CANADA-English

English speaking country

CANADA

I. CANADA: GENERAL INFORMATIONS

0- INTRODUCTION

II. CANADA: NATIONAL SYMBOLS

III. CANADA: POLITICAL ORGANISATION

INDEX

V. IMPORTANT EVENT

IV. HISTORY

VII. CONCLUSIONS

VI. CANADIAN PERSONALITIES

INTRODUCTION

This work was proposed by our English Teacher, Isabel Cristina.This work aims to make us understand the importance of English in the world as well as its evolution. We had to choose an English-speaking country and talk about different aspects about it in order to understand the impact that English had on its people and cultures. My choise is CANADA.

I - CANADA: GENERAL INFORMATIONS

CANADA is the second-largest country in the world by total area, located in the northern part of North America.

GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES North: Canada is bordered by the Arctic Ocean. East: It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. South: It shares a border with the United States, the longest land border in the world between two countries. West: It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the U.S. state of Alaska. L Alaska). EXTENT From east to west, Canada spans over 5,500 km. From north to south, it spans approximately 4,600 km. PROXIMITY TO OTHER COUNTRIES Besides the United States to the south and west (through Alaska), Canada is relatively close to Greenland (a Danish territory) to the northeast and Russia across the Bering Strait in the far northwest.

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Major Regions and Provinces: Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The most populous provinces are Ontario and Quebec, while the northern territories are Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Canada is characterized by a vast geographical diversity that includes dense forests, mountains, plains, and the Arctic tundra. Its most important urban areas are Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, and the capital, Ottawa.

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OFFICIAL LANGUAGE(S)English and French CAPITAL CITY Ottawa

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Population

Inhabitants: 35.8 million inhabitants (World Bank, 2015) Canadian culture results from the mixture of English and French colonizers with indigenous people. The children of settlers with the indigenous Inuit people are called Métis. This multicultural aspect is perceived mainly in languages, as there are two official languages: French and English.

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They also make up the ethnic base of Canadians, Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Poles, Dutch, Chinese, Portuguese and Scandinavians. As we see Canada is a multicultural country. It is the country with the largest immigrant population in the world: 1 in 5 Canadians was not born in Canada. Every year 300,000 new immigrants enter the country.

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Native Inuit and other indigenous groups have not always been treated well. Their territory was invaded and the populations were confined to reserves.

Many had their children taken from their homes and admitted to schools where they received a Western education so that any trace of their culture was erased. Currently, however, these policies have been revised and Canada is considered one of the most welcoming countries in the world. It maintains a policy of religious and cultural tolerance and seeks to maintain the tradition of ancestral peoples. Canada attracted Asians who were employed as mine and railroad workers beginning in the 19th century and throughout the 20th century.

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II. CANADA: NATIONAL SYMBOLS

FLAG

Throughout history, Canada has had different flags and it was only in 1965, after a few years of discussion and several creations, that the current flag was made official.

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The current flag of Canada is made up of two vertical rectangles, red at the ends and a white square in the middle, with the image of a maple leaf in red. This leaf has 11 points and is a stylization of the maple tree leaf, very common in the country. Its beauty attracts attention in autumn, when the leaves turn red. The maple leaf has been used as a symbol of Canada since the 18th century, by the region's indigenous peoples. The two red rectangles symbolize the two oceans that bathe Canadian territory: the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. And the white square represents the Canadian territory. It is believed that the red represents the Cross of St. George on the flag of England and the white is a reference to the royal emblem of France - Canada was colonized by both countries.

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ANTHEM

O Canada-Official Anthem Composed by Calixa Lavallée in 1880 with two versions-an English and a French one.

O Canada! Our home and native land True patriot love in all of us command With glowing hearts, we see thee rise The True North strong and free From far and wide O Canada, we stand on guard for thee God keep our land glorious and free O Canada, we stand on guard for thee O Canada, we stand on guard for thee

Ô Canada! Terre de nos aïeux, Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux! Car ton bras sait porter l'épée, Il sait porter la croix; Ton histoire est une épopée Des plus brillants exploits. Et ta valeur de foi trempée Protégera nos foyers et nos droits; Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.

God Save The King-Royal Anthem due to being a Commonwealth realm A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state that has Charles III as its monarch and ceremonial head of state. All the realms are equal with and independent of the others, though one person, resident in the United Kingdom, acts as monarch of each.

God save our gracious KingLong live our noble King God save the King Send him victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the King Oh, Lord, our God arise Scatter his enemies And make them fall

Thy choicest gifts in store On him be pleased to pour Long may he reign May he defend our laws And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice God save the King God save the King

Confound their politics Frustrate their knavish tricks On Thee our hopes we fix God save us all

National Day: Canada Day

It is a federal statutory holiday, commemorating July 1, 1867, and the enactment of the Constitutional Act of 1867, which united the three colonial provinces: Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. , in a single dominion within the British Empire called Canada. Originally called Dominion Day/Le Jour de la Confédération, the holiday was renamed in 1982, the year the Canada Act was passed.

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Canada Day celebrations take place across the country, as well as in various locations around the world, attended by Canadians living abroad. It tis important to notice that Canada Day is not Canada's birthday but a national milestone on the country's path to independence. At the time (1867), Canada gained a greater level of political control over its own affairs, even though it was still a British colony.

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III. POLITICAL ORGANISATION: Federal Constitutional Monarchy

Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic parliament. The Canadian parliament, in Ottawa, consists of the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the Senate, whose members are appointed. On average, members of Parliament serve a four-year term.

King Charles III and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

IV. HISTORY: First Tribes and European Colonization

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Indigenous peoples, including the Inuit, Métis, and several First Nations, inhabited what is now Canada thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. They had distinct cultures, languages and ways of life adapted to the country's different environments.

EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONEuropean explorers, such as the Vikings and later the Europeans, began exploring and colonizing parts of Canada in the 15th century. Jacques Cartier, in 1534, claimed Canada in the name of France.

FRENCH AND BRITISH COLONYNew France: The French established colonies along the Saint Lawrence River known as New France. These colonies focused on the fur trade and developed relationships with indigenous peoples. Anglo-French Wars: Canada was the scene of several wars between the British and French for control of North America. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) resulted in the French defeat and the transfer of Canada to British control.

CONFEDERATION AND EXPANSIONConfederation: In 1867, four British colonies - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick - joined together to form the Dominion of Canada, marking the beginning of the modern nation. Other provinces and territories later joined. Westward Expansion: The Canadian government promoted westward expansion, encouraging the construction of transcontinental railroads and immigration to the region. This led to the establishment of new provinces and territories.

20th CENTURY AND CURRENT TIMESNational Development: Canada continued to develop as an industrialized and democratic nation in the 20th century. Participation in two World Wars and contribution to global peace and security efforts marked its position as an important nation. Diversity and Multiculturalism: Canada is known for its ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversity. Multiculturalism and human rights policies were implemented to promote inclusion and peaceful coexistence. International Relations: Canada maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world and plays an active role in international organizations such as the United Nations and NATO. Contemporary Challenges: Issues such as reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, climate change, immigration, gender equality and reconciling regional differences continue to be important challenges for Canada in the 21st century.

V. IMPORTANT EVENT: The Battle of Quebec

The Battle of Quebec was a crucial military conflict during the French and Indian War, which was part of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), a global conflict between the major colonial powers of the time, including Great Britain, France, and their allies .

Main events of the Battle of Quebec

The Battle of Quebec took place on September 13, 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec City. The British army, led by General James Wolfe, faced French forces under the command of Marshal Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. Wolfe managed to surprise the French defenses by scaling the cliffs protecting Quebec, allowing his troops to position themselves for the attack.

Outcome and consequences of the Battle of Quebec

The battle was fierce and both parties suffered heavy casualties, including Wolfe and Montcalm, who were killed in action. However, the British achieved a decisive victory, capturing Quebec and establishing British rule over the region. The French defeat at Quebec was a turning point in the war and led to the gradual fall of other French colonies in North America. The 1763 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years' War, officially transferred control of Quebec and much of North America to Great Britain.

VI. CANADIAN PERSONALITIES

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Pierre Trudeau

Thanadelthur

The Weeknd

Thanadelthur: The peacemaker

Thanadelthur was a notable historical figure of the Chipewyan (also known as Dene) people in the early 18th century. She is known for her crucial interdependent and diplomatic role between the Chipewyan and Cree, as well as between the indigenous peoples and the European settlers of the Hudson's Bay Company. She was born around 1697, and was captured by a Cree party in 1713. After approximately a year in captivity, she managed to escape and, in 1714, found refuge at Fort York, an outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company in what is now Manitoba,Canada. There, she impressed the fort's leader, James Knight, with her intelligence and ability to learn languages.

Recognizing Thanadelthur's value as a translator and mediator, Knight enlisted her on a diplomatic mission to negotiate peace between the Chipewyan and the Cree, who were in conflict. The mission was a success, with Thanadelthur managing to establish an initial understanding between the two groups. Thanadelthur also played an important role in facilitating the fur trade between the Chipewyan and the Hudson's Bay Company. Their ability to navigate between cultures and languages was crucial to the formation of alliances and the expansion of European commercial operations into the interior of North America. Unfortunately, Thanadelthur passed away in 1717 at a young age, but her legacy as a peacemaker and diplomat lives on in Canadian history. She is remembered as a brilliant and talented woman who overcame adversity and played a vital role in cultural and political mediation during a period of significant change and conflict.

The Weeknd

The Weeknd, whose real name is Abel Makkonen Tesfaye, is a Canadian singer, songwriter and record producer born on February 16, 1990, in Toronto, Ontario. His parents, Makkonen and Samra Tesfaye, are Ethiopian immigrants who arrived in Canada in the 1980s. It is further proof of the large presence of immigrants in the country. He is widely known for his unique voice and musical style that blends R&B, pop, and elements of hip-hop and electronica. The Weeknd rose to fame in the early 2010s and has since become one of the most influential figures in contemporary music.

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Pierre Trudeau

Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1919-2000) was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada, serving two terms: from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. Pierre Trudeau is remembered for his role in patriating the Canadian Constitution and introducing the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees fundamental rights to Canadians, including freedoms of expression, assembly, and religion, as well as rights to equality and justice. He promoted policies of bilingualism and multiculturalism, helping to establish Canada as a nation that celebrates its cultural diversity. The Official Languages Act of 1969, which made English and French the official languages of Canada, was one of his initiatives - this measure ended the great pressure from terrorist groups in Quebec to separate this territory from the rest of the country.

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VII. CONCLUSIONS

It is important to understand that this country had a great influence from the United Kingdom and is still part of the Commonwealth today. The dominance of the British over this territory made it possible for the language but also the culture to pass to the Canadian people.With this work I was able to understand that Canada is a unique country with a very multicultural identity resulting from the coexistence of several cultures.

Pedro Matos 12ºA English

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