Ionizing Radiation Imaging Systems

Ionizing Radiation Imaging Systems

Ivanna Balboa Bustillo A01661441Amelia Isabel Espinosa Beltrán A01662043 Vivian Sofia Ortiz Gutiérrez A01660613

EMPEZAR

CONTENT

ANALYSIS OF IMAGING SYSTEMS

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing Radiation Imaging Systems

SPECT imaging

Planar Digital X-Ray

PET Imaging

Computed Tomography

Comparative Table

Ionizing Radiation Imaging Systems

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing Radiation

• High-energy electromagentic waves.

• X-rays and γ-rays.

• Used in medical imaging.

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Ionizing Radiation Imaging Systems

These technologies leverage the properties of ionizing radiation to produce detailed images of the internal structures and functions of the human body. The primary modalities in this category

SPECT

Planar Digital X - Rays

PET

Computed Tomography

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

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Planar Digital X - Rays

Type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to produce two-dimensional images of the inside of the body. These images are used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions.

Image Features

Must Known Info

Advantages

Advantages

Physical Principles

Limitations

Discovery

Technological Elements

Aplications

Applications beyond medicine

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Computed Tomography (CT)

Imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.

Must Known Info

Image Features

Advantages

Physical Principles

Limitations

Invention

Technological elements

Applications

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Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Also known as 3D mammography, is an advanced form of breast imaging where multiple X-ray images are taken from different angles around the breast and then reconstructed into a 3D image. This technique provides clearer images of breast tissue and can improve cancer detection.

Image Features

Must Known Info

Advantages

Advantages

Physical Principles

Limitations

Discovery

Applications

Technological Elements

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SPECT

Nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses gamma rays to provide 3D images of the distribution of a radioactive tracer in the body, allowing for the assessment of functional processes within the body.

Image Features

Must Known Info

Advantages

Physical Principles

Limitations

Invention

Applications

Technological Elements

Applications Beyond Medicine

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that produces three-dimensional images of metabolic processes in the body by detecting pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radioligand.

Must Known Info

Image Features

Advantages

Physical Principles

Invention

Limitations

Applications

Technological elements

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COMPARATIVE TABLE

Dimensionality

Type of radiation

Operating Principle

Primary Use

Temporal Resolution

Spatial Resolution

Radiation Exposure

Contrast Medium

Information Obtained

Use of Contrast Agents

Accessibility

Specific Applications

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References

• Bushberg, J. T., Seibert, J. A., Leidholdt Jr, E. M., & Boone, J. M. (2011). The essential physics of medical imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Hendee, W. R., Ritenour, E. R. (2002). Medical Imaging Physics. Wiley-Liss.
• Podgoršak, E. B. (2010). Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists. Springer.
• Röntgen, W. C. (1895). On a new kind of rays. Science.
• Hounsfield, G. N. (1973). Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): Part 1. Description of system. The British Journal of Radiology.
• American Cancer Society. (2019). Mammograms and other breast imaging procedures.
• Anger, H. O. (1958). Scintillation Camera. Review of Scientific Instruments.
• Phelps, M. E. (2000). PET: Molecular Imaging and Its Biological Applications. Springer.

DISCOVERED

• Niklason and Kopans, who filed a patent titled "Tomosynthesis System for Breast Imaging" in 1997.
• Commercial systems becoming available around 2011.

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

CONTRAST MEDIUM

APPLICATIONS

• Used extensively for imaging bones, chest, and teeth, such as in diagnosing fractures, infections, and dental issues.

APPLICATIONS

• Breast cancer screening and diagnosis.

ADVANTAGES

High Resolution Images:

• Useful for complex diagnostic problems.
• Excellent contrast between tissues.
• Capability for 3D imaging.

Detailed Evaluation of Internal Organs:

• Useful for detailed examination of internal organs, bones, and tissues.
• Excellent for detecting complex fractures, tumors, and other anomalies.

TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

Utilizes a rotating X-ray tube and detectors to create detailed cross-sectional images. These slices can be combined to form a 3D image of the scanned area.

APPLICATIONS BEYOND MEDICINE

• Security scanning in airports
• Inspection of indutrial components

APPLICATIONS

Main Applications: Detailed imaging of bones, blood vessels, soft tissues, cancer detection, cardiovascular diseases and neurological imaging. Applications beyond medicine: Used in non-destructive testing to inspect the internal structure of objects, in archaeology for examining artifacts, and in geological studies to investigate rock formations.

APPLICATIONS

Widely used in cardiology to assess myocardial perfusion, in oncology to locate tumors, and in neurology to evaluate brain function.

INVENTION

The gamma camera, a critical component of SPECT, was developed by Hal Anger in 1958.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

• Based on the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
• X-rays pass through the body and are absorbed to varying degrees by different tissues, creating an image on a detector.

IMAGE FEATURES

Produces highly detailed 3D images with excellent contrast resolution, capable of differentiating between various types of soft tissues and bones.

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MOST KNOWN INFORMATION

PET is a highly sensitive functional imaging modality used extensively in oncology, cardiology, neurology, and research. It provides detailed images of metabolic processes in the body.

ACCESSIBILITY

INVENTION

The first large-scale use of a human positron imaging device was developed by physicist Gordon Brownell and neurosurgeon William Sweet .

The first PET camera was built for human studies by Edward Hoffman, Michael M. Ter-Pogossian, and Michael E. Phelps

LIMITATIONS

• Higher radiation dose than standard mammography.
• More expensive and requires specialized equipment.

IMAGE FEATURES

• High-resolution images of dense structures like bones.
• Limited contrast for soft tissues without the use of contrast agents.

LIMITATIONS

Lower spatial resolution compared to other imaging modalities like CT or MRI. The accuracy is also limited by the half-life of the radioisotopes used.

LIMITATIONS

Expensive and less widely available. It involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the radioisotopes have a short half-life, limiting the time for imaging.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

• Uses multiple X-rays at different angles to produce 3D images.
• Helps to distinguish between overlapping tissues.

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Consists of an X-ray tube, a gantry that houses the rotating components, detectors, and a powerful computer system for image reconstruction.

ADVANTAGES

• Improved detection rates for breast cancer.
• Reduced recall rates for additional imaging.

LIMITATIONS

• Higher radiation dose.
• Expensive.
• Time-consuming.

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Consists of a gamma camera, collimators to focus the gamma rays, and a computer system to process and reconstruct the images.

SPATIAL RESOLUTION

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Requires a cyclotron or generator to produce radioisotopes, a PET scanner to detect the gamma rays, and a sophisticated computer system for image reconstruction.

MUST KNOWN INFORMATION

• A type of mammography that creates a 3D image of the breast.
• Improves the accuracy of breast cancer detection.

APPLICATIONS

Main Applications:Primarily used in oncology to detect and stage cancer, in cardiology to evaluate heart function, and in neurology to study brain disorders.Applications Beyond Medicine: Used in research for studying biological processes, in pharmaceutical development to track drug distribution, and in environmental studies to monitor ecosystems.

DISCOVERY

Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895

X-rays

High-energy photons generated by X-ray machines. They pass through tissues with varying degrees of attenuation, creating images based on differences in tissue density.

γ-rays

Emitted by radioactive substances (radiotracers) administered to patients. They reveal metabolic and physiological processes within the body, aiding in diagnosing diseases.

MUST KNOWN INFORMATION

• A widely used imaging technique for viewing the inside of the body.
• Primarily used for detecting bone fractures, infections, and monitoring the progression of diseases like osteoporosis.

LIMITATIONS

• Exposure to ionizing radiation.
• Limited soft tissue contrast.

TYPE OF RADIATION

MUST KNOWN INFORMATION

CT provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body, which are crucial for diagnosing a variety of conditions. It is particularly valuable for its ability to visualize internal structures in detail.

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

• X-ray tube.
• Digital detector.
• Computer system for 3D reconstruction.

IMAGE FEATURES

• 3D images of breast tissue.
• Better visualization of lesions compared to traditional mammography.

ADVANTAGES

Provides valuable functional information with relatively low radiation doses. It can evaluate blood flow, organ function, and the presence of tumors.

USE OF CONTRAST AGENTS

IMAGE FEATURES

Produces high-sensitivity 3D functional images with moderate spatial resolution, capable of showing metabolic and biochemical activity.

ADVANTAGES

• Quick and non-invasive.
• Excellent for imaging bones.

ADVANTAGES

Offers high sensitivity for detecting metabolic activity, making it invaluable in detecting cancer, monitoring treatment response, and studying brain and heart function.

RADIATION EXPOSURE

APPLICATIONS BEYOND MEDICINE

Applied in industrial radiography to inspect materials and structures, and in environmental studies to track the movement of pollutants.

IMAGE FEATURES

Produces 3D functional images with moderate spatial resolution. These images reflect the physiological function of organs and tissues rather than just their anatomy.

INFORMATION OBTAINED

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

• X-ray tube.
• Detector.
• Processing System.

DIMENSIONALITY

PRIMARY USE

PHYSICAL PRINCIPALS

Involves the use of positron-emitting radioisotopes. When positrons encounter electrons in the body, they annihilate and produce pairs of gamma rays. These gamma rays are detected to create detailed images.

INVENTION

Developed by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972, which earned him a Nobel Prize in Medicine.

MUST KNOWN INFORMATION

Provides functional imaging using gamma rays to assess organ and tissue function. It is especially useful in cardiology, oncology, and neurology.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

Uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes that are injected into the patient. The gamma rays emitted are detected by a gamma camera, and images are constructed to show functional information about tissues and organs.