Events that culminated in the appearance of modern humans Team 3 Bio

Events that culminated in the appearance of modern humans

Structural Biology Eliphaleth Carmona Gómez Team 3 2086798 Daniela Cárdenas Garza 1815810 Kristina Guadalupe Cruz Vázquez 2064875 Gabriela Vanessa Ríos Pequeño

Summary

The timeline from the origin of the universe to the arrival of Homo sapiens spans billions of years of cosmic, geological, and biological evolution and changes. From the Big Bang, which marked the birth of the universe approximately 13.8 billion years ago, to the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, and the emergence of the first forms of life, this chronology highlights the crucial milestones that have shaped our planet and life as we know it today. We will explore key events such as the development of the first microorganisms, the evolution of various species throughout geological eras, and finally, the appearance of the first hominids, culminating in the rise of Homo sapiens.

Timeline

4.6 billion years ago

13.8 billion years ago

Creation of the universe Our universe began with an explosion of space itself - the Big Bang. Starting from extremely high density and temperature, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed

Creation of our solar system It formed from a dense cloud of interstellar gas and dust. The cloud collapsed, possibly due to the shockwave of an exploding star. When this dust cloud collapsed, it formed a solar nebula – a spinning, swirling disk of material.

Timeline

4.460 million years ago

4.6 billion years ago

Formation of planet Earth The Earth formed out of a mixture of dust and gas around the young sun. It grew larger thanks to countless collisions between dust particles, asteroids, and other growing planets.

Planet Theia (similar to Mars) impact against the Earth which melts to a large extent. The Moon is formed from the remains in orbit

Timeline

750 million y.

3500 million y.

3.9 billion years ago

1500-800 million y.

3800 million y.

Formation an fracturation of Rodinia, the first supercontinent. It started to fracture by the heat.

As the first continents were forming (Pangea) first living beings appeared, known as:

Volcanic islands begin to break the surface, crossing the oceans.

Water begins to rule the Earth. Click the button to see the two hypothesis.

Earth as a snow ball.

Info

Stromatolites

Timeline

540 million y.

505 million y.

Explosion of life While the Earth was encased in a layer of ice, beneath the icy crust, liquid water continued to make life thrive. Cambrian and Precambrian period

Ordovician era. First plants and First fishes: placoderms, chondrichthyans, teleosts (some could breathe air).

Timeline

440-360 m.y.

144m.y

286-245 m.y.

Jurassic periodThis is where the era of the dinasours starts and earth becomes their playgroung

Devonian period

Permian periodMass extinsion.

360-286 m.y.

245-208 m,y,

Triasic periodClimate starts to get warm and uniformed

Carboniferous period.

Timeline

144-65 million y.

60-0 million y.

Cretaic Period The first birds appear and the mammals and placentials start to diversify and spread to ther continents

Cenozoic era. Known as the age of mammals, this where the first human appears in Africa (Homo sapiens) and later on leaving that place to migrate to others.

References

The Earth, like all the other planets in the solar system, started out its life as a disc of dust and gas orbiting the young sun. The dust particles were brought together by the forces of drag to form clumps of rock that grew into what scientists call “planetesimals,” which are tens to hundreds of miles across, and then to Mars-sized “protoplanets” by colliding with each other. Earth grew to its final size through one last major collision. This last collision was so large that—in addition to adding lots of material to the Earth—there was enough energy to vaporize some of the rock and metal from both the proto-Earth and the impacting object. This vapor formed a disc around the Earth that eventually cooled and clumped together to become the moon.

A video detailing how the Earth, and by consequence the moon, originated. How do we know? Meteorites bring many different types of material from all over the solar system to Earth where scientists can study them. These materials include chondrules—tiny pieces of dust and rock that have survived from before the planets formed.

Stromatolites

Some colonies of bacteria called stromatolites are the first forms complex life on Earth. The stromatolites begin to make the photosynthesis, transforming carbon dioxide into glucose, and expelling oxygen to the abroad. The stromatolites begin, little by little little, to fill the ocean with oxygen. They prepared the ground for the arrival of other forms of life on Earth.

At the center, gravity pulled more and more material in. Eventually, the pressure in the core was so great that hydrogen atoms began to combine and form helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. With that, our Sun was born, and it eventually amassed more than 99% of the available matter. Matter farther out in the disk was also clumping together. These clumps smashed into one another, forming larger and larger objects. Some of them grew big enough for their gravity to shape them into spheres, becoming planets, dwarf planets, and large moons. In other cases, planets did not form: the asteroid belt is made of bits and pieces of the early solar system that could never quite come together into a planet. Other smaller leftover pieces became asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and small, irregular moons.

Video on the formation of the solar system.

The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the universe began. Simply put, it says the universe as we know it started with an infinitely hot and dense single point that inflated and stretched — first at unimaginable speeds, and then at a more measurable rate — over the next 13.7 billion years to the still-expanding cosmos that we know today. Suddenly, an explosive expansion began, ballooning our universe outwards faster than the speed of light. This was a period of cosmic inflation that lasted mere fractions of a second — about 10^-32 of a second, according to physicist Alan Guth’s 1980 theory that changed the way we think about the Big Bang forever. A video that summarizes the Big Bang and the way scientist's views changed compared to the past. "How can something come from nothing?"

In the future, these islands will be united to form the first continents. Volcanic activity begins to fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide