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AFRICA

Ana María Acosta, Valentina Gonzalez, Arian Martínez,Regina Montiel.

AFRICA

NIGERIA

Cultural Geography

Economic Geography

Religion and Belief systems

Enviro. Issues and Contamination

Human Rights

Political Geography

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Cultural Geo

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Food

Traditions & festivals

Languages

Eyo Festival:The Eyo Festival, also known as the Adamu Orisa Play, is one of the most popular cultural festivals in Nigeria, celebrated in Lagos State.

Jollof rice:This rice dish is actually the national dish of Nigeria. It’s one of the most well-known

Hausa In Nigeria, Hausa is the second language of 15 million people. Sokoto, Kaduna, Katsina, Kano, and other states have 18.5 million native speakers. Igbo Igbo is the native tongue of roughly 24 million people in Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. It's also spoken in regions of Akwa Ibom, Delta, and Rivers Yoruba Yoruba, the Yoruba people's indigenous language, is spoken by around 19 million people in Nigeria. Nigerian immigrants also speak Yoruba in the United Kingdom and the United States, making it one of the most popular Nigerian languages globally.

Calabar Carnival: Is one of the biggest cultural festivals in Nigeria, celebrated in Calabar, The festival is an annual event that attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world.

Fufu: Fufu is one of the most popular Nigerian dishes because it’s a hearty, filling addition to any meal.

In Nigeria, there is a President who leads the country. He chooses a group of people called the Cabinet to help make important decisions. There are two groups in Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. They make laws and discuss important issues for the country. Also there is a group of judges responsible for making sure laws are followed correctly. The highest court is called the Supreme Court.

Political Geography

Nigeria has different areas called states, and each state has its own governor and government team. In each community, there is a group of people in charge of taking care of local matters, like cleaning the streets and basic education. Nigeria has been through different challenges, such as corruption and ethnic and religious group differences, but it is still a very important country in Africa and in the world.

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Religion & Belief systems

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Most important religions

Distribution

Historical significance

The most important religions in Nigeria are Islam, Christianity and Indigenous religions

Nigeria’s population of 158 million people is composed of nearly equal numbers of Muslims and Christians. Popular estimates describe religious composition as 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, and 10% practitioners of indigenous religions. The Islam population is located in the north of Nigeria ( mainly in the city of Kano). The Christian population is located in the south of Nigeria. And the indigenous religions like the Yoruba people are located mainly in the center of the country

Islam had some influence in spreading the choice of dressing, language and choice of names. The arrival of Islam in Nigeria dates back to the 11th century, when Muslim merchants and scholars began to spread the faith in the region.

Human Rights

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Human R. issues

Progress in Human R.

Important human rights issues included credible reports of: unlawful killings; forced disappearences; torture and cases of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment by the government; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arrest or detention; serious problems with the independence of the judiciary.

There is an active civil society in Nigeria that advocates for human rights and works to promote accountability and justice. Furthermore, the international community, including organizations such as the United Nations and Amnesty International, continues to pressure the Nigerian government to improve its human rights record and comply with its international obligations.

Nigeria: Nigeria's economic growth forecast for the year 2024 has been adjusted upward to 3.3 per cent, Nigeria is ranked as the 39th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP in terms of purchasing power parity.

Economic Geography

Nigeria's main export partners are India (12.6% of total exports), Spain (12%), the Netherlands (9.6%), the U.S. (6.8%), and France (5.8%). Nigeria is a natural location for a variety of industrial

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Environmental Issues and contamination

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Deforestation

Water pollution

Air pollution

The industrial waste, the contaminated water, and the different kinds of water, for example the rain, hail or storms, dirty the bodies of water, damaging people’s health aquatic ecosystems. - Focus on regulation, infrastructure development, public awareness, and the collaboration with international partners, are some of the measures and solutions that Nigeria is taking for this alarmatic problem.

- High levels of air pollution can cause immediate health problems especially in the cardiovascular and respiratory system which provoke stress in the heart and this may have serious consequences.

The extensive logging, agriculture and urban development have reduced the forest cover and also the habitat loss for millions of species. - Nigeria is taking several measures to combat deforestation, promoting reforestation and foment sustainable practices, for example initiatives to plant trees, restore damaged forests areas across the country, conservation of biodiversity, educate people about the importance of forest, etc.

- Nigeria is taking several steps to combat air pollution through regulatory measures, technological advancements, public awareness, and international cooperation.

Egypt

Cultural Geography

Economic Geography

Religion and Belief systems

Enviro. Issues and Contamination

Human Rights

Political Geography

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Cultural Geography

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Festivals & Traditions

Food

Languages

Henna Henna has roots in different cultures, including India. Still, in Egypt, this party has special vibes where the bride’s friends wear different customs, dance, and others will leave a professional henna artist to paint the paste onto their hands and foot.

The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Northwest Arabian Arabic or (Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic) (1.6%),

Ful medames The most popular street food snack in Egypt, Ful is a paste of mashed broad (fava) beans flavored with garlic and olive oil. It is labeled out of large copper pots, often into pockets of pitta bread and typically sold as an i nexpensive takeaway sandwich.

Pharaonic Wedding This festival is the symbol of the ancient civilization of Egypt and takes place in November. This festival is considered an auspicious day for marriages. Couples visit Karnak Temple and get married there.

Tamiya Another Egyptian street food staple, known elsewhere as falafel, Tamiya is made with mashed fava beans and parsley (instead of chickpeas)

-Egypt’s political system is a semi-presidential republic, in other words it is like a republic, where the president is the most important person. He chooses a first minister and other people to help him govern. Additionally there is a group of people called Parliament that helps make laws. -In the world, Egypt is an important country in the Middle East and North Africa. It has been involved in a lot of regional problems and is a friend of so many other countries, especially the United States.

Political Geography

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-Economically, Egypt has some problems, such as many people without jobs and very poor ones. The government is working on that for a better well being, and better life in society. - In summary the government and international relations from Egypt are important for maintaining peace and helping his citizens. -Egypt wants his country to be more pacific and less territorial problems. He tries to solve conflicts between countries and regional groups.

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Religion & Belief systems

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Most important religons

Historical Importance

Distribution

The Egyptian population (90%) identify as Muslim, mostly of the Sunni denomination. Of the remaining population, 9% identify as Christian and the remaining 1% identify with some other denomination of Christianity. Most of the Muslims in Egypt are found in urban areas, especially in Cairo, Alexandria. Most of the Christians in Egypt are found in the south of the country, especially Aswan, Luxor and Asyut.

The most important religions are: Islam and Christianity

Throughout the history of Egypt, Islam began in the 7th century when Arab Muslim forces conquered the region. From there it became the dominant religion.

Human rights were severely restricted. The government stifled political opposition, with the presidential elections held in a repressive environment. Arbitrary detention, unfair trials, and torture were rampant, while impunity prevailed for past abuses. Women faced discrimination and violence, and the economic crisis exacerbated socio-economic inequalities. Workers' rights were infringed upon, and forced evictions continued. Religious minorities faced discrimination, and refugees and migrants encountered barriers to entry and were subject to arbitrary arrests and deportations. Overall, the human rights situation in Egypt remained deeply concerning.

Human Rights

There has been some progress in the protection of human rights, such as the adoption of a new Constitution in 2014 and a law in 2020 that offers guarantees to detainees.

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Economic Geography

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The main resources of the Egyptian economy come from agriculture, revenue from the Suez Canal, tourism, the cultural and media industry, fuel exports and remittances from Egyptian workers abroad. What Egypt produces the most is Petroleum Gas ($9.53B), Nitrogen Fertilizers ($3.37B), Refined Oil ($2.88B), Crude Oil ($2.85B), and Gold ($1.73B).

Financing conditions have tightened along with foreign currency shortages. In this context, Egypt is stepping up economic reform efforts. The main winter crops are wheat, Alexandrian clover and broad beans. Among the summer crops, corn, rice and cotton predominate. Vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, melons, etc.) are grown in all three seasons .

Enviro. Issues & Contamination

Water scarcity and pollution -In top one we have water scarcity and pollution because the people in Egypt do not have enough water to drink, an the fields where they grow food are getting smaller because water is the entering -Egypt built more plants to clean dirty water,made barriers to stop floods, and started programs to help farmers use water in better way for their crops to improve the problem

Climate change -The desert and delta region has very little rainfall, hot summers, a huge population, a long coastline and a single main river, making Egypt extremely vulnerable to climate change. -Egypt has faced constant and unpredictable droughts as it has become hotter than normal

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-Air pollution has increased greatly with the establishment of industries and has caused lung diseases in humans. Another reason for the worrying levels of air pollution is vehicle emissions. -The Egyptian government is striving to improve air quality with priority to the most polluting sectors, such as programs to regulate industrial emissions, collect and recycle rice straw, and convert vehicles to run on natural gas.

Morocco

Cultural Geography

Economic Geography

Religion and Belief systems

Enviro. Issues and Contamination

Human Rights

Political Geography

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Cultural Geography

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Festivals & Traditions

Food

Languages

Couscous: A staple made from semolina grains, often served with stewed vegetables and meat.

Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha: Major Islamic festivals celebrated with prayer, feasting, and charity. Mawlid al-Nabi: The Prophet Muhammad's birthday celebrated with processions and communal meals.

The top three languages spoken in Morocco are: Arabic: Official language and widely spoken. Tamazight (Berber): Indigenous language, gaining official recognition. French: Commonly used in business, education, and administration.

Tagine: A slow-cooked stew, named after the clay pot it's cooked in, featuring meat, vegetables, fruits, and spices.

Morocco is a constitutional monarchy, that is, a bicameral system whose representatives are elected by universal suffrage, in whose elections multiple parties participate. It has a Constitution that includes the fundamental norms of the State, including those of the organization of institutions. Morocco is a monarchy with a constitution, an elected parliament, and a populationof approximately 34 million. According to the constitution, ultimate authority rests with King Mohammed VI, who presides over the Council of Ministers and appoints or approves members of the government.

Political Geography

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The king may dismiss ministers,dissolve parliament, call for new elections, and rule by decree. In the bicameral legislature, the lower house may dissolve the government through a vote of no confidence. Morocco maintains close relations with Europe and the United States. Morocco belongs to the United Nations, Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States

Religion & Belief systems

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Most important religons

Historical Importance

Distribution

The vast majority of Moroccans are Muslims, mostly Sunni, (98.7%); Christians (1.1%); Jews (0.2%) The Islamic population is distributed throughout the country. Although Christians are located in major cities, their population remains relatively small. Similarly, the largest Jewish population historically resided in cities like Rabat, but after independence, many Jews migrated elsewhere, leading to a decrease in their numbers in Morocco.

The most important religions of Moroccans are Islam, Christianity and Judaism

Islam has had a deep impact on Morocco since the Arab conquest in the 7th century, bringing new culture, architecture, and governance. It has unified Moroccan national identity and continues to shape daily life. The country's governance combines Islamic laws with modern legal systems, and Islamic education is integrated into the school curriculum.

Important human rights issues included credible reports of: torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment by some members of the security forces; and serious restrictions on freedom of expression. Morocco has intensified its harassment of journalists and critics and continues to detain and subject journalists, bloggers and human rights defenders to unfair trials.

Human Rights

Morocco has made a little change in the progress of its human rights and these are some of them: Legislative reforms: In 2011, a new Constitution was approved that includes provisions on gender equality and the protection of human rights. Recognition of rights: Efforts have been made to recognize and protect the rights of groups such as women and children.

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Economic Geography

Major imports are semi manufactures and industrial equipment, crude oil, and food commodities. The EU is Morocco's largest trade partner, accounting for 49% of its goods trade in 2022. 56% of Morocco's exports went to the EU, and 45% of Morocco's imports came from the EU. Total trade in goods between the EU and Morocco in 2022 amounted to €53.3 billion.

The Moroccan economy is characterized by its duality, with traditional sectors in the agricultural and service fields with very low productivity, an industrial sector, technological services and communications, semi processed goods and consumer goods (including textiles), and phosphates and phosphate products.

Marine pollution - Coastal areas in Morocco suffer from pollution due to industrial discharges, untreated sewage, and plastic waste. This affects marine ecosystems and the fishing industry. - To combat this situation Morocco is enforcing national laws and international conventions to improve solid waste and eliminating plastic bags, also established marine protected areas to reduce pollution, and promote sustainable fishing practices. These efforts protect Morocco’s coastal and marine environments.

Enviro. Issues & Contamination

Climate change - This problem has been expanded around the world and now is a global problem but in Morocco it has been seen with the temperature changes, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather which risks Morocco’s environment, economy, and population. - Morocco combats climate change through extensive renewable energy investments, reducing emissions and promoting sustainable development. Additionally The Green Morocco Plan focuses on sustainable agriculture.

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Ana María Acosta, Valentina Gonzalez, Regina Montiel, arian Martínez

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