Isomerism and Conformational analysis of n-butane

Isomerism and conformational anaylsis of n-butane

Write a subtitle here

ISOMERISM

Isomerism is a fundamental concept in chemistry where compounds with the same molecular formula exhibit different structural or spatial arrangements, resulting in different chemical and physical properties. Isomers can be classified into several categories: 1. Structural Isomers 2. Stereo Isomers

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS

Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms or bonds within the molecule. This means they have the same number of atoms of each element but the atoms are bonded together in different ways. There are several types of structural isomers:

Chain Isomers

Positional Isomers

Functional Group Isomers

Metamers

Tautomers

STEREO ISOMERS

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity of atoms but differ in their spatial arrangement. Stereoisomers arise due to the arrangement of atoms or groups in space and cannot be interconverted by simple bond rotations without breaking covalent bonds. They are further classified into another two types they are:

1. Conformational Isomers

2. Configurational Isomers

CHAIN ISOMERISM

Chain isomers are a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of the carbon chain. This means that the carbon skeleton, or backbone, of the molecules is arranged differently. Chain isomers can arise in compounds with carbon chains of different lengths or with branches in the chain.

POSITIONAL ISOMERISM

Position isomers, also known as positional isomers or regioisomers, are a type of structural isomerism in which compounds have the same molecular formula and the same functional groups but differ in the position of those functional groups or substituents within the molecule. This means that the atoms are connected in the same order, but the attachment points of functional groups or substituents vary.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERISM

Functional group isomers, also known as functional isomers or functional group positional isomers, are a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but contain different functional groups. This means that the atoms are connected differently, resulting in distinct chemical properties.

METAMERISM

Metamers, also known as metamerism, are a type of structural isomerism found in organic compounds. In metamers, compounds have the same molecular formula, the same functional groups, and the same arrangement of atoms, but they differ in the nature or position of the alkyl groups attached to the functional groups.

TAUTOMERISM

Tautomers are a type of structural isomerism where two isomeric compounds exist in equilibrium with each other, interconverting rapidly under certain conditions. Tautomers have the same molecular formula and the same atoms connected in the same order, but they differ in the arrangement of bonds and the location of a hydrogen atom and a double bond.

CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM

Conformational isomers, also known as conformers or rotamers, are a type of stereoisomerism that arises from the rotation around single bonds. Unlike other types of isomers, such as structural or geometric isomers, conformational isomers do not involve the breaking or formation of bonds; instead, they result from different spatial arrangements of the same molecule due to rotation about single bonds.

CONFIGURATIONAL ISOMERS

Configurational isomers, also known as configurational stereoisomers, are a type of stereoisomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula, the same connectivity of atoms, and the same arrangement of bonds but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms in space. Unlike conformational isomers, which arise from rotation around single bonds, configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking and reforming covalent bonds. They are further divided into two types:

Geometrical Isomers

Optical Isomers

GEOMERICAL ISOMERISM

Geometrical isomers, also known as geometric isomers or cis-trans isomers, are a type of configurational isomerism found in molecules with restricted rotation around a double bond or in a cyclic structure. Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of substituents around the double bond or within the ring.

TYPES OF GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS

Trans-Isomer:In trans isomers, similar groups are located on opposite sides of the double bond or ring structure. The term "trans" comes from Latin, meaning "across" or "on the other side."

Cis-Isomer: In cis isomers, similar groups are located on the same side of the double bond or ring structure. The term "cis" comes from Latin, meaning "on this side."

OPTICAL ISOMERISM

Optical isomerism, also known as optical activity or enantiomerism, is a type of configurational isomerism found in molecules that possess one or more chiral centers. Chiral centers are carbon atoms bonded to four different substituents, resulting in non-superimposable mirror image structures called enantiomers.

CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF n-BUTANE

CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF n-BUTANE

POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM FOR n-BUTANE

THANK YOU!

1. Abhinav (23EG112D49)
2. Shivamani (23EG112D64)
3. Vamshi (23EG112D11)
4. Shiva Kumar (23EG112D25)
5. Riyaz( 23EG112D38)
6. Revanth (23EG112D61)
7. Purushotham (23EG112D51)