Reading Check 1

Definition of epic

Epopees

Romanticism

01

Whats Epic mean?

Story

06 y 07

Movimientos Literarios del Siglo XIX

02

Realism and Naturalism

The story and theme

Theme

Introduction to Universal Literature

Don Quijote

05

Spanish Golden Age

Midle Ages

Culteranismo

03

Songs in the Middle Ages

04

Songs of the Middle Ages

Renaissance

Conceptismo

Narrators

Thematic Line

Shakespeare

Characters

Topic 9

Topic 8

Topic 11

Literary production

Topic 10

Poetry

Creativity

Topic 15

Concept Map

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Topic 12

Topic 13

Topic 14

Magic

Video

WOW

Projects

Visual

MP4

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Types of Narrators

• Protagonist Narrator: The main character who narrates their own story in the first person. Their narration is subjective, providing insights into their thoughts and experiences.
• Secondary Character Narrator: A character who recounts events they witnessed or heard about. They are not the main focus but play a significant role in the story.

• Omniscient Narrator: A narrator who knows everything about the characters, including their pasts, thoughts, and the future of the story. They have an overarching view of the narrative.

• Second Person Narrator: A less common narrator who addresses the reader directly, speaking in the second person and creating a more immersive experience.

Epopees

Characteristics of Each Culture

Egypt: Emphasizes symbolism and religiosity, often depicted through hieroglyphics. Highlights the journey to the afterlife and prayers for the deceased. Mesopotamia: Utilizes phonographic writing and spiritual unity in literature. Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest known epic, explores themes of mortality and the quest for immortality. China: Promotes philosophy and wisdom through literature. The Thirteen Classics, attributed to Confucius, emphasize moral teachings and societal values. India: Imbued with imagination, symbolism, and religious context. Mahabharata and Ramayana depict mythical battles, justice, and the temporary nature of life. Babylon: Features myths, historical interpretations, and letters addressed to gods. Various types of historical compositions reflect the culture's military prowess and conquests. Hebrew People: The Bible serves as a blend of historical source and religious teachings. Old Testament and New Testament offer narratives, poetry, and prophetic writings.

Examples of the Most Important Epopees

• The Iliad and The Odyssey (Author: Homer)
• Central figures include Achilles, Hector, and Odysseus.
• Homer's authorship is traditionally attributed to these works, though authorship remains debated.

The Aeneid (Author: Virgil)

• Commissioned by Caesar Augustus and Maecenas to glorify Rome.
• Chronicles the journey of Aeneas, blending myth and history to celebrate Roman virtues and destiny.

Don Quixote of La Mancha

Author: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Themes: Parody of Chivalric Romance: Don Quixote parodies the traditional hero of chivalric romance novels. While traditional heroes are young, courageous, and consistent, Don Quixote is an old man, delusional, and inconsistent. His objectives are to fix the world, representing the value of justice in his own absurd way. Sancho Panza's Common Sense: Don Quixote's loyal companion, Sancho Panza, represents common sense that balances Don Quixote's madness. Without Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's adventures would be even more chaotic. Their dynamic highlights the interplay between idealism and pragmatism. Satire of Society and Culture: The novel satirizes various aspects of Spanish society and culture of the time, including religion, politics, literature, and social norms. Cervantes uses humor and irony to critique the absurdities and hypocrisies he observed. Quest for Identity and Purpose: Don Quixote's journey can be interpreted as a quest for identity and purpose. He embarks on his adventures to seek glory and fulfill his knightly ideals, but ultimately discovers the harsh realities of the world and confronts his own delusions. Features of the Story: Considered the First Modern Novel: Don Quixote is often regarded as the first modern novel due to its innovative narrative structure, character development, and exploration of complex themes. Multiple Narrators: The novel employs the technique of multiple narrators, blurring the line between reality and fiction. It presents two worlds: the reality experienced by Sancho Panza and the fantasy world created by Don Quixote. Incorporation of a Novel within the Novel: Don Quixote incorporates stories within the main narrative, adding layers of complexity and depth to the storytelling. Exploration of Fantasy vs. Reality: The novel explores the contrast between Don Quixote's romanticized view of the world and the harsh realities he encounters. It raises questions about the nature of perception, illusion, and sanity.

The theme in literature refers to the central or underlying idea that emerges from the text, not explicitly expressed by the author but suggested through recurring elements. The theme encompasses the entire text and can be expressed in a few words, encapsulating the essence of the message or lesson conveyed by the work. It is crucial for the reader to identify the theme, as it provides a deeper understanding of the motivations and meanings implicit in the narrative.

Theme

The word "epic" has recently become popular as an adjective to describe something magnificent, amazing, or surprising, such as an "epic party" or an "epic car." Although it is used this way in informal contexts, the original meaning of "epic" is different and more related to literature.

Culturalism

• Key Features:
• Elaborate Language: Culturalist poets like Luis de Gongora employed intricate language, often making their poetry difficult to understand for the average reader. They used complex metaphors, analogies, and obscure references to mythology.
• Abundance of Metaphors: Culturalist poetry was known for its rich use of metaphors, which added depth and complexity to the text. Metaphors were often extended and elaborated upon, contributing to the dense and ornate style of the poetry.
• Allusions to Mythology: Culturalist poets frequently incorporated allusions to classical mythology, drawing upon figures and stories from ancient Greek and Roman literature to enrich their work with layers of meaning and symbolism.

• Wordplay and Intricacy: Culturalist poets employed clever wordplay, puns, and linguistic acrobatics to create intricate and intellectually stimulating poetry. Their works often required careful analysis and interpretation to fully appreciate.

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Literary production in Latin America

• Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism:
• Romanticism

Esteban Echeverría (1805-1861)"The Slaughterhouse""The Captive"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811-1888)"Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism"

• Realism

José López Portillo y Rojas (1850-1923)"The Plot"Other literary and journalistic works

• Naturalism

Baldomero Lillo (1867-1923)"Sub terra""The Tunnel"

Writers before Romanticism: Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (1532-1594) "La Araucana" Bernardo de Balbuena (1558-1627) "Mexican Grandeur" Gutierre de Cetina (1520-1557) Various poems Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza (1580-1639) Outstanding theatre Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695) "Response to Sor Filotea" "First Dream"

Romanticism

What is Romanticism?

• Literary and artistic movement of the 19th century.
• Focused on emotions, individualism and nature.
• Reaction against Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment.

Setting

• Historical context: Contrast with Neoclassicism.
• Emphasis on the emotional and the natural.
• Creative freedom in art and literature.

Works and Authors of Romanticism

• Faust - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Faust gives himself to the devil Mephistopheles for youth and love.

• Les Misérables - Victor Hugo

Jean Valjean escapes from prison and fights against injustice.

• Rhymes - Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Short poems that exalt love and poetry itself.

North American Literature

Characteristics: Thematic diversity (history, national identity, exploration of the individual) Influence of cultural and social movements (American Renaissance, Beat Generation) Literary experimentation and innovative forms

Representative Works: "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (Mark Twain) "The Tell-Tale Heart" (Edgar Allan Poe) "The Old Man and the Sea" (Ernest Hemingway) "Beloved" (Toni Morrison) "The Great Gatsby" (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

Authors:

• Mark Twain
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Ernest Hemingway
• Toni Morrison
• F. Scott Fitzgerald

Culturalism

• Definition: Culturalism, also known as Culteranismo or Gongorism, refers to a literary movement during the Spanish Golden Age characterized by its use of elaborate and complex language, abundant metaphors, allusions to mythology, and intricate wordplay.

The epic genre initially narrated historical events of a nation, exalting the heroes of the past and their adventures in glorious and sometimes fantastic ways. The epics were spread verbally and told in long poems, like the Mahabharata of India. Its purpose was to promote ancestors and pass on history between generations. Common features of epic poems include the mixing of legends and reality, the invocation of a muse, the use of epithets, the presence of gods interacting with humans, and language ornamented with literary figures and detailed enumerations.

• Poemas épicos:

La Ilíada (Homero) La Odisea (Homero) La Eneida (Virgilio) El Cantar de Roldán (Anónimo) El Ramayana (Valmiki)

Shakespeare

• Works: William Shakespeare is renowned for his extensive body of work, including plays across various genres such as tragedy, comedy, and historical drama. Some of his notable works include "Hamlet," "Macbeth," "Romeo and Juliet," "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "The Merchant of Venice," "Henry IV," "Henry VIII," and "Richard III."
• Characteristics: Shakespeare's plays are marked by their profound exploration of human passions and complexities. He skillfully delves into themes such as love, hate, greed, jealousy, justice, and revenge, among others. His works often feature intricate plots, rich language, and multifaceted characters.

• Themes: Shakespeare's works cover a wide range of themes that remain relevant across time periods. These themes include the complexities of human nature, the consequences of ambition, the power of love, the clash between appearance and reality, the inevitability of fate, and the fragility of life, among others. His tragedies, comedies, and historical dramas all offer unique insights into the human condition and the world around us.

Conceptism

• Key Features:
• Clarity of Ideas: Conceptist writers aimed for clarity and precision in their expression of ideas, using language that was straightforward and to the point. They sought to convey complex concepts in a concise and accessible manner.
• Use of Wit and Wordplay: Conceptist writers employed wit, irony, and clever wordplay to convey their ideas effectively. They often used puns, double entendres, and rhetorical devices to create layers of meaning and provoke thought.
• Focus on Intellectualism: Conceptist literature often explored philosophical and intellectual themes, engaging with questions of human nature, morality, and the human condition. Writers like Quevedo used their works to critique society and reflect on the complexities of existence.
• Satirical Elements: Conceptist writers frequently employed satire and sarcasm to criticize social, political, and religious institutions. Their works often contained biting commentary on the flaws and follies of humanity, presented with sharp wit and insight.

Characteristics of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages, spanning from the 5th to the late 15th century, were characterized by several key features:

• Feudal System: Society was structured around a rigid hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs. Land ownership and duties defined relationships and social status.
• Religion: Christianity, particularly Catholicism, dominated all aspects of life. The Church held significant power and influence over education, politics, and culture.
• Chivalry and Knighthood: The concept of chivalry defined the conduct of knights, emphasizing virtues like bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women.
• Castles and Warfare: Castles were both residences and fortresses. Warfare was frequent, with knights and soldiers engaging in battles, often over territory or succession disputes.
• Literature and Art: Literature often focused on themes of heroism, morality, and religion. Gothic architecture, illuminated manuscripts, and religious art were prevalent.

Types of Characters

• Main Characters: Protagonists who are central to the story, around whom the narrative revolves. They drive the plot forward and undergo significant development.
• Secondary Characters: Characters with lesser roles than the main character but still contribute significantly to the story's progression. They often support the main character in achieving their goals.

• Incidental Characters: Characters who appear briefly in the story to fulfill a specific purpose. They may influence the protagonist's actions or the plot's direction.

• Environmental Characters: Characters whose role is primarily to provide context for the setting of the story. They help establish the environment in which the narrative unfolds.

• Static Characters: Characters who do not undergo significant change throughout the story. Their traits and behaviors remain consistent from beginning to end.

• Dynamic Characters: Characters who experience growth or change throughout the narrative, either positively or negatively.

• Round Characters: Characters with complex personalities and backgrounds. The reader learns a lot about them, and their past often justifies their present actions.

• Flat Characters: Characters with limited development and depth. The reader only knows a few characteristics about them, and they typically remain unchanged throughout the story.

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Songs of the Middle Ages

• El Cid (El Cantar de Mio Cid):

Subject: This Spanish epic poem narrates the life and deeds of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, a Castilian nobleman and military leader. It focuses on his battles against the Moors, his quest for honor, and his efforts to regain his reputation and status after being wrongfully exiled.Themes: Honor, loyalty, bravery, and the conflict between Christians and Muslims in medieval Spain.

• El Cantar de los Nibelungos (Nibelungenlied):

Subject: This German epic tells the story of Siegfried, his murder, and the subsequent revenge by his widow, Kriemhild. It blends historical events with mythological elements, including dragons and magic.Themes: Heroism, betrayal, vengeance, and tragic love, often set against a backdrop of feudal loyalty and conflicts.

• El Cantar de Roldán (The Song of Roland):

Subject: One of the oldest French epic poems, it recounts the tale of Roland, a knight in the service of Charlemagne, who dies heroically during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The poem highlights his bravery and the treachery that leads to his demise.Themes: Feudal loyalty, chivalric duty, sacrifice, and the Christian-Muslim conflict.

A distinction is made between story and theme in literary analysis. History refers to the events narrated in a text, narrated in chronological order and answering the question "What does the text narrate?" For example, in a story, the story would be the sequence of events from the beginning to the end. On the other hand, the theme is the central or underlying idea that emerges from the text, not made explicit by the author but suggested through recurring elements. The theme can be expressed in a few words and covers the entire text. For example, in a story about friendship, the theme could be loyalty or camaraderie. It is crucial for the reader to identify both the story and the theme to fully understand the literary work.

Conceptism

• Definition: Conceptism, also known as Conceptismo, is a literary style associated with writers like Francisco de Quevedo during the Spanish Golden Age. Unlike Culteranismo, which focused on elaborate language and metaphorical complexity, Conceptismo emphasized the clarity and conciseness of ideas.

Avant-garde Techniques Vanguard Movements -Expressionism Art that arises from the emotional and spiritual experience of reality Emphasis on emotions and consciousness -Dadaism Anti-dogmatic movement that attacked traditions Against eternal beauty and pure abstract concepts -Surrealism Anti-rational, spontaneous and accidental sense Search for truth and human expression in all its forms

Avant-Garde

Avant-garde Techniques -Stream of Consciousness Style in which the author expresses his thoughts and ideas as they come out of his mind without order Example of use: Virginia Woolf, James Joyce -Interior monologue Discussion and internal thoughts of a character Similar to stream of consciousness -Automatic Writing Write what comes to mind regardless of coherence Wide use by André Breton

Generation of ‘98

-Names and Important Works: Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936): "Mist" Various poems and essays José Martínez Ruiz "Azorín" (1873-1967): "The Route of Don Quixote" Other essays and works Pío Baroja (1872-1956): "The Tree of Knowledge" Fragments of "The Quest"

Why was it called the Generation of '98?: Loss of the Spanish colonies in 1898 Impact on the feeling of patriotism and nationalism in Spain -Dominant Currents: Total Renewal: Different vision of Spanish reality and tradition External influences to create something new Social and Political Criticism: Confrontation with the political and social situation in Spain Use of criticism as a literary tool

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Thematic Line

The thematic line in medieval literature often revolves around the following core ideas:

• Heroism and Chivalry: Celebrating the deeds and virtues of knights and heroes who embody the ideals of bravery, loyalty, and honor.
• Religion and Morality: Reflecting the dominance of the Church, themes frequently include moral lessons, the struggle between good and evil, and divine justice.
• Conflict and Warfare: Many stories focus on battles, both historical and legendary, often emphasizing the valor and strategy of the protagonists.
• Fate and Tragedy: Exploring the inevitability of fate, the consequences of betrayal, and the tragic downfall of noble characters.
• Love and Loyalty: Romantic and feudal loyalty are common, depicting both the bonds of love and the duties owed to lords and comrades.

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The concept of story in literary analysis refers to the sequence of events narrated in a text, presented in chronological order and answering the question "What does the text narrate?" For example, in a story, the story would be the succession of events from the beginning to the end, outlining the flow of actions and situations experienced by the characters throughout the narrative.

Story

-Reasons for the diversity of styles in Modernism Influence of global literary and artistic currents Search for originality and renewal Interest in exoticism and the cosmopolitan -Meaning of “cosmopolitan” Adoption of diverse ideas, styles and cultures Interest in the international and the diverse

Modernismo

-Precursor of the Vanguards José Juan Tablada -Main themes in the works of Amado Nervo Love Religion Death Nature

- Authors of Modernism Ruben Dario Loved nerve José Juan Tablada - Symbols of Rubén Darío Swan Blue Ivory tower princesses Lakes

Definición de Ciencia Ficción

-Literary genre that explores futuristic and technological concepts. -It presents speculative scenarios based on science and technology. -It frequently addresses themes such as space, time, and extraterrestrial life.

Diferencia entre Terror y Horror

• -Terror:

Focuses on creating an atmosphere of fear and suspense.Examples: "The Shining" by Stephen King.

• -Horror:

Focuses on the grotesque and disturbing, with graphic and violent elements.Examples: "Dracula" by Bram Stoker.

Autores Principales y sus Obras

-Science Fiction: Isaac Asimov: "Foundation," "I, Robot." Philip K. Dick: "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?", "The Man in the High Castle." -Horror Fiction: Stephen King: "The Shining," "It." H.P. Lovecraft: "The Call of Cthulhu," "At the Mountains of Madness." -Crime Fiction: Arthur Conan Doyle: "Sherlock Holmes" series. Agatha Christie: "Murder on the Orient Express," "And Then There Were None."

¿Cómo se Resuelven los Crímenes en la Ficción Policial?

-Common methods: Detailed investigation of the crime scene. Interrogation of suspects and witnesses. Use of clues and logical deduction to solve the case. -Prominent detectives: Sherlock Holmes: uses careful observation and deductive reasoning. Hercule Poirot: known for his psychological approach and his "little grey cells."

Principales Características del Posmodernismo

Main Characteristics of Postmodernism

• Main Writers:

-Italo Calvino -James Joyce -Don DeLillo -Thomas Pynchon -Kurt Vonnegut -Paul Auster -Irvine Welsh

• Themes:

-Daily life -Moral and philosophical relativism -Alienation and loss of faith in authority figures

Main Characteristics of Postmodernism

• Style and Technique:

-Use of black humor, parody, the grotesque and the absurd-Absence of boundaries between high culture and low culture-Uncomplicated narrative-Condemns consumerism, hedonism, mass production and global economy-Representation of reality through language

Aspectos del Posmodernismo

• Context:

-Begins in literature in the late 1960s and early 1970s, according to Sorondo (2011)-Another approach: emerging literary movement after World War II, in the 1950s-Important for American literature, appears in academic discourse in the 1950s, significant until 1960 (Hawthorn, 2000)-Break with modernism, mix of high and low culture (Writers History, 2008)

• Common Definitions:

- Unrealistic and non-traditional post-World War II literature- Literature and art that take characteristics of modernity to an extreme- Discussion of general aspects of the human condition: capitalism, culture, ideology, art

• Attitude towards the Modern World (Hawthorn, 2000):

-More positive attitude towards fragmentation, corporate dominance and technology -Criticism of the imposition of these elements Literary Techniques (Lodge, 1977): -Contradiction: Characters who contradict ideals and norms. -Permutation: Change of narrative form within the text. -Discontinuity: Unpredictable changes in tone. -Randomness: Absurd logic and meaningless events. -Excess: Proposals taken to the limit, ending in chaos or destruction.

El Boom Latinoamericano

• Important authors of this literary movement (15.2)

• How is reality represented in this movement?

• What kind of narratives were used?

• Important works from the authors mentioned in 15.2