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Medicinal Plants

for Pharmacy Technicians

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Dolor sit amet

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Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

Calendula is an annual or biennial plant native to the Mediterranean countries. Its name refers to its tendency to bear flowers by the calendar, once a month in warm climates, usually during the new moon. "Marigold" refers to the Virgin Mary, and marigolds are traditionally used in Catholic celebrations concerning the Virgin Mary. Calendula bears orange or yellow flowering heads four to seven cm in diameter. The flowers are harvested as they open in early summer and are dried in the shade. PARTS USED Fresh and dried flower heads, dried petals MEDICINAL USES Calendula is an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pain- killing agent for minor injuries and topical infection and irritation. Benefits of calendula for specific health conditions include the following: ALLERGIES. Calendula can be helpful for food allergies because it prevents overgrowth of yeast in the bowel and promotes digestion. BOWEL DISEASES. Calendula reduces the inflammation that causes pain in these disorders. It reduces the general tension that can promote bowel problems, relaxing the nervous constriction of the digestive muscles to help the bowels. MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND SKIN DISORDERS. Calendula is widely used as an additive to cosmetic skin creams. Used in these creams, it stimulates the production of collagen, filling in wrinkles. Calendula creams also hydrate winter-dried skin, relieve pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as mastitis and haemorrhoids. In addition, this herb has antibacterial action that allows it to prevent and treat various types of infection. Calendula creams are used in Europe to prevent skin damage from drying, insect bites, and sunburn. Used externally, calendula helps to soothe, heal, and protect a baby's sensitive skin. Indian researchers report that aerosol sprays of calendula extracts stop bleeding from cuts and scrapes while preventing infection. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE Because of the cumulative nature of the very mild antibacterial toxins present in the herb, it is advisable to use calendula teas for no more than two weeks or until symptoms subside, whichever comes first. Wait six weeks before resuming the tea. When calendula is taken internally, it can increase the sedative effect of medications for anxiety and insomnia. Use caution while driving or operating machines if taking calendula and such medications at the same time. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

Activity 1: True or False Determine whether the following statements are true or false based on the text. 1. Calendula is a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean. 2. Marigold refers to the Virgin Mary. 3. Calendula flowers are harvested in late summer. 4. Calendula has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pain-killing properties. 5. Calendula can only be used for skin disorders. 6. Calendula teas should be used for no more than two weeks at a time.

https://www.britannica.com/video/180200/Overview-marigolds

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Answers: 1. False (Calendula is an annual or biennial plant). 2. True. 3. False (The flowers are harvested in early summer). 4. True. 5. False (Calendula is also used for allergies and bowel diseases). 6. True.

Activity 3: Match each word with its correct definition. 1. Biennial ...... 2. Antibacterial ..... 3. Inflammation ..... 4. Collagen ..... 5. Aerosol ..... a) A substance that prevents the growth of bacteria b) A type of protein that helps maintain skin elasticity c) Occurring every two years d) A suspension of fine particles or droplets in the air e) A condition in which part of the body becomes red, swollen, and often painful

Activity 2: Choose the correct answer based on the text. 1. What is the diameter range of calendula's flowering heads? a) 2-4 cm b) 3-6 cm c) 4-7 cm d) 5-8 cm 2. Calendula creams are used in Europe to prevent: a) Digestive issues b) Skin damage from drying, insect bites, and sunburn c) Hair loss d) Muscle cramps 3. Which of the following conditions can calendula help with? a) Allergies b) Heart disease c) Asthma d) Diabetes 4. How long should you wait before resuming calendula tea after a two-week use? a) One week b) Two weeks ) Four weeks d) Six weeks

Activity 4: Use the correct words from the list to complete the sentences: antibacterial, mucous membrane, sedative, haemorrhoids, overgrowth. 1. Calendula has __________ properties that help prevent infections. 2. It is important not to use calendula tea for more than two weeks to avoid yeast __________. 3. Calendula creams can relieve pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as mastitis and __________. 4. Calendula helps soothe and heal the __________. 5. Calendula can increase the __________ effect of medications for anxiety.

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Role Play: At the Pharmacy Instructions: 1. Preparation: o Review the text about calendula and its medicinal uses. o Understand the roles: The customer will ask questions about calendula, and the pharmacy technician will provide information and advice based on the text. 2. Role Play Scenario: o The customer enters the pharmacy looking for a natural remedy for a skin condition and digestive issues. o The pharmacy technician will provide information about calendula, its benefits, and considerations for use. 3. Key Points to Address: o Benefits of calendula for skin and digestive issues. o How to use calendula (e.g., creams, teas). o Safety considerations and possible interactions with other medications. 4. Read a sample conversation and complete it by using the folowing words: ointments, inflammatory, cautious, collagen, inflammation, helpful, side, recommendations, sedative, properties, bowel, effective, insomnia, remedy, soothe

Activity 2 Answers: 1. c) 4-7 cm 2. b) Skin damage from drying, insect bites, and sunburn 3. a) Allergies 4. d) Six weeks

Activity 3 Answers: 1. c) Occurring every two years 2. a) A substance that prevents the growth of bacteria 3. e) A condition in which part of the body becomes red, swollen, and often painful 4. b) A type of protein that helps maintain skin elasticity 5. d) A suspension of fine particles or droplets in the air

Activity 4 Answers: 1. antibacterial 2. overgrowth 3. haemorrhoids 4. mucous membrane 5. sedative

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Sample Conversation: Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural .............................. for my skin and some digestive problems I've been having. Do you have any ......................................? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we have several options. One .............................. natural remedy is calendula. It’s great for both skin conditions and digestive issues. Customer: Calendula? I’ve heard of it but don't know much about it. Can you tell me more? Pharmacy Technician: Of course. Calendula is an annual or biennial plant with orange or yellow flowers. It has antibacterial, anti-................................., and pain-relieving ..................................... For skin conditions, it’s used in creams to hydrate dry skin, relieve pain from conditions like mastitis and hemorrhoids, and even help with wrinkles by stimulating ........................... production. Customer: That sounds interesting. How do I use it for my skin? Pharmacy Technician: You can use calendula creams or .................................. Apply it to the affected area to help ....................... and heal. It’s also great for preventing skin damage from drying, insect bites, and sunburn. We have several calendula-based products here that you can choose from. Customer: And what about for digestive issues? Pharmacy Technician: Calendula can help with digestive issues by reducing ............................... and promoting digestion. It's particularly helpful for conditions like ................................ diseases because it reduces tension and relaxes the digestive muscles. You can use it in the form of teas. Customer: Are there any ............................ effects or things I should be .................................... about? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, it's important to use calendula tea for no more than two weeks at a time and wait six weeks before resuming it. Also, if you’re taking medications for anxiety or ................................., calendula can increase their ........................... effects, so you should use caution while driving or operating machines. Customer: Got it. That’s really .............................. information. I think I’ll try the cream for my skin and maybe the tea for my digestion. Thank you! Pharmacy Technician: You’re welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Have a great day! Customer: Thanks, you too!

Read the article:

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Sample Conversation: Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy for my skin and some digestive problems I've been having. Do you have any recommendations? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we have several options. One effective natural remedy is calendula. It’s great for both skin conditions and digestive issues. Customer: Calendula? I’ve heard of it but don't know much about it. Can you tell me more? Pharmacy Technician: Of course. Calendula is an annual or biennial plant with orange or yellow flowers. It has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving properties For skin conditions, it’s used in creams to hydrate dry skin, relieve pain from conditions like mastitis and hemorrhoids, and even help with wrinkles by stimulating collagen production. Customer: That sounds interesting. How do I use it for my skin? Pharmacy Technician: You can use calendula creams or ointments Apply it to the affected area to help soothe and heal. It’s also great for preventing skin damage from drying, insect bites, and sunburn. We have several calendula-based products here that you can choose from. Customer: And what about for digestive issues? Pharmacy Technician: Calendula can help with digestive issues by reducing inflammation and promoting digestion. It's particularly helpful for conditions like bowel diseases because it reduces tension and relaxes the digestive muscles. You can use it in the form of teas. Customer: Are there any side effects or things I should be cautious about? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, it's important to use calendula tea for no more than two weeks at a time and wait six weeks before resuming it. Also, if you’re taking medications for anxiety or insomnia, calendula can increase their sedative effects, so you should use caution while driving or operating machines. Customer: Got it. That’s really helpful information. I think I’ll try the cream for my skin and maybe the tea for my digestion. Thank you! Pharmacy Technician: You’re welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Have a great day! Customer: Thanks, you too!

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Activity 2: Match each word with its correct definition. 1. Perennial 2. Sedative 3. Insomnia 4. Rhizome 5. Gastrointestinal a) A medicine used to promote calm or induce sleep b) Lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time c) Sleeplessness; the inability to sleep d) A horizontal, underground plant stem capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant e) Relating to the stomach and intestines

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

Read the article:

Activity 1: True or False? 1. Valerian is a biennial plant native to Europe and parts of Asia. 2. The parts of the valerian plant used medicinally are the leaves and flowers. 3. Valerian helps improve sleep quality without causing a groggy feeling. 4. Valerian can be used to relieve muscle pain and spasms. 5. It is safe to use valerian long-term without any side effects.

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VALERIAN DESCRIPTION: Valerian is a perennial plant native to Europe and parts of Asia, but it is also grown in North America. It has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, primarily for its sedative and anti-anxiety properties. The plant typically grows to about 1.5 meters in height and bears clusters of small, sweet-smelling white or pink flowers. PARTS USED: Roots and rhizomes MEDICINAL USES: Valerian is known for its ability to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. Benefits of valerian for specific health conditions include the following: • ANXIETY: Valerian is often used to reduce anxiety and stress. It works by increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps calm the nervous system. • INSOMNIA: Valerian is a popular natural remedy for insomnia. It helps people fall asleep faster and improves the quality of sleep without causing the groggy feeling often associated with sleeping pills. • MUSCLE PAIN AND SPASMS: Valerian can help relieve muscle pain and spasms due to its muscle relaxant properties. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE: Valerian is generally safe for most people when used short-term. However, some people may experience side effects such as headache, dizziness, or gastrointestinal disturbances. It is not recommended for use in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Additionally, valerian can interact with other sedatives and medications that affect the central nervous system. It is advisable to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while using valerian. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

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Role Play Instructions: At the Pharmacy (Valerian) Objective: Students will practice a role play scenario involving a customer and a pharmacy technician to enhance their understanding of valerian's uses and practice effective communication skills in a pharmacy setting. Roles: 1. Customer 2. Pharmacy Technician Instructions: 1. Preparation: o Review the text about valerian and its medicinal uses. o Understand the roles: The customer will ask questions about valerian, and the pharmacy technician will provide information and advice based on the text. 2. Role Play Scenario: o The customer enters the pharmacy looking for a natural remedy to help with sleep issues and anxiety. o The pharmacy technician will provide information about valerian, its benefits, and considerations for use. 3. Key Points to Address: o Benefits of valerian for sleep and anxiety. o How to use valerian (e.g., tablets, teas, tinctures). o Safety considerations, especially when combined with other sedative medications.

Activity 1 Answers: 1. False (Valerian is a perennial plant). 2. False (The parts used are the roots and rhizomes). 3. True. 4. True. 5. False (Valerian is generally safe short-term; some side effects may occur).

Activity 2 Answers: 1. b) Lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time 2. a) A medicine used to promote calm or induce sleep 3. c) Sleeplessness; the inability to sleep 4. d) A horizontal, underground plant stem capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant 5. e) Relating to the stomach and intestines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGBR6EUsCvc

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Sample Conversation: Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy to help with my sleep issues and anxiety. Do you have any recommendations? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, valerian is a great natural remedy that can help with both sleep problems and anxiety. Customer: Valerian? Can you tell me more about it? Pharmacy Technician: Certainly. Valerian is a perennial plant that has been used for centuries as a sedative and anti-anxiety treatment. It helps improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. Additionally, valerian is effective in easing nervous tension and anxiety. Customer: How should I take it for the best results? Pharmacy Technician: Valerian is available in several forms, including tablets, teas, and tinctures. For sleep issues, it's best to take it about an hour before bedtime. For anxiety, you can take it as needed during the day, but it's important to start with a lower dose to see how your body reacts. Customer: Are there any side effects or precautions I should be aware of? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, valerian can cause drowsiness, so you should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until you know how it affects you. Additionally, if you are taking other sedative medications, you should be cautious, as valerian can enhance their effects. It's always a good idea to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, especially if you're taking other medications. Customer: What if I use it for a long time? Is it safe? Pharmacy Technician: Valerian is generally safe for short-term use, but it's recommended to avoid using it continuously for more than a few weeks without a break. Long-term use can lead to dependence or tolerance in some people. Taking a break for a week or two every few weeks is a good practice to ensure it's still effective for you. Customer: Thanks for the information. I'll give valerian a try. Pharmacy Technician: You're welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Customer: Thank you, have a great day! Pharmacy Technician: You too, take care!

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Sage (salvia officinalis)

Listening Comprehension Questions Use the link on the right and answer the questions in note form:1. What does the botanical name "salvia" mean? 2. How was sage regarded by people during the Middle Ages?3. Explain why the Chinese valued sage in the 17th century.4. What are some medicinal uses of sage mentioned?5. Why should sage be used in moderation in cooking?6. What are some culinary dishes that can be enhanced with sage?7. How was sage traditionally used for dental care?8. Describe the ideal soil conditions for growing sage in a garden.9. When is the best time to harvest sage leaves, and why?

https://www.britannica.com/video/180203/Overview-sage

Read the text on page 12 and check your answers. Key on page 14

SAGE TRIVIA Sage is part of the mint family, alongside oregano, lavender, rosemary, thyme, and basil. Over recent years, studies demonstrating the health benefits of sage have grown in number. Sage appears to contain a range of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. There are more than 900 species of sage. Source: https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=interesting+facts+sage

Cambridge Dictionary: sage (adjective): wise, especially as a result of great experience sage (noun): a person, especially an old man, who is wise

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Sage's botanical name salvia derives from the Latin word salvare, which means to cure. "Whoever has sage in their garden, will not die" was a popular belief in the Middle Ages. Monks brought the plant over the Alps and into Central Europe. Long before that, however, the Celts worshipped the herb. Druids believed that it could bring back the dead. In the 17th Century, sage undertook a great journey. The Chinese exchanged their treasured tea for sage leaves. They were convinced that it prolonged life. Today, every child in the world is familiar with the sweet sage drops that sooth sore throats and colds. Sage tea can be used for cold compresses against skin inflammation and acne. The herb's tannins act as an anti-inflammatory. In tea form, on the other hand, sage will ease gastric problems and help against bloating after eating fatty meals. The reason: The leaves are filled with essential oils that protect against bacteria, viruses and fungi. In the kitchen, sage is a real prima donna. Since its powerfully tart, woody taste can easily outperform all other ingredients, it should be used in moderation. The essential oils are the source of its balsamic, savory flavour. The leaves can be subjected to heat without any problems, as they willingly give off their flavour, especially when fried. They are a fine accompaniment to meat, fish, pasta and gnocchi and an excellent way to spice up cream cheese, tomato salad or pizza. Sage is in high demand around the world as a culinary and medicinal herb. There are more than 900 different species. When a leaf is crushed in the hand, it immediately gives off the familiar spicy-fresh aroma. It's no surprise that the leaves used to have yet another application. Either chewed or wrapped around the finger, they served as a natural toothbrush and gum cleaner. Thanks to modern technology, scientists have been able to reveal the secret behind this crude, yet effective dental care. Tannins in the leaf cause the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat to contract, which prevents penetration by viruses and bacteria. Countless glandular hairs protrude from the leaf's surface. They scrub away any contamination, whiten the teeth and ensure fresh breath. In the herb garden, sage can be planted from the middle of May. It likes chalky, not-too-moist soil and sunny to semi-shady spots. The young leaves are the tastiest and can be plucked continuously. In the second year, the shrub will show dense growth and the flavour will develop fully. On sunny afternoons, the essential oil content will be especially high. This is the best time to harvest. In winter, this robust fellow should be wrapped up warm with brushwood and peat. As the story goes, sage will only flourish in the gardens of wise man and women who wear the trousers in their relationships. Thus far, science has been unable to prove this, but it has proved the herb's healing powers. So cultivating sage in the garden should in any event be worthwhile. https://www.britannica.com/video/180203/Overview-sage

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Fill in the Blanks Use the following words: prolonged, acne, perennial, chalky, miraculous, trousers, proven, toothbrush, outperform, savory1. Sage is a ________ that grows to 90 cm with lance-shaped leaves and a knobbly rhizome.2. The herb was long considered a ________ cure-all.3. In the 17th century, the Chinese exchanged their treasured tea for sage leaves because they believed it ________ life.4. Sage tea can be used for cold compresses against skin inflammation and ________.5. In the kitchen, sage's powerfully tart, woody taste can easily ________ all other ingredients.6. The essential oils in sage are the source of its balsamic, ________ flavor.7. Sage was traditionally used as a natural ________ and gum cleaner.8. Sage likes ________, not-too-moist soil and sunny to semi-shady spots.9. Sage will only flourish in the gardens of wise men and women who wear the ________ in their relationships.10. Sage's healing powers have been ________ by science.

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/dec/15/how-to-ease-a-cold-with-herbs

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Answers - Listening Comprehension - SAGE 1. The botanical name "salvia" means "to cure" .2. A miraculous cure-all.3. They believed it prolonged life.4. Soothing sore throats and colds, anti-inflammatory for skin inflammation and acne, easing gastric problems, and protecting against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.5. Because of its powerfully tart, woody taste overpowering other ingredients.6. Meat, fish, pasta, gnocchi, cream cheese, tomato salad, and pizza.7. As a natural toothbrush and gum cleaner.8. Sage likes chalky, not-too-moist soil.9. On sunny afternoons because the essential oil content is especially high.

Answers - Fill in the blanks 1. perennial2. miraculous3. prolonged4. acne5. outperform6. savory7. toothbrush8. chalky9. trousers10. proven

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Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)

Activity 1: True or False?1. Echinacea is native to Europe and Asia.2. The roots and flowers of Echinacea purpurea are occasionally used for infections.3. Echinacea can be used to boost the immune system and treat colds and flu.4. Echinacea should be taken long-term to strengthen the immune system.5. Individuals with autoimmune disorders should avoid using echinacea.

https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/apr/09/life1.lifemagazine

Activity 2: Questions 1. Why is echinacea considered effective for treating colds and flu?2. How do the immune-boosting properties of echinacea compare to those of conventional medications for colds?3. Discuss the importance of using echinacea only for short-term immune system boosts rather than long-term use.4. What are the potential risks associated with using echinacea for individuals with autoimmune disorders?5. How might the traditional use of echinacea by Native Americans influence its popularity in modern herbal medicine?

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ECHINACEA Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae) DESCRIPTION The echinaceas are a group of North American prairie perennials known for their purple daisy-like flowers and leaves covered with coarse hairs. PARTS USED Fresh and dried roots. Roots of all three species have valuable immune-stimulating properties. Flower of E. purporea is occasionally used for infections. MEDICINAL USES Echinacea is used extensively to boost the immune system, treat colds and flu, fight infection, help speed wound healing, and reduce inflammation. It is used for infections of all kinds, especially chronic fatigue syndrome. The herb is a helpful remedy for treating allergies, such as asthma. Several studies have confirmed that echinacea not only makes colds shorter and less severe, but that it can stop a cold that is just starting if taken at the first sign of symptoms. However, several studies have concluded that echinacea should be used only as a short-term 'boost" to the immune system. It does not appear to strengthen the immune system when taken for a period of months. Different forms of echinacea are about equally effective in preventing and treating colds. KEY ACTIONS Immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, detoxifying, increases sweating, heals wounds, antiallergenic. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE Echinacea is generally safe for most people when taken short-term. However, individuals with autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, should avoid using echinacea as it may stimulate the immune system in a way that could exacerbate their condition. Additionally, some people may experience side effects such as nausea, stomach pain, or allergic reactions, particularly if they are allergic to plants in the daisy family. It is not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to insufficient research on its safety in these populations. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment, especially if you are on other medications or have underlying health conditions.Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

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Activity 1 Answers: 1. False (Echinacea is native to North America).2. True.3. True.4. False (Echinacea should be used only as a short-term boost).5. True.

Activity 2 Sample Answers: 1. Echinacea is considered effective for treating colds and flu because it boosts the immune system, making colds shorter and less severe, and can stop a cold that is just starting if taken at the first sign of symptoms.2. The immune-boosting properties of echinacea are similar to those of conventional medications in that they both aim to enhance the body’s ability to fight off infections. However, echinacea is a natural alternative that may have fewer side effects for some people.3. Using echinacea only for short-term immune boosts is important because it does not strengthen the immune system when taken for long periods. Long-term use could potentially lead to diminished effectiveness and increased risk of side effects.4. The potential risks for individuals with autoimmune disorders include the possibility that echinacea could stimulate the immune system in a way that exacerbates their condition, leading to increased inflammation and symptoms.5. The traditional use of echinacea by Native Americans has likely influenced its popularity in modern herbal medicine by providing a historical precedent for its effectiveness and encouraging people to seek natural remedies with a long history of use.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM_hntKXlB4

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Role Play Instructions: At the Pharmacy Objective: Students will practice a role play scenario involving a customer and a pharmacy technician to enhance their understanding of echinacea's uses and practice effective communication skills in a pharmacy setting. Roles:1. Customer2. Pharmacy Technician Instructions: 1. Preparation:o Review the text about echinacea and its medicinal uses.o Understand the roles: The customer will ask questions about echinacea, and the pharmacy technician will provide information and advice based on the text. 2. Role Play Scenario:o The customer enters the pharmacy looking for a natural remedy to boost their immune system and help with a cold.o The pharmacy technician will provide information about echinacea, its benefits, and considerations for use. 3. Key Points to Address:o Benefits of echinacea for the immune system and colds.o How to use echinacea (e.g., tinctures, capsules).o Safety considerations and possible interactions with other medications.

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Sample Conversation:Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy to help boost my immune system and fight off a cold. Do you have any recommendations?Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we do. Echinacea is a great natural remedy that can help boost your immune system and treat colds.Customer: Echinacea? Can you tell me more about it?Pharmacy Technician: Certainly. Echinacea is a group of North American prairie perennials known for their purple daisy-like flowers. The roots and occasionally the flowers of Echinacea purpurea are used for their immune-stimulating properties. It's very effective in making colds shorter and less severe if taken at the first sign of symptoms.Customer: How do I use it?Pharmacy Technician: You can take echinacea in various forms such as tinctures, capsules, or teas. It’s best to start taking it as soon as you notice the first signs of a cold. For immune system support, it should be used short-term rather than long-term.Customer: Are there any side effects I should be aware of?Pharmacy Technician: While echinacea is generally safe for most people, some may experience side effects like nausea, stomach pain, or allergic reactions, especially if they are allergic to plants in the daisy family. It’s also not recommended for people with autoimmune disorders or for pregnant or breastfeeding women.Customer: That’s good to know. Should I avoid using it if I’m taking other medications?Pharmacy Technician: Yes, you should always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment, especially if you are on other medications, to avoid potential interactions.Customer: Thank you for the information. I think I’ll try echinacea. Can you recommend a specific product?Pharmacy Technician: Sure, we have a few different echinacea products. Here are some capsules and a tincture. Both are effective, so it depends on your preference. If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask.Customer: Thanks, I’ll give the capsules a try. Have a great day!Pharmacy Technician: You’re welcome! Have a great day!

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Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

DESCRIPTION Hyssop is a semi-evergreen shrub that grows to 60cm. It has narrow leaves and blue double-lipped flowers. The flowering tops are harvested when the plant is in flower in summer. PARTS USED Flowering tops, essential oil MEDICINAL USES It is both calming and tonic. Hyssop has positive effects when used to treat bronchitis and respiratory infections, especially where there is excessive mucus production. Hyssop encourages the production of a more liquid mucus, and at the same time gently stimulates expectoration (the elimination of mucus from the respiratory tract). This combined action clears thick phlegm. Hyssop can irritate the mucous membranes, so it is best given after an infection has peaked, when the herb`s tonic action encourages a general recovery. As a sedative, hyssop is a useful remedy against asthma in both children and adults, especially where the condition is exacerbated by mucus congestion. Like many herbs with a strong volatile oil, it soothes the digestive tract and can be an effective remedy against indigestion, gas, bloating, and colic. CAUTIONS Hyssop can induce epileptic seizures. It should only be used under professional supervision. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE Hyssop is generally safe when used appropriately, but it can cause serious side effects, including inducing epileptic seizures, especially in large doses. Therefore, it should only be used under professional supervision, particularly in individuals with a history of seizures or epilepsy. It is also advised to avoid using hyssop during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to the lack of sufficient research on its safety in these populations. Additionally, hyssop essential oil should not be applied directly to the skin without proper dilution, as it can cause irritation. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

Activity 1: True or False Determine whether the following statements are true or false based on the text. 1. Hyssop is a deciduous shrub that grows to 60cm. 2. The flowering tops and essential oil of hyssop are used medicinally. 3. Hyssop is beneficial for treating bronchitis and respiratory infections. 4. Hyssop should be used during the peak of an infection. 5. Hyssop can induce epileptic seizures and should be used under professional supervision.

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Activity 2: Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer based on the text about hyssop. 1. What is a primary use of hyssop in herbal medicine? a) To treat high blood pressure b) To treat bronchitis and respiratory infections c) To improve vision d) To reduce cholesterol 2. Which part of the hyssop plant is primarily used for its medicinal properties? a) Leaves b) Stems c) Flowering tops d) Roots 3. How does hyssop help with respiratory infections? a) By increasing blood sugar levels b) By encouraging the production of more liquid mucus and stimulating expectoration c) By reducing appetite d) By enhancing memory 4. Which of the following is a potential risk associated with hyssop use? a) Increased heart rate b) Epileptic seizures c) Rash d) Increased appetite

Activity 3: Match each word with its correct definition. 1. Semi-evergreen 2. Sedative 3. Expectoration 4. Volatile oil 5. Indigestion a) Partially retaining leaves throughout the year b) A substance that promotes the discharge of mucus from the respiratory tract c) A liquid that evaporates quickly and often has a strong smell d) A condition in which the stomach feels uncomfortable or full e) A substance that induces calmness or sleep

https://www.britannica.com/video/180208/Overview-hyssop

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Role Play Instructions: At the Pharmacy (Hyssop) Objective: Students will practice a role play scenario involving a customer and a pharmacy technician to enhance their understanding of hyssop's uses and practice effective communication skills in a pharmacy setting. Roles: 1. Customer 2. Pharmacy Technician Instructions: 1. Preparation: o Review the text about hyssop and its medicinal uses. o Understand the roles: The customer will ask questions about hyssop, and the pharmacy technician will provide information and advice based on the text. 2. Role Play Scenario: o The customer enters the pharmacy looking for a natural remedy to help with bronchitis and digestive issues. o The pharmacy technician will provide information about hyssop, its benefits, and considerations for use. 3. Key Points to Address: o Benefits of hyssop for respiratory and digestive issues. o How to use hyssop (e.g., teas, essential oil). o Safety considerations and possible interactions with other medications. Activity 4: Read and complete the sample conversation on the next page. Use the following words: infections, oil, diluted, seizures, essential, irritation, treatment, supervision, applying, expectoration, aware, digestive

Activity 1 Answers: 1. False (Hyssop is a semi-evergreen shrub). 2. True. 3. True. 4. False (Hyssop is best given after an infection has peaked). 5. True.

Activity 2 Answers: 1. b) To treat bronchitis and respiratory infections 2. c) Flowering tops 3. b) By encouraging the production of more liquid mucus and stimulating expectoration 4. b) Epileptic seizures

Activity 3 Answers: 1. a) Partially retaining leaves throughout the year 2. e) A substance that induces calmness or sleep 3. b) A substance that promotes the discharge of mucus from the respiratory tract 4. c) A liquid that evaporates quickly and often has a strong smell 5. d) A condition in which the stomach feels uncomfortable or full

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Sample Conversation: Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy to help with my bronchitis and some 1..................................... issues. Do you have any recommendations? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we do. Hyssop is a great natural remedy that can help with both respiratory and digestive problems. Customer: Hyssop? Can you tell me more about it? Pharmacy Technician: Certainly. Hyssop is a semi-evergreen shrub known for its blue double-lipped flowers. The flowering tops and 2........................................ oil are used for their medicinal properties. It’s effective in treating bronchitis and respiratory 3............................................ by encouraging the production of more liquid mucus and stimulating 4........................................., which helps clear thick phlegm. Customer: How does it help with digestive issues? Pharmacy Technician: Like many herbs with a strong volatile 5.................................., hyssop soothes the digestive tract and can be an effective remedy for indigestion, gas, bloating, and colic. Customer: Are there any side effects I should be 6.................................... of? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, hyssop can induce epileptic 7......................................., especially in large doses. It should only be used under professional 8.................................., particularly if you have a history of seizures or epilepsy. It’s also best to avoid using hyssop during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Additionally, hyssop essential oil should be properly 9........................................... before use to avoid skin 10 ..................................... Customer: Should I consult my doctor before using it? Pharmacy Technician: Absolutely. It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new herbal 11..........................................., especially if you are on other medications or have underlying health conditions. Customer: Thank you for the information. I think I’ll try hyssop. Can you recommend a specific product? Pharmacy Technician: Sure, we have hyssop in both tea and essential oil forms. Both are effective, but remember to dilute the essential oil before 12......................................... it to your skin. If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Customer: Thanks, I’ll start with the tea. Have a great day! Pharmacy Technician: You’re welcome! Have a great day!

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Activity 5: Fill in the Blanks Use the correct words from the list to complete the sentences: seizures, digestive, mucus, mucous, essential, expectoration. 1. Hyssop encourages the production of a more liquid __________ and stimulates __________ to clear thick phlegm. 2. The __________ oil of hyssop is used for its medicinal properties. 3. Hyssop can irritate the __________ membranes and should be used cautiously. 4. Like many herbs with a strong volatile oil, hyssop soothes the __________ tract. 5. Hyssop can induce epileptic __________ and should only be used under professional supervision.

Activity 4 Answers: 1 digestive 2 essential 3 infections 4 expectoration 5 oil 6 aware 7 seizures 8 supervision 9 diluted 10 irritation 11 treatment 12 applying

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/mar/10/three-neglected-herbs-to-enrich-your-kitchen-garden

Answers: 1. mucous, expectoration 2. essential 3. mucous 4. digestive 5. seizures

https://www.britannica.com/video/22053/Rose-petal-harvesting-attar-distillation-Bulgaria

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Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

DESCRIPTION Thyme is an aromatic shrub that grows to 40 cm, with woody stems, small leaves and pink flowers. The aerial parts are harvested in summer. PARTS USED Fresh and dried aerial parts. Aerial parts contain antiseptic volatile oil. MEDICINAL USES The antiseptic and tonic properties make thyme a useful tonic for the immune system in chronic, especially fungal, infections. It is an effective remedy for throat and chest infections, such as bronchitis and whooping cough. Thyme is prescribed with other herbs for asthma, especially in children. Its invigorating qualities balance the sedative effect of many herbs used for asthma. The herb is also helpful in hay fever. Thyme is often used to treat worms in children. Applied to skin, thyme relieves bites and stings. It helps ringworm, athlete`s foot, thrush and other fungal infections, as well as scabies and lice. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE Thyme is generally safe when used appropriately, but it can cause allergic reactions in some people. Thyme essential oil should be used with caution as it is highly concentrated and can cause skin irritation or sensitization if not properly diluted. It is not recommended to use thyme essential oil internally without professional guidance. Pregnant women should avoid using large amounts of thyme due to its potential to stimulate menstruation. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment, especially if you are on other medications or have underlying health conditions. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

Activity 1: True or False? 1. Thyme is a non-aromatic shrub that grows to 60 cm. 2. The aerial parts of thyme are used medicinally. 3. Thyme is beneficial for treating fungal infections and throat and chest infections. 4. Thyme is often used to treat asthma, especially in adults. 5. Thyme essential oil can cause skin irritation if not properly diluted.

Answers: 1. False (Thyme is an aromatic shrub that grows to 40 cm). 2. True. 3. True. 4. False (Thyme is often prescribed with other herbs for asthma, especially in children). 5. True.

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Activity 2 Vocabulary Exercise Match each word with its correct definition. 1. Aromatic 2. Antiseptic 3. Sedative 4. Sensitization 5. Invigorating a) Having a pleasant and distinctive smell b) Preventing the growth of disease-causing microorganisms c) A substance that induces calmness or sleep d) Causing a heightened response to a substance e) Giving strength and energy

https://www.britannica.com/video/180207/Overview-thyme

Activity 3 Fill in the Blanks: Use the correct words from the list to complete the sentences: antiseptic, infections, diluted, menstruation, allergic 1. Thyme has __________ properties that make it effective against fungal __________. 2. Thyme essential oil should be properly __________ to avoid skin irritation. 3. Pregnant women should avoid using large amounts of thyme due to its potential to stimulate __________. 4. Some people may experience __________ reactions to thyme.

Activity 2 Answers: 1. a) Having a pleasant and distinctive smell 2. b) Preventing the growth of disease-causing microorganisms 3. c) A substance that induces calmness or sleep 4. d) Causing a heightened response to a substance 5. e) Giving strength and energy

Activity 3 Answers: 1. antiseptic, infections 2. diluted 3. menstruation 4. allergic

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Activity 2: Choose the correct answer based on the text on the next page: 1. What part of the rosemary plant is used in herbal medicine? a) Flowers b) Roots c) Leaves and essential oil d) Seeds 2. Which of the following is NOT a medicinal use of rosemary? a) Treating nervous disorders b) Relieving headaches c) Treating diabetes d) Improving circulation 3. How does rosemary benefit those with Alzheimer's disease? a) It reduces blood sugar levels. b) It improves circulation to the brain and prevents the breakdown of a brain chemical. c) It stimulates hair growth. d) It reduces joint pain. 4. Rosemary should be used with caution by women who have: a) Digestive issues b) Heavy menstrual flow c) High blood pressure d) Asthma

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis

Activity 1: True or False? 1. Rosemary is an annual plant. 2. Rosemary can be used in food preparation as an antioxidant and preservative. 3. Rosemary contains compounds that improve circulation to the brain. 4. Rosemary baths help to reduce pain in rheumatic muscles and joints. 5. Ingesting rosemary essential oil is safe.

https://www.britannica.com/video/180201/Overview-rosemary

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DESCRIPTION Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub that grows to a height of one meter. It bears thick, narrow, parallel green leaves and pale blue to blue-violet flowers. The leaves and the essential oil distilled from the leaves are used in herbal medicine. Rosemary is also used in food preparation as an antioxidant and preservative, particularly for meats. MEDICINAL USES Rosemary is a potent antioxidant, antiseptic, and antispasmodic. In European folk medicine, it was used both internally and externally, for nervous disorders, upset stomach, headaches, baldness, arthritis, pain, strains, and bruises. More recently, it has been investigated as a cancer therapy. BENEFITS OF ROSEMARY FOR SPECIFIC HEALTH CONDITIONS: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Rosemary contains compounds that prevent the breakdown of a brain chemical that allows the nerve cells responsible for memory and reasoning to communicate with one another. Rosemary also improves circulation to the brain. CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS, ECZEMA, RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, AND SORE MUSCLES. In European folk medicine, rosemary baths were used to prevent bacterial infection complicating eczema. Rosemary baths also stimulate blood circulation to the skin. This action helps the body to circulate the immune cells that cause eczema away from the skin and to circulate antibodies and other immune cells that fight infection to the skin. Rosemary contains camphor, which increases the blood supply to the skin. Because of this property, using rosemary in the bath helps to reduce pain in rheumatic muscles and joints. Rosemary baths also help to improve disorders characterized by chronic circulatory weakness, such as low blood pressure, varicose veins, bruises, and sprains. INDIGESTION AND MENSTRUAL CRAMPS. Rosemary helps to relax muscles, including the muscles of the digestive tract and the uterus. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. Rosemary relieves intestinal cramps and spasms. It also eases bloated feelings and stops flatulence. The bitter substances in rosemary stimulate the release of bile, aiding the digestion of dietary fat and lowering cholesterol levels. Rosemary also protects the liver from toxins leaking through the bowel. YEAST INFECTION. Rosemary is both diuretic and fungicidal. Its diuretic action increases the likelihood that infectious yeasts will be flushed out of the body before they have a chance to cause infection. Its fungicidal action kills Candida albicans, destroying many of the yeast cells that remain. Rosemary is not so potent, however, that it completely wipes out the natural bacterial population of the digestive tract, an action that helps keep the intestines in healthy balance. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE Rosemary is available as oil capsules, oils (which can be used for aroma therapy), and teas (which can be used as skin washes). Continuous medicinal use of rosemary should be avoided by women who have heavy menstrual flow. Since this herb is a uterine stimulant, it should not be used medically during pregnancy. The small amounts of rosemary used in cooking do not pose a risk of any side effects. You should never ingest the essential oil. It can irritate the stomach and intestines, and cause kidney damage. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

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Activity 1 Answers: 1. False (Rosemary is an evergreen shrub). 2. True. 3. True. 4. True. 5. False (You should never ingest the essential oil as it can cause stomach and kidney damage).

Role Play: At the Pharmacy (Rosemary) Objective: Students will practice a role play scenario involving a customer and a pharmacy technician to enhance their understanding of rosemary's uses and practice effective communication skills in a pharmacy setting. Roles: 1. Customer 2. Pharmacy Technician Instructions: 1. Preparation: o Review the text about rosemary and its medicinal uses. o Understand the roles: The customer will ask questions about rosemary, and the pharmacy technician will provide information and advice based on the text. 2. Role Play Scenario: o The customer enters the pharmacy looking for a natural remedy to help with headaches and digestive issues. o The pharmacy technician will provide information about rosemary, its benefits, and considerations for use. 3. Key Points to Address: o Benefits of rosemary for headaches and digestive issues. o How to use rosemary (e.g., leaves, essential oil, teas). o Safety considerations and possible interactions with other medications.

Activity 2 Answers: 1. c) Leaves and essential oil 2. c) Treating diabetes 3. b) It improves circulation to the brain and prevents the breakdown of a brain chemical. 4. b) Heavy menstrual flow

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Sample Conversation: Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy to help with my headaches and digestive issues. Do you have any recommendations? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we do. Rosemary is a great natural remedy that can help with both headaches and digestive issues. Customer: Rosemary? Can you tell me more about it? Pharmacy Technician: Certainly. Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub with leaves and essential oil that are used in herbal medicine. It has potent antioxidant, antiseptic, and antispasmodic properties. It's known to help with nervous disorders, upset stomach, headaches, and digestive issues. Customer: How does it help with headaches and digestion? Pharmacy Technician: Rosemary helps with headaches by improving circulation, which can help reduce pain. For digestive issues, rosemary relaxes the muscles of the digestive tract, relieving cramps and spasms, and it also stimulates the release of bile, aiding digestion and reducing bloating and flatulence. Customer: Are there any side effects I should be aware of? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, rosemary should be used with caution. Continuous medicinal use should be avoided by women with heavy menstrual flow, and it should not be used medically during pregnancy due to its uterine stimulant effects. Also, you should never ingest the essential oil as it can cause stomach and kidney damage. Customer: Should I consult my doctor before using it? Pharmacy Technician: Absolutely. It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new herbal treatment, especially if you are on other medications or have underlying health conditions. Customer: Thank you for the information. I think I’ll try rosemary. Can you recommend a specific product? Pharmacy Technician: Sure, we have rosemary leaves that you can use to make tea, and rosemary oil for external use. Both are effective, but make sure to use them as directed. If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Customer: Thanks, I'll start with the rosemary tea. Have a great day! Pharmacy Technician: You’re welcome! Have a great day!

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Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis)

Activity 2: Choose the correct answer based on the text on the next page: 1. Which traditional medicine practices have used marsh mallow? a) Chinese and Ayurvedic b) Greek and Arabian c) Roman and Egyptian d) Native American and African 2. What percentage of marsh mallow root's weight comes from mucilage? a) 10% b) 20% c) 35% d) 50% 3. Marsh mallow root is especially useful for: a) Inducing sleep b) Stimulating appetite c) Relieving irritation and inflammation d) Increasing energy 4. How does marsh mallow root help with coughs and laryngitis? a) By stimulating mucus production b) By coating irritated linings of the mouth and throat c) By reducing body temperature d) By increasing blood circulation 5. Why should people with diabetes be cautious when using marsh mallow root? a) It can raise blood sugar levels. b) It can lower blood sugar levels. c) It causes weight gain. d) It increases insulin resistance.

Activity 1: True or False? 1. Marsh mallow is a perennial plant that grows in dry, arid areas. 2. The use of marsh mallow originated in traditional Greek medicine. 3. The root of the marsh mallow plant is the only part used medicinally. 4. Marsh mallow root is beneficial for dry coughs. 5. People with diabetes should use marsh mallow with caution.

Activity 3: Match each word with its correct definition. 1. Perennial 2. Mucilage 3. Phagocytosis 4. Tincture 5. Hypoglycaemia a) A solution of a medicinal substance in alcohol b) A plant that lives for more than two years c) The process by which cells engulf and digest microorganisms d) A thick, gluey substance produced by some plants e) An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood

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DESCRIPTION Marsh mallow is a perennial plant that bears hibiscus-like blossoms and grows in wet, marshy areas. The use of marsh mallow originated in traditional Greek medicine and spread to Arabian and ayurvedic medicine. Marsh mallow is cu1tivated for medicinal use in Europe and Asia. PARTS USED Root, leaves, flowers. MEDICINAL USES Marsh mallow root relieves various forms of irritation and inflammation, especially irritation of mucous membranes. It aids the body in expelling excess fluid and mucus. It strengthens the digestive system and improves the functioning of the immune system. Marsh mallow root is an ingredient in many lung preparations and cough syrups, as well as preparations for urinary tract problems, stomach ailments, and wound healing. Marsh mallow lowers stomach acid levels. BENEFITS OF MARSH MALLOW ROOT FOR SPECIFIC HEALTH CONDITIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Cough and laryngitis: Approximately 35 per cent of the weight of the marsh mallow root comes from mucilage, which coats irritated linings of the mouth and throat. Since this mucilage acts in the same way as natural mucus, it prevents cough rather than stimulating the release of mucus. Therefore, marsh mallow root is appropriate for dry coughs rather than for relieving congestion. In addition, the herb is known to stimulate phagocytosis, the immune process in which cells called macrophages engulf and digest infectious microorganisms. Eczema, mastitis, and psoriasis: Marsh mallow root mucilage forms a protective layer on damaged skin. This herb interferes with the creation of hormones that cause inflammation. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE: Marsh mallow root is available in fluid extracts, and tinctures for internal use, and as a cream for external use. Japanese researchers have learned that the mucilage in marsh mallow root can lower blood sugars. For this reason, the official guidelines for the use of medicinal herbs in the European Union counsel caution in the use of the herb by people with diabetes. There is no evidence, however, that marsh mallow products taken orally or externally can cause hypoglycaemia or otherwise interfere with diabetes treatment. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

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Activity 1 Answers: 1. False (Marsh mallow grows in wet, marshy areas). 2. True. 3. False (The root, leaves, and flowers are used). 4. True. 5. True.

Activity 4: Use the correct words from the list to complete the sentences: mucilage, phagocytosis, tincture, hypoglycaemia, perennial. 1. The ___________ plant marsh mallow grows in wet, marshy areas. 2. The ___________ in marsh mallow root coats irritated linings of the mouth and throat. 3. ___________ is a process where cells engulf and digest infectious microorganisms. 4. Marsh mallow root is available in fluid extracts and ___________ for internal use. 5. People with diabetes should use marsh mallow with caution to avoid ___________.

Activity 2Answers: 1. b) Greek and Arabian 2. c) 35% 3. c) Relieving irritation and inflammation 4. b) By coating irritated linings of the mouth and throat 5. b) It can lower blood sugar levels.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYLidQtayE

Activity 3 Answers: 1. b) A plant that lives for more than two years 2. d) A thick, gluey substance produced by some plants 3. c) The process by which cells engulf and digest microorganisms 4. a) A solution of a medicinal substance in alcohol 5. e) An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood

Activity 4 Answers: 1. perennial 2. mucilage 3. Phagocytosis 4. tinctures 5. hypoglycaemia

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Activity 2: Choose the correct answer based on the text on the next page: 1. Lemon balm smells strongly of lemon: a) Only after rubbing the leaves b) Only when it flowers c) Only when it is fresh d) Only when it is dried 2. Which of the following is NOT a use of lemon balm mentioned in the text? a) Relieving menstrual cramps b) Treating herpes-virus infection c) Reducing skin and muscle pain d) Improving eyesight 3. Lemon balm can be used in combination with valerian to: a) Treat colds b) Enhance sleep and reduce muscle tension in ADD c) Prevent indigestion d) Cure headaches 4. What form of lemon balm is effective for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? a) Tea b) Cream c) Essential oil d) Tablets 5. Why should people with glaucoma avoid the essential oil of lemon balm? a) It may cause dry eyes b) It may raise pressure in the eye c) It may cause vision loss d) It may induce drowsiness

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

https://www.britannica.com/video/180194/lemon-balm

Activity 1: True or False? 1. Lemon balm is a Mediterranean member of the mint family. 2. Lemon balm is primarily cultivated in France. 3. The dried leaf of the lemon balm herb is used in herbal medicine. 4. Lemon balm is not recommended for babies and children. 5. Lemon balm can be used to relieve menstrual cramps and indigestion.

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Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

https://www.britannica.com/video/180194/lemon-balm

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DESCRIPTION: Lemon balm is a Mediterranean member of the mint family now most widely cultivated in Germany, although English gardeners have considered lemon balm a valuable plant since at least the Elizabethan era. As its name suggests, the herb smells strongly of lemon, although this effect is sometimes only noticeable after rubbing the leaves, and can be totally lost when the herb is stored for several months. This low-growing, seventy-centimetre perennial bears pairs of mint-like leaves on opposite sides of a square stem. Its small, white flowers appear in summer atop its central stem. The dried leaf of the herb is used in herbal medicine. MEDICINAL USES: Research has found that lemon balm has a mild sedative effect, antibacterial and antiviral properties, and an ability to relieve cramps and gas. It is used to heal wounds, ease indigestion, relieve menstrual cramps, fight cold sores, relax nerves, soothe and prevent insect stings, and prevent insomnia. The tea is also recommended for inducing perspiration and relieving fever due to colds and flu. This herb is gentle enough for babies and children. Benefits of lemon balm for specific health conditions include the following: Attention deficit disorder (ADD), heart attack, insomnia, and stress. Lemon balm teas have been used for generations to relieve anxiety and sleeplessness. Lemon balm also reduces skin and muscle pain. When used with valerian, lemon balm hastens sleep and relaxes muscle tension in persons with attention deficit disorder (ADD), without day time drowsiness. Herpes-virus infection. Treatment of herpes infections is complicated by the fact that the virus can become resistant to drug treatment. Lemon balm expands the possibilities of treatment and is useful when prescription treatments fail. People using lemon balm also experienced less scarring. This indicates that people who use lemon balm suffer less damage to skin cells. In addition to shortening the healing period, treatment with lemon balm prevents spread of the infection and quickly relieves the itching, burning, tingling, swelling, stabbing, and redness of a herpes outbreak. Lemon balm has an advantage over other treatments in that it does not induce drug resistance in the virus over time. Insomnia Combined extracts of lemon balm and valerian have been studied as a treatment for insomnia. The herbal combination was found to be as effective as the sedative Halcion. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Lemon balm stops spasms and relieves pain caused by irritable bowel syndrome. The form of the herb that has this antispasmodic action is the essential oil, which is strong enough to break up spasms but not so strong as to cause constipation. CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE: Lemon balm is available in creams for application to the skin and in tablets and tea s to be taken internally. Lemon balm tablets are usually taken for insomnia or stress and frequently combine lemon balm with valerian. Animal studies indicate that lemon balm can increase the sedative effect of barbiturates. You should therefore avoid lemon balm tinctures and teas if you take barbiturates for anxiety or insomnia. Lemon balm creams do not interact with barbiturate drugs. People with glaucoma should not use essential oil of lemon balm until more studies are conducted. Studies in laboratory animals suggest that it may raise pressure in the eye. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine

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Activity 1 Answers: 1. True 2. False (It is primarily cultivated in Germany) 3. True 4. False (It is gentle enough for babies and children) 5. True

At the Pharmacy (Lemon balm) Customer: Hi, I'm looking for a natural remedy to help with my insomnia and stress. Do you have any recommendations? Pharmacy Technician: Hello! Yes, we do. Lemon balm is a great natural remedy that can help with both insomnia and stress. Customer: Lemon balm? Can you tell me more about it? Pharmacy Technician: Certainly. Lemon balm is a Mediterranean member of the mint family, widely cultivated in Germany. It has a mild sedative effect, and research has shown that it can help with anxiety and sleeplessness. It's also useful for relieving cramps and gas, and it has antibacterial and antiviral properties. Customer: How does it work for insomnia? Pharmacy Technician: Lemon balm is often combined with valerian to enhance its sedative effects. This combination has been found to be as effective as some prescription sedatives, helping you fall asleep and stay asleep without causing daytime drowsiness. Customer: Are there any side effects or precautions I should be aware of? Pharmacy Technician: Yes, if you're taking barbiturates for anxiety or insomnia, you should avoid lemon balm tinctures and teas because it can increase the sedative effects of those medications. Also, if you have glaucoma, you should avoid using the essential oil of lemon balm until more studies are conducted, as it may raise pressure in the eye. Customer: What forms of lemon balm are available? Pharmacy Technician: Lemon balm is available in creams for application to the skin, as well as in tablets and teas for internal use. Tablets are usually taken for insomnia or stress and often combine lemon balm with valerian for enhanced effectiveness. Customer: Thanks for the information. I'll give it a try. Pharmacy Technician: You're welcome! If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask. Customer: Thank you, have a great day! Pharmacy Technician: You too, take care!

Activity 2 Answers: 1. a) Only after rubbing the leaves 2. d) Improving eyesight 3. b) Enhance sleep and reduce muscle tension in ADD 4. c) Essential oil 5. b) It may raise pressure in the eye

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Mugwort (Artemisa Vulgaris)

Activity 2 Vocabulary - Match the following words with their correct definitions: 1 Tart 2 Tangy 3 Alleviates 4 Prevalent 5 Unremarkable 6 Versatility a. Sharp or sour in taste b. Commonly occurring or widespread c. Mildly bitter or sharp d. Relieves or lessens e. Having many different uses or functions f. Not particularly special or interesting

Listening comprehension -- true or false?

Activity 3 - Fill in the Blanks: Mugwort has a tart flavor, reminiscent of _______ and _______. The bitter compounds in mugwort leaves further the production of bile and _______ juices. Mugwort tea alleviates _______ during menstruation and other abdominal pains. Roman soldiers used mugwort to protect themselves against _______ and evil spirits. The best time to harvest mugwort is between _______ and _______.

https://www.britannica.com/video/180175/Overview-mugwort

Activity 1 1 Mugwort plants can grow up to two meters tall. 2 Mugwort has a flavor similar to mint and juniper. 3 Mugwort is only used for its medicinal properties and not in cooking. 4 Mugwort helps with the digestion of fatty foods. 5 Mugwort is often used in traditional Christmas recipes for goose. 6 Mugwort should be used generously in cooking. 7 Mugwort has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years. 8 Mugwort was believed to have magical powers during the Middle Ages. 9 Mugwort belongs to the mint family. 10 Mugwort is difficult to cultivate and requires a lot of maintenance.

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Activity 1 Answers 1True 2 True 3 False - Mugwort is also a popular seasoning in many Northern European cuisines. 4 True 5 True 6 False - Mugwort should always be used sparingly. 7 True 8 True 9 False - Mugwort belongs to the daisy family. 10False - Mugwort requires minimal maintenance other than a little watering every now and then.

Activity 3 Answers 1 Mugwort has a tart flavor, reminiscent of mint and juniper. 2 The bitter compounds in mugwort leaves further the production of bile and gastric juices. 3 Mugwort tea alleviates cramps during menstruation and other abdominal pains. 4 Roman soldiers used mugwort to protect themselves against fatigue and evil spirits. 5 he best time to harvest mugwort is between July and September.

Activity 2 Answers 1 a. Tart 2 c. Tangy 3 d. Alleviates 4 b. Prevalent 5 f. Unremarkable 6 e. Versatility

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZ0q-0Hy18k

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Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Activity 2 - Match the following words with their correct definitions: 1 Lush 2 Intense 3 Essential oils 4 Anti-inflammatory 5 Beguiling 6 Prosper a. Strong and powerful in taste or smell b. The primary substance responsible for the herb's aroma and therapeutic effects c. Thriving or growing well d. Full and healthy growth, typically used to describe plants e. Reducing inflammation f. Charming or enchanting, often in a deceptive way

Listening comprehension -- true or false?

https://www.britannica.com/video/180174/Overview-basil

Activity 1 1 Basil is considered the king of herbs and has significant flavor and healing qualities. 2 Essential oils in basil are responsible for both its flavor and its medicinal properties. 3 There are about 30 known species of wild basil, but only three are widely used internationally. 4 Genovese basil is the most internationally successful variety of basil. 5 Basil retains its flavor well when dried or cooked. 6 Basil pesto can last for several weeks if stored properly. 7 Basil was considered sinful in the Middle Ages and had no medicinal uses. 8 Basil thrives in cold weather and can be planted outdoors in winter. 9 Basil requires temperatures above 12 degrees Celsius to grow well. 10 The leaves of basil should be shredded to release their full flavor.

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Activity 1 Answers

True True False - There are about 60 known species of wild basil. True False - Dried or cooked, basil loses valuable flavor. True False - Basil was recommended as a cure-all and had medicinal uses. False - Basil loves warmth and needs a cozy place indoors during cold months. True False - It’s better to pick and serve whole leaves than shred them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Geqj94DMBoU

Activity 2 Answers

1 d. Lush 2 a. Intense 3 b. Essential oils 4 e. Anti-inflammatory 5 f. Beguiling 6 c. Prosper

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St. John`s wort

DESCRIPTION St.John`s wort is a perennial plant native to Great Britain and to northern Europe. It bears brightly-yellow petals in flowering tops. Today, the entire plant is used. Oils and tinctures made from St. John`s wort have a dark-red colour imparted by hypericin, one of the medicinally active components of the herb. MEDICINAL USES St. John`s wort has antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory. Antiviral, and pain-relieving properties. This herb`s ability to fight depression also makes it useful in treating chronic fatigue syndrome and Lyme disease, and its ability to relieve pain makes it helpful for treating vocal pain and laryngitis associated with fibromyalgia. It can relieve headaches that occur with hay fever and stop the process within the brain that triggers nausea. Benefits of St. John`s wort for specific health conditions: BURNS AND SKIN DISORDERS. An ointment prepared by mixing fresh St. John`s wort flowers with olive oil greatly accelerates the healing of burns. Hypericin-containing extracts may prove useful for the treatment of psoriasis and warts. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. St. John`s wort is anecdotally reported to relieve pain of carpal tunnel syndrome. This is probably due to its ability to improve transmission over the median nerve that runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. CROHN`S DISEASE, HEMORRHOIDS, AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). St. John`s wort oil has been used clinically for a variety of digestive ailments. It regulates serotonin, a neurotransmitter that causes digestive irritation, and reduces inflammation and swelling. The tannins in the oil (which are not present in pure hypericin extract) prevent fluids from flowing into the intestines, thereby relieving diarrhoea. For irritable bowel syndrome, European doctors prescribe it as an overnight retention enema. CUTS, SCRAPES, AND ABRASIONS. St. John`s wort keeps open wounds from becoming infected. The essential oil is strongly antibacterial. DEPRESSION. The most common use of St. John`s wort is in treatment of depression. St. John`s wort is often described as a »natural Prozac«. Hypericin (or more likely, a group of chemicals in this plant including hypericin) does in fact prevent the reuptake of serotonin by brain tissue, allowing this mood-controlling brain chemical to fight depression. However, St. John`s wort has also been described as a natural monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, acting in the same way as the antidepressant drug commonly used before fluoxetine (Prozac). DIABETES. Sometimes, successful treatment of diabetes that has gone uncontrolled for a long time can result in severe nerve pain. This happens because lowering blood sugar leads to restored nerve function, but the »pain fibres« in the nerves are disproportionately stimulated. St. John`s wort is an alternative to the tricyclic antidepressant usually prescribed for the condition, amitriptyline (Elavil). Unlike amitriptyline, St. John`s wort does not cause secondary effects such as drowsiness, orthostatic hypertension (a sudden drop in blood pressure when you move from a seated to a standing position), or urine retention.

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Activity 1: Answer the questions.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE St. John`s wort is available in a variety of forms. In some people, the herb may cause stomach upset, restlessness, mild allergic reactions, or fatigue. For people with depression, St. John`s wort should be taken for no less than ten days to two weeks to determine if there is any improvement. If the herb is helpful, there is no limitation on the length of time it can be taken. Many science writers caution that hypericin can sensitize the skin to sunlight, causing a tendency to sunburn. Some scientific articles maintain that St. John`s wort contains MAO inhibitors, which can cause sudden attacks of severe high blood pressure when combined with the protein tyramine, which is found in aged cheeses, chocolate, and red wine. Prescription for Herbal Healing, Phyllis A. Balch

1. Where is St. John’s wort native to? 2. What are the medicinally active components of St. John’s wort? 3. List at least three medicinal properties of St. John’s wort. 4. How does St. John’s wort help in treating depression? 5. What is an anecdotal benefit of St. John’s wort for carpal tunnel syndrome? 6. How is St. John’s wort used to treat burns and skin disorders? 7. What digestive ailments can St. John’s wort oil help with? 8. What is a consideration for people using St. John’s wort for depression? 9. What caution is associated with hypericin in St. John’s wort? 10. What potential side effect is mentioned regarding the combination of St. John’s wort and tyramine?

Activity 2: Match the words 1 to 10 from the text to their definitions a to j on the right:

1 Perennial 2 Tinctures 3 Antidepressant 4 Laryngitis 5 Anecdotally 6 Serotonin 7 Neurotransmitter 8 Retention 9 Diarrhoea 10 Orthostatic hypertension

a. Based on personal accounts rather than facts or research b. An herbal extract in alcohol c. A condition characterized by the inflammation of the voice box d. An agent that helps to alleviate depression e. A plant that lives for more than two years f. A sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from seated to standing position g. A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse h. A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and behavior i. A condition where bowel movements are loose and watery j. The act of keeping something in possession

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Activity 1 Answers:

Activity 2 Answers:

1. Perennial - e. A plant that lives for more than two years 2. Tinctures - b. An herbal extract in alcohol 3. Antidepressant - d. An agent that helps to alleviate depression 4. Laryngitis - c. A condition characterized by the inflammation of the voice box 5. Anecdotally - a. Based on personal accounts rather than facts or research 6. Serotonin - h. A neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and behavior 7. Neurotransmitter - g. A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse 8. Retention - j. The act of keeping something in possession 9. Diarrhoea - i. A condition where bowel movements are loose and watery 10. Orthostatic hypertension - f. A sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from seated to standing position

1 St. John’s wort is native to Great Britain and northern Europe. 2 The medicinally active components include hypericin. 3 Antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and pain-relieving properties. 4 St. John’s wort prevents the reuptake of serotonin by brain tissue, allowing this mood-controlling brain chemical to fight depression. 5 It is reported to relieve pain of carpal tunnel syndrome, likely due to its ability to improve transmission over the median nerve. 6 An ointment made by mixing fresh St. John’s wort flowers with olive oil accelerates the healing of burns, and hypericin-containing extracts may be useful for treating psoriasis and warts. 7 Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 8 It should be taken for no less than ten days to two weeks to determine if there is any improvement. 9 Hypericin can sensitize the skin to sunlight, causing a tendency to sunburn. 10 It can cause sudden attacks of severe high blood pressure.

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Activity 1 Answers:

Activity 2 Answers:

Read the Guardian article:

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Marijuana

1 What are some medical conditions that marijuana is used to treat? 2 What is the active ingredient in cannabis that causes the high feeling? 3 How does THC affect the brain once it is ingested or inhaled? 4 Why can't consumers easily determine the potency of marijuana like they can with over-the-counter drugs? 5 What is the role of marijuana testing labs like Analytical 360 in Seattle? 6 Describe the technique of liquid chromatography used by some quality control labs for testing marijuana. 7 What are the potential safety concerns that marijuana testing labs look for in the plants? 8 What issue can arise when using gas chromatography to test edible pot products, according to the text?

Activity 1: Listening comprehension - Answer the questions:

Activity 2 Answers: Answers: 1 C 2 L 3 A 4 M 5 F 6 B 7 D 8 E 9 G 10 I 11 H 12 J 13 O 14 P 15 K 16 17 Q

https://www.britannica.com/video/187018/chemistry-marijuana-potency-safety

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Activity 1 Answers 1 Marijuana is used to reduce nausea in chemotherapy patients, as well as treating pain, muscle spasms, and seizures. 2 The active ingredient in cannabis that causes the high feeling is Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. 3 Once THC is ingested or inhaled, it gets absorbed into the bloodstream, travels to the brain, and attaches to cannabinoid receptors. This attachment overwhelms the brain, preventing natural chemicals from doing their job, which leads to THC's pain and nausea relieving properties and leaves the user feeling loopy. 4 Consumers can't easily determine the potency of marijuana because there are no labels that clearly state the ingredients and their concentrations, unlike over-the-counter drugs. 5 The role of marijuana testing labs like Analytical 360 is to test marijuana for quality control, including checking the potency of THC levels and ensuring the safety of the product by inspecting for pesticides, residual solvents, mold, and mildew. 6 Liquid chromatography is a technique used by some quality control labs to test the THC levels in dried marijuana plants, food, and personal care products infused with cannabis extracts, allowing them to determine and label the potency accordingly. 7 Marijuana testing labs look for safety concerns such as pesticides, residual solvents, mold, and mildew in the marijuana plants. 8 When using gas chromatography to test edible pot products, the acids (THC-acid and CBD-acid) injected into the machine can break down, causing the machine to overestimate the amount of THC and CBD.

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Definitions: A. A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. B. To take in a substance, typically through eating or drinking. C. To officially agree to or accept as satisfactory. D. To soak up or take in a substance. E. Intense or extreme in effect. F. A component part or element of something. G. To make less severe or intense. H. To spread throughout or permeate. I. The strength or effectiveness of something. J. Leftover or remaining after the main part is gone. K. Capable of being eaten. L. A feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit. M. A sudden, involuntary muscular contraction. N. To estimate something to be greater than it actually is. O. A fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments. P. A type of fungus that grows on damp surfaces. Q. To control or maintain the rate or speed of a process so that it operates properly.

Activity 2 Match each word with the correct definition, then check answers on page 42:

Words: 1 Approve 2 Nausea 3 Seizure 4 Spasm 5 Ingredient 6 Ingest 7 Absorb 8 Overwhelm 9 Relieve 10 Potency 11 Infuse 12 Residual 13 Mold 14 Mildew 15 Edible 16 Overestimate 17 Regulate

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Read the article and fill in the missing infromation: Title: Key words: Summary: Unknown words – definition, meaning: Points to consider:

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/08/knowledge-of-medicinal-plants-at-risk-as-languages-die-out

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1 What is the "natural preference" or natural-is-better bias? 2 How did the recent study in the Journal of Consumer Psychology expand our understanding of the natural preference? 3 What reasons do people have for preferring natural remedies over synthetic ones for psychological conditions? 4 According to the study, how do people perceive the impact of synthetic drugs on their "true self"? 5 What is the concept of the "true self" as discussed in the article? 6 How does the belief in the true self influence people's decisions about taking medication for mental health conditions? 7 What concerns does Rebecca Schlegel raise about the connection between the true self and well-being? 8 How might the natural preference bias affect people's decisions regarding high-stakes medical treatments, according to Brian Meier? 9 What role does the concept of "naturalness" play in how people justify their choices and preferences, according to Alan Levinovitz? 10 Why does Levinovitz believe there should be more room in health discussions for value claims that aren't easily quantified or measured?

Activity 1: Read the text and answer the questions below:

https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2023/ nov/13/natural-remedies-medication-true-self

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Activity 2: Match the words from the text to their definitions:

a. A preference or inclination that prevents impartial judgment b. Not naturally occurring; artificially made c. Based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic d. To reduce or ease pain or suffering e. Separated or estranged from something or someone f. To examine one's own thoughts and feelings g. Measured or expressed as a number or amount h. A feeling of being given authority or power i. The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning j. Considering something as a whole, rather than individual parts

1 Synthetic 2 Bias 3 Intuition 4 Empirical 5 Holistic 6 Alleviate 7 Introspect 8 Quantified 9 Alienated 10 Empowerment

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Activity 1 Answers:

1 The natural preference or natural-is-better bias is the belief that natural products, foods, and medicines are safer, healthier, and generally better than synthetic ones. 2 The study found that people are more likely to prefer natural remedies for psychological conditions compared to physical ones, as they worry that synthetic drugs might affect their "true self." 3 People prefer natural remedies for psychological conditions because they are concerned that synthetic drugs might change their core essence or "true self." 4 People perceive synthetic drugs as more likely to alter their true self compared to natural remedies, which makes them hesitant to use synthetic medications for mental health issues. 5 The true self is a belief in a core essence that represents the heart of who a person is, often associated with morally good traits and considered more authentic than other aspects of the self. 6 The belief in the true self makes people wary of synthetic medications for mental health conditions, as they fear these drugs might alter their core identity, even if the medications have positive effects. 7 Rebecca Schlegel suggests that feeling connected to or alienated from one's true self is closely related to overall well-being, implying that people’s mental health can be influenced by their perception of how medications affect their true self. 8 Brian Meier notes that the natural preference bias can lead people to make decisions that may not be in their best interest, such as being less willing to get a Covid-19 vaccine or opting for less effective natural treatments over necessary synthetic medications. 9 Alan Levinovitz explains that people use the concept of naturalness as a justification for their choices because it has taken on a larger significance, often symbolizing purity or holiness, and helps people articulate their preferences when they feel their actual concerns are dismissed. 10 Levinovitz believes there should be more room for value claims that aren't easily quantified because these claims, such as feeling empowered during childbirth, hold significant personal and cultural importance and deserve consideration in health and healing discussions.

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Activity 2 Answers:

1 Synthetic - b. Not naturally occurring; artificially made 2 Bias - a. A preference or inclination that prevents impartial judgment 3 Intuition - i. The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning 4 Empirical - c. Based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic 5 Holistic - j. Considering something as a whole, rather than individual parts 6 Alleviate - d. To reduce or ease pain or suffering 7 Introspect - f. To examine one's own thoughts and feelings 8 Quantified - g. Measured or expressed as a number or amount 9 Alienated - e. Separated or estranged from something or someone 10 Empowerment - h. A feeling of being given authority or power

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Ema Ramot, prof. with the help of ChatGPT

Erasmus+ FOMO? Misli in deluj - lokalno in evropsko!

February 2025

The activities were created with the help of ChatGPT.

Collected by Ema Ramot, prof.

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Medicinal plants

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Transcript

Sage (salvia officinalis)

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis

Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis)

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

Mugwort (Artemisa Vulgaris)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

St. John`s wort

Marijuana

Ema Ramot, prof. with the help of ChatGPT

Erasmus+ FOMO? Misli in deluj - lokalno in evropsko!

February 2025

Collected by Ema Ramot, prof.