How to make glasses

Presentation

How to make glasses

Made by: Carlos and Ruben

index

Primary Sector: How are the materials collected

Secondary Sector: The factories

Terciary Sector: The transportation

Environmental impact

Human rights violation

materials Used

Glasses frames are the basis of how your glasses will look like. Fashion varies and changes a lot, so depending on the time of the year, certain colors and materials are worn. Also, the age of the person who is going to wear them matters, if you are looking for a frame for someone younger or more likely to break them, rubber frames are usually the choice, but in case the person who is going to use it is more responsible, different types of materials are used, depending on the consumer. In addition the lenses of the glasses are also one of the most important things because is the thing that lets you see better in case you have sometype of eye problem.

Primary Sector:frame

If you are looking for a frame for someone smaller or more likely to break them, you may opt for a rubber saddle, a saddle made entirely of rubber, which is derived from the processing of latex, which is obtained by cutting wood from a specific type of tree. The process of felling the tree and extracting the latex would be wild farming (silviculture), and would be openfield, monoculture, dry farming, intensive (it depends) and with market ending.

PRIMARY SECTOR: frame

If you are looking for a frame for adults or more fashionable people, there are many types of materials that can be used, but some have better quality, and this influences the price a lot. But in our opinion, the best value for money material is wood frames, as they are very economical, and have a great durability.

PRIMARY SECTOR: frame

To obtain the materials needed to make these saddles, a process is followed: First, the wood is cut from a tree, the most typical is bamboo, as it has a very aesthetic colour. Then, the bamboo seeds are planted in sandy-clay soil, this type of soil has very little organic matter. This would be wild farming, openfield, monoculture, dry farming, intensive (it depends) and with market ending. Also, to make them shine and give them more colour, acetate is widely used, it is one of the most requested materials in frames for lenses because of its lightness, brightness and transparency. It is obtained by mixing wood pulp, cotton fibres and stabilisers. The higher the quality, the higher the gloss intensity.

Frame : MOnel and titanium

Next, a material that is used to prevent wood from rusting is monel, a malleable and corrosion-resistant material. This is obtained by combining nickel and copper, two well-known elements. And in some cases, titanium can be used, as it is a very very resistant element, and makes them more difficult to break.

PRIMARY SECTOR: LENSES

When making spectacle lenses there are 3 types of lenses: Organic lenses: This is a material that is most commonly used in the world of eyewear and is made from a hardened resin from the polyester family. Mineral lenses: They are made of glass and are therefore less resistant and heavier. Polycarbonate glasses: Made from a material used to make war planes in the 1950s, they are lighter and stronger. How they are collected:

Organic crystals: As they are made of resin, they are collected from trees with tools such as the crescent moon. Mineral crystals: As they are made from glass, they are made from silica sand that is heated in a fusion reactor to temperatures of over 1000ºC. Polycarbonate glasses: The manufacturing process of polycarbonates is complex: First, bisphenol A is reacted with sodium hydroxide to obtain bisphenol A sodium salt. It is then reacted with phosgene to create polycarbonate for further handling and thermoforming.

SECONDARY SECTOR

The secondary sector in glasses is one of the most important ones because many people use them if they have any eye problem or if they just want them for fashion. Most of the factories are in China where they create the mmounts or the lenses of different materials.

Secondary sector: fRame

The material that has been chosen is taken to the creation factory, the country with the largest number of these factories is China, with 90% of factories creating glasses. The manufacturing process begins with its design, which is done in 3D modeling software. In this creative process, the shapes, the colors of the frames and the materials to be used are decided.

Secondary sector: Frame

The assembly process depends on each material. A mold, which has the shape of the frame, is filled with the material chosen by the designers. As with any other product, the frame that makes up your glasses undergoes a quality control to assess its resistance and the absence of defects.

Secondary sector: lenses

Taking into account that the different types of ophthalmic lenses are characterized by their geometry and roughness, the manufacturer must obtain certain surfaces on the lens faces from a glass block. The first step to achieve the proper manufacturing of a lens to order is the choice of the glass block and the necessary tools such as molds for the grinding and polishing of each surface.

Secondary sector: lenses

Then the first surface is generated in four stages, which are clamping, generating, refining and polishing. After controlling and verifying the first surface and the center thickness, the subsequent surface is generated by repeating the four stages mentioned above. This time, we proceed to control and verify the quality of the surfaces and the mass.

Secondary sector: lenses

En cuanto a la fabricación de lentes partiendo de un semiterminado, únicamente se genera la primera superficie luego de elegir el semiterminado. En cualquiera de los dos tipos de fabricación, se realiza un proceso llamado “Bloqueado”, el cual tiene como objetivo adaptar al bloque de vidrio un suplemento para permitir su sujeción en las máquinas de procesado, afinado y pulido para la obtención de una superficie óptica. Este proceso se realiza recubriendo con una laca la superficie opuesta a la que se va a trabajar, mejorando su adherencia y protegiendo de posibles agresiones que pueden deteriorar la pieza. Por su parte, el “desbloqueo” se obtiene sumergiendo la pieza en un recipiente termostatado con agua a 80ºc, logrando que el suplemento se separe del vidrio, depositandose en el fondo del recipiente para ser usado nuevamente.

Tertiary sector

Importing glasses from third countries (As we discussed in the previous slide, China is the most common country). Glasses, since 2011, are classified as a medical device, so the factories that ship them, need a specific license. First, they are classified by groups, and the National Health Authorities make them a safety inspection and certification, when they pass they are sent to Spain by plane.

terciary sector: spain

Una vez en España, en la frontera se les hace otro control de seguridad, y ya despues son enviadas a las opticas normalmente en aviones, por lo que tardan entre 7-10 dias en llegar a su destino.

environmental impact

In the first sector, it consists mainly of logging, which is bad for the ecosystem because it eliminates many habitats of animal species. In the second sector, it consists mainly of factories, which pollute a lot due to the excess of machines. In the tertiary sector, when coming to spain by plane, they have air pollution.

Human rights

In the primary and secondary sectors, there are no human rights violations, since they are jobs like any other which are well paid and in good conditions.

Thanks for your attention

When making spectacle lenses there are 3 types of lenses: Organic lenses: This is a material that is most commonly used in the world of eyewear and is made from a hardened resin from the polyester family. Mineral lenses: They are made of glass and are therefore less resistant and heavier. Polycarbonate glasses: Made from a material used to make war planes in the 1950s, they are lighter and stronger. How they are collected Organic crystals: As they are made of resin, they are collected from trees with tools such as the crescent moon. Mineral crystals: As they are made from glass, they are made from silica sand that is heated in a fusion reactor to temperatures of over 1000ºC. Polycarbonate glasses: The manufacturing process of polycarbonates is complex: First, bisphenol A is reacted with sodium hydroxide to obtain bisphenol A sodium salt. It is then reacted with phosgene to create polycarbonate for further handling and thermoforming