Learning Theory Part 2

Major Characteristics:

• Emphasizes the impotance of social interactions and cultural context in learning.
• Learning is seen as social process where knowledge is construted through interations with others.
• Key onepts inlude the Zone of Proximal Development and scaffolding.
• Language is onsidered a primarytool of cognitive develop,emt.

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“Knowledge has many authors, knowledge has many facets, it looks different to each person, and it changes moment to moment. A piece of knowledge isn’t a description of something, it is a way of relating to something.” – Stephen Downes

George Siemens and Stephen Downes

Malcolm Knowles

• Memory is viewed as an active, social proess.
• Through social interactions and cultural tools, individuals internalized and remember information.
• External social experiences are internalized, which influences how memory is constructed and utilized.

Role of Memeory

Learning occurs through the application of knowledge to real-life problems. Adults learn best when they see the immediate relevance of the material. Self-directed learning and internal motivation are critical. Experiences, both positive and negative, significantly impact learning.

How Learning Occurs:

Types of Learning Best Explained:

Collaborative learning Problem-solving in social contexts Language acquisition Development of higher-order thinking skills through social mediation

Role of Memory

• Memory is influenced by the relevance and application of learning to real-life situations.
• Adults draw on their past experiences as a rich resource for learning.
• Learning is more likely to be retained when it is connected to existing knowledge and experience.

• Memory is not as crucial since knowledge is externalized across a network of connections.
• Emphasis is placed on knowing where to find information rather than storing information internally.

Role of Memory

Learning Outcomes

Learning occurs through the formation and traversing of networks. Nodes and connections within the network represent knowledge and learning resources. The ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is essential. Continual learning is necessary to keep up with the rapid pace of information change.

Types of Learning Best Explained:

Digital literacy and information management Lifelong learning and professional development Learning in complex, adaptive environments Learning through online communities and social networks

• Learning occurs through social interaction and the use of cultural tools.
• In the ZPD, learners achieve higher levels of understanding with the assistance of more knowledgeable others (teachers, peers).
• Scaffolding provides temporary support that is gradually removed as learners gain independence.

Learning Outcomes

Emphasizes the role of networks and digital technology in learning. Knowledge is distributed across networks of connections, and learning consists of the ability to navigate and grow these networks. Learning is viewed as a process of connecting specialized nodes of information sources. Recognizes the importance of informal learning and the use of technology in learning.

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Major Characteristics

Major Characteristics:

Focuses on the specific needs of adult learners.Adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for their decisions. Learning programs should be designed to accommodate the experiences that adults bring to the learning environment. Emphasizes the importance of relevance and problem-centered learning rather than content-centered learning.

Types of Learning Best Explained:

• Professional and vocational training
• Continuing education and personal development
• Experiential learning and practical application
• Problem-solving and critical thinking in adult contexts