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Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Emma Kate
Created on May 27, 2024
Defining and non-defining relative clauses. What are they? How do they work? Basic rules
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relative clauses
Emma. K C Vigo
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What is a relative clause?
A relative clause in English is a part of speech that is used to give more information about a noun in the sentence. For example: "The book that I bought is on the table," "that I bought" is the relative clause that gives us more information about the noun "book."
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Defining and Non-defining Relative clauses
There are two main types of relative clauses in English: Defining (or restrictive) relative clauses Non-defining (or non-restrictive) relative clauses.
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6- Gráfico + texto
8- Lista / procesos
10- Texto + iconos
1- What is a relative clause?
2- Difference between defining and non-defining clauses
4-Defining relative clauses
3- Relative pronounds
9- Vídeo
index
14-Conclusiones
15-Cierre
5-Non definingrelative clauses
9-bibliographical references
6- Can we omit relative pronounds?
8-Exercises
7- Who or Whom
Seres narrativos
Relative pronounds
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Which animals, objects)
Where (lugar)
Who (person subject)
That (personas, animals, objects)
When (Time)
Whom (person object)
Whose (possession)
Difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
A defining relative clause provides essential information about the noun it modifies, and without it, the meaning of the sentence would be altered. For example: "The car that is parked in the driveway is red." In this case, the relative clause "that is parked in the driveway" is essential to identify which car is being referred to. A non-defining relative clause provides additional, non-essential information about the noun it modifies. For example: "My car, which I bought last year, is red." Here, the relative clause "which I bought last year" provides extra information about the car but is not essential to identify it.
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Defining relative clauses
A defining relative clause, also known as a restrictive relative clause, is a type of clause that provides essential information about the noun it modifies. It "defines" or specifies the noun by telling us which one we are referring to. For example: "I like the book that you recommended," The defining relative clause "that you recommended" is crucial for identifying which book is being referred to. Without this information, we wouldn't know which book the speaker is talking about.
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Defining relative clauses
- Necesary information
- They cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence
- We do not use commas with these clauses:
- You can use "That" instead of who/which.
- Pronounds can be omitted (except "whose")
info
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Non-defining relative clauses
A non-defining relative clause, also known as a non-restrictive relative clause, provides additional information about a noun without changing the essential meaning of the sentence. These clauses are set off by commas and can be removed from the sentence without altering its core meaning.For example: "My sister, who lives in Paris, is coming to visit," The non-defining relative clause "who lives in Paris" gives extra information about the sister but does not change the core meaning of the sentence.
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Non-defining relative clauses
- Extra information
- If we remove the clause, we still understand the main massage.
- We CANNOT use "that" instead of who and which.
- We use commas
- Relative pronounds cannot be omitt
- We can use "whom" for people (when it is the object)
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Can you omit the relative pronound?
It is possible to omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause and the verb is not a linking verb. For example: - The book (that/which) I bought is on the table. - The person (who/whom) I met yesterday was very friendly. In these examples, the relative pronouns "that" and "who" can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence. However, in non-defining relative clauses, the relative pronoun cannot be omitted.
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Omitting relative pronounds
- We can usually leave out who, which or that if it is followed by a subject.
- The relative pronoun can only be omitted in defining relative clauses and only if it IS NOT the subject of its sentence.
- Only relative pronouns that provide essential information can be omitted
- We can't usually leave it out if it is followed by a verb.
- The assistant that helped us was really kind. (helped = verb)
- If a preposition is placed before the relative pronoun the pronoun cannot be omitted.
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Who or whom
In relative clauses, "who" is used to refer to the person who performs the action, while "whom" is used to refer to the person who receives the action. For example: "The girl who is singing" and "The man whom I met yesterday." Two tricks for how to figure out whether who or whom is correct.Trick No. 1 If you can replace the word with he or she or another subject pronoun, use who. If you can replace it with him or her (or another object pronoun), use whom. One way to remember this trick is that both him and whom end with the letter m.
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Who or Whom
For example: [Who/Whom] do you love? Do you love him? You would not say, “Do you love he?” So, whom is correct. [Who/Whom] writes the songs? He writes the songs. You would not say, “Him writes the songs.” Therefore, who is correct. Trick No. 2 Find all the verbs in the sentence. Find the subject that corresponds to each verb. If who/whom is a subject (the one doing the action), use who. If who/whom is an object (the one receiving the action), use whom. For example: Who made those beautiful hats and to whom will she give them? The verbs are made and give. The subjects are who and she. Because who is the subject of the first clause, (doing the action) who is correct. Because she is the subject of the second clause, whom is correct because it is receiving the hats.
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Who or Whom
Use this he/him (she/her) method to decide whether who or whom is correct: he = who / him = whom Examples: Who/Whom wrote the letter? He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct. Who/Whom is going to make the presentation? She is going to make the presentation. Therefore, who is correct. Who/Whom should I vote for? I should vote for her. Therefore, whom is correct. The award for “Best Essay” will go to who/whom? The award will go to her. Therefore, whom is correct.
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Links to exercises
- Exercise 1 Omission of relative pronounds
- Exercise 2 Omission of relative pronounds
- Exercises 3 Relative pronounds
- Exercises 4 Defining relative clauses
- Exercises 5 Non-defining relative clauses
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Bibliographical references
- Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, & Alan, R. to. (s/f). Understanding controlling nouns in noun phrases. Recuperado el 27 de mayo de 2024, de http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/icosa/grammar/sentence-structure/reduced-relative-clauses/index.html
- RELATIVE CLAUSES: who, which, that 👌 Easy peasy! | Gramática inglesa. (2019, marzo 21).
- (S/f). Xunta.gal. Recuperado el 27 de mayo de 2024, de https://www.edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesaugadalaxe/system/files/Omission%20of%20the%20relative%20pronoun.pdf
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