GLOSSARY

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Phraseology of the modern English language

/freɪ.ziˈɒl.ə.dʒi/

is a branch of linguistics which studies different types of set expressions, which like words name various objects and phenomena.

Phraseology -

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl 'juː.nɪt/

Phraseological unit -

a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit.

/fri: wɜːd ɡruːp/

• A white elephant
• A clever boy

Free-word group -

is a group of words that can stand alone and make sense independently without any specific structure or order.

/ɪd.i.əm/

• When pigs fly - something that will never happen or is impossible
• Once in a blue moon - very rarely

IDIOM -

a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own.

/slæŋ wɜːdz/

• A piece of cake - something is very easy to do or accomplish
• Breal a leg - wish someone good luck

Slang words -

are informal words and expressions that native speakers use in their everyday conversations, especially among friends.

/trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl ˈfreɪzɪz/

• Nice distinction
• Rough sketch

Traditional phrases -

are commonly used expressions or idiomatic phrases that have been passed down through generations within a specific culture or language.

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl kɒm.bɪˈneɪ.ʃəns/

- are fixed expressions or phrases, which are formed by specific words that are habitually used together due to convention or tradition.

• To fall in love
• To get up
• To break news

Phraseological combinations

/ɪd.i.əˈmæt.ɪk freɪ.zəl ˈvɜːbz/

• Oh no! We've run out of milk.
• My boss expects me to put in 10 hours a day.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs -

are combinations of a verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that, when used together, create a unique meaning that may not be easily deduced from the individual words.

/'frezɪms/

• Green wound - незажившая рана
• Green years - юные годы

Phrasemes -

are linguistic units that consist of two or more components one of which is phraseologically bound, the second is literal and serves as the determining context.

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈfjuː.ʒəns/

• Red tape - бюрократизм, волокита
• A mare’s nest - иллюзия
• My aunt! - вот те на!, ну и ну!

Phraseological fusions -

are units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts.

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ha:f fjuː.ʒəns/

• To buy smth for a song - buy smth cheaply
• To talk through one's hat - talk foolishly, ignorantly

Phraseological half-fusions -

are stable word-groups in which the leading component is literal while the rest of the group is idiomatically fused.

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈju:nɪtis/

• To play the first fiddle - to be a leader in smth
• Old salt - experienced sailor

Phraseological unities -

word-grops in which the meaning of the whole can be deduced from the meanings of its components, but it is transferred (metaphorical or metonymical).

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ha:f ˈju:nɪtis/

• Black frost - without ice or snow
• Dutch courage - strength or confidence gained from drinking alcohol

Phraseological half-unities -

are binary word-groups in which one of the components is literal while the other is phraseologically bound.

/freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl kɒl.əˈkeɪ.ʃəns/

• To meet requirements
• To attain success

Phraseological collocations -

words, which are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically.

/ˈnɒm.ɪ.nə.tɪv freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

- are represented by word-groups, including the ones with one meaningful word.

• A bull in a china shop - a person who is careless, or who moves or acts in a rough or awkward way

Nominative phraseological units

/səbˈstæn.tɪv freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• Crocodile tears – if someone sheds crocodile tears, they seem sad, sorry, or upset, but they do not really feel this way
• Pandora’s box – a process that, if started, will cause many problems that cannot be solved

Substantive phraseological units -

are considered to be these types of phraseological units, where a pivotal or drive component is a noun and expresses objectivity or concept.

/'vɜː.bəl freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• To go to pot (informal) - to be spoiled because people are not working hard or taking care of things

Verbal phraseological units -

are phrases made up of two or more words characterized for presenting certain degree of fixation or idiomaticity (at least one of these words is a verb that plays the role of the predicate).

/ædʒ.ekˈtaɪ.vəl freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• As mad as a hatter - completely crazy
• As cool as a cucumber - calm and not nervous, upset, or excited

Adjectival phraseological units -

are fixed expressions consisting of an adjective and one or more accompanying words that together convey a specific meaning.

/ədˈvɜː.bi.əl freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• By & by - (old-fashioned) before long; soon
• To and fro - backwards and forwards

Adverbial phraseological units -

are combinations of adverbs and other words that form fixed expressions with a specific meaning that is different from the individual words used.

/ˈnɒm.ɪ.nə.tɪv kəˈmjuː.nɪ.kə.tɪv freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• To break the ice - to make people feel more friendly and willing to talk to each other – the ice is broken

Nominative-communicative phraseologicaal units -

include verbal word-groups which are transformed into a sentence when the verb is used in the Passive Voice.

/ɪn.təˈdʒek.ʃənəl freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• By George! – really, indeed
• A fine (nice, pretty) kettle of fish – used to say that a situation is very different from one that you have just mentioned

Interjectional phraseological units -

include interjectional word-groups and some interjections with predicative structure.

/kəˈmjuː.nɪ.kə.tɪv freɪzɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl juː.nɪts/

• Queen Ann in dead! – to say well-known truths
• What will Mrs. Grundy say! – what will people say?

Communicative phraseological units -

are represented by proverbs and sayings. Phraseological units of this class are sentences in form.

/ˈseɪ.ɪŋ/

• It goes without saying
• Like father, like son
• That’s another pair of shoes
• Woe betide you!

Saying -

is any common, colloquial expression, or a remark often made, that is not didactic or moralizing.

/ˈprɒv.ɜːb/

• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
• A friend in need is a friend indeed

Proverb -

is a short familiar sentence expressing popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way.

/fəˈmɪl.i.ə kwəʊˈteɪ.ʃəns/

• The wish is father to the thought (J. Ceasar)
• To err is human (A. Pope)

Familiar quotations -

are well-known phrases, sentences, or passages that are frequently cited or referenced in literature, speeches, or everyday conversations due to their popularity or significance.

The end!