Learning Theories Part 1

Learning Theories Part 1

Behaviorism

"Behaviroist proposed that environmental stimuli and consequences shape behavior and that learning occurs through a process of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishment behaviros based on their own outcomes" (2023) .

Major Theoriest

""A basic understanding of behaviorism can be gained by examining the history of four of the most influential psychologists who contributed to the behaviorism: Ivan Pavlov, Edwards Thronlike, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner" (Brau et al.,2020).

Major Characteristics

• Stimulus Response
• Classical Conditioning
• Reinforcement and Punishment
• Objective Measurement
• Reductionism
• Nomothetic
• Law of Effect
• (Mcleod, 2024)

The Role of Memory

"People learn through their interactions with their environment... behaviors are acquired through conditioning" (2023).

Types of Learning

How Learning Occurs

• Classical Conditioning- Learn by association
• Operant Conditioning- Relies on reinforcement or punishment
• Observational Learning- Observing and imitating others

• Positive Reinforcement- Rewards/Incentives
• Negative Reinforcement- removel of unpleasant stimuli
• Punishment- Negative Consequences
• Modeling- demonstrating
• Shaping- gradually reinforcing desired behavior
• Cueing- providing hints or promts to steer ideal behavior

Learning Theories Part 1

Constructivism

"Constructivism learning theory (CLT) operates on the principle that students actively participate in discovery-based learning, building upon existing knowledge to learn new concepts. Constructivism looks at learning as both the act of building and, if it were a building itself, with prior knowledge forming a foundation to build up" (2023).

Major Theorist

"The leading figure of cognitive constructivism, as it pertains to education, was a Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget theorized that people learn by connecting their expereiences with ideas presented to them. His work forcused heavily on children's cognitive development and how they learn, as opposed to what influences their learning" (2023).

The Role of Memory

Major Characteristics

5 Stages of Constructivism 1. Inviting Ideas- Using prioro knowledge to formulate new ideas. 2. Exploration- Building new knowledge with discussions 3. Proposition- Demonstation of the new concept 4. Explanation and Solution- Students are able to talk through their thinking process 5. Taking Action- Evaluation

• Knowledge is Constructed
• Learning is an active process
• All knowledge is socially constructed
• All knowledge is personal
• Learning exists in the mind
• Motivation drives learning

(2023)

How Learning Occurs

Types of Learning

• Cognitive - "Students make sense of new knowledge by weaving it into their understanding of the world and their experience up to that moment" (2023)
• Social - "emphasizes interactions with others as a base for learning" (2023)
• Radical- "Views knowledge as something a students create based on their own experiences and not handed from teacher to student" (2023).

• Cooporative Learning- Students are held accountable for their learning and are responsible to come together to their pull their prior knowledge.
• Inquiry-Based Learning- independent research and observations. Students have the opportunity to dive deeper.
• Problem-Based Learning- Students are presented with a problem and they must solve it with their peers rather than individually.

Learning Theories Part 1

Cognitivism

Cognitive learning theroies focus on the ability of students to guide their own learning using mental strategies" (Michela,2020).

Major Theorist

"Cognitive Learning Theory comes from the field of psychology and has roots going back to the beginning of Western philosophy. Imortant voices in this area include: Plato, Descartes, William James, John Dewey and Jean Piaget" (n.d).

Role of Memory

Major Characteristics

1. Perception
2. Executive Processes
3. Short-term or Working Memory
4. Encoding
5. Long-Term Memory

(Michela, 2020)

1. Purposeful and focused
2. Self-directed
3. Analysis to Discovery
4. Structured
5. Long-term memory is enhanced by enabling students to organize and encode learning material
6. Curriculum content must be well-sequenced and understood in the context of the bigger picture.

(Main, 2022)

Types of Learning

• Does not involve repetition or memorization
• Visualizations
• Active Participation when explaining and justifying their thinking
• Understand and explore different ideas
• Deeper discussions
• Reflection
• Exploration

( Main, 2022)

How Learning Occurs

• Problem-Solving
• Reasoning
• decision-Making

(Lakha, 2023)