to shoulder joint movement and providing support to the upper extremity.

Did you know...

Did you know that the human body has over 600 muscles, each working together to support movement, posture, and bodily functions?

Did you know...

Ribs are curved, flat bones in the thoracic region, forming the ribcage, protecting vital organs, and assisting in breathing by connecting to the spine and sternum.

Did you know...

The fibula is one of the two long bones in the lower leg, running parallel to the tibia, and contributing to the support of the leg and ankle while playing a role in muscle attachment.

Health and fitness

It has components namely health related and skill related fitness. Physical fitness refers to the ability of the body to meet demands in the environment.

Did you know...

The radius is one of the two long bones in the forearm, running parallel to the ulna, and playing a crucial role in the rotation of the forearm, support of the wrist joint, and overall arm movement.

Did you know...

The lumbar vertebrae are the five large, sturdy vertebrae in the lower back region of the spine, providing support to the lower back, allowing for bending and twisting movements, and bearing the majority of the body's weight.

PULMONARY VALVE

The pulmonary valve is a heart valve that regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, ensuring that oxygen-depleted blood is directed toward the lungs for oxygenation.

Did you know...

The thoracic vertebrae are the twelve vertebrae of the spine in the upper and mid-back region, forming the thoracic spine and providing structural support to the rib cage while facilitating movements and protecting the spinal cord in this region.

PULMONARY ARTERY

The pulmonary artery is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

Literal Flexion

Literal flexion refers to the bending of a joint, typically reducing the angle between two body parts, as in the bending of the elbow or knee.

Pilot

In 1990, the first ten schools were selected to pilot Physical Education.

Physical education was piloted in ten different schools across Botswana to best see how to fully introduce it.

Athletics

It is divided into three categories namely: Field events Track events Races ran outside track such as Marathon, Cross country.

Functions of the cardiovascular system

• Transporting oxygenated blood, nutrients, water around the body. • Transport waste products from the working tissues. • Regulate body temperature during exercise. • Fight infections

Circumduction

Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements, creating a circular or cone-shaped movement at a joint. An example is the motion of the arm when making circles, such as during a windmill motion.

RIGHT ATRIUM

The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, receiving deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cavae and then pumping it into the right ventricle for pulmonary circulation.

Plantar flexion

Plantar flexion is the movement at the ankle joint where the foot is pointed downward, increasing the angle between the foot and the leg. This movement is used when standing on tiptoes or pushing off the ground during walking or running.

Physical Education was finally introduced in the Junior Secondary Schools after 1996 and piloted in several schools.

TRICUSPID VALVE

The tricuspid valve is a heart valve that controls the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle, preventing backward flow and facilitating the proper circulation of deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Did you know...

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Physical Education was taught at teachers colleges as a minor subject in 1987.

Draft syllabi were designed but were not implemented. Physical Education was timetabled in Botswana primary schools but was hardly ever taught for many years.

1987

MITRAL VALVE

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a heart valve that controls the flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, preventing backward flow and ensuring proper circulation through the systemic circulation.

Did you know...

The patella, commonly known as the kneecap, is a small, flat, triangular bone located in front of the knee joint, serving to protect and strengthen the knee while assisting in the extension of the leg.

Depression

Depression refers to the movement of a body part inferiorly or downward, typically in the frontal plane. An example is lowering the shoulders from a shrugged position back to a relaxed state.

Introduction

The human body is an amazing machine and the center of its operation is the heart. The heart is a muscular pump that beats continuously, over ten thousand times per day which together with the blood vessels and the blood provides the tissues and cells with essentials for life that being oxygen and nutrients.

Adventure Education

This involves activities which are done in different landscapes around us e.g. Rivers, forest, mountains etc. outdoor activities examples are bird viewing, rock climbing, camping, swimming, fishing etc

Elevation

ConseElevation refers to the movement of a body part superiorly or upward, typically in the frontal plane. An example is shrugging the shoulders to lift them towards the ears.ctetur adipiscing elit

Sport and society

The value of sport to the society and an individual. How Physical Education can be used for combating HIV infections Students who participate in a quality physical education programme receive age appropriate skills, attitudes and information that encourage a healthy active lifestyle.

Use of banners to educate the public about HIV/AIDS during physical activities.

Printing of T/shirts with the information about HIV/AIDS during competitions

Use of billboards to put information about HIV/AIDS

Invitation of role models during the activities to talk about HIV/AIDS

Supination

Supination is the opposite of pronation, involving the outward rolling motion of the foot and ankle during walking or running. This motion raises the arch of the foot and helps stabilize the body on a firm surface.

Components

Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels

energy systems in relation to exercise

ATP-PCr System (Phosphagen System): Provides immediate energy for short bursts of high-intensity activities, such as sprinting or weightlifting. Anaerobic System (Glycolytic System ): Provides energy for moderate to high-intensity activities lasting a few minutes, relying on the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid. Examples include fast-paced swimming or intense weightlifting. Aerobic System: Provides energy for longer-duration, lower-intensity activities, utilizing oxygen to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Activities such as jogging, cycling, or long-distance swimming primarily rely on this system.

Adduction

Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body or another reference point. For instance, bringing the arm back down to the side of the body after it has been raised sideways is an example of adduction at the shoulder joint.

Muscle properties

Excitability: Muscles can respond to stimuli. Example: Muscles contracting in response to a nerve signal during movement. Contractility: Muscles can shorten forcibly when stimulated. Example: Biceps contracting to lift a weight. Extensibility: Muscles can be stretched or extended without being damaged. Example: Hamstring muscles stretching during a forward bend. Elasticity: Muscles can return to their original shape after being stretched or contracted. Example: Muscles returning to their resting length after a movement.

Did you know...

The cervical vertebrae provide crucial support, protect the spinal cord, and enable a wide range of head movements, essential for daily activities and overall neck function.

Aquatic sports

These are physical activities done in water e.g. Water polo, scuba diving, swimming, surfing etc.

Extension

Extension is the opposite of flexion, involving straightening and increasing the angle between two body parts, such as straightening the elbow or knee from a bent position.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

The superior vena cava is essential for returning deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart, facilitating the pulmonary circulation process.