TASK 3: DIDACTIC SEQUENCE | WORD FORMATION

UNIVERSITY OF EL SALVADOR

UNIT 5: WORD FORMATION

By: Karen Cardoza

(Beare, 2019)

START

WORD FORMATION

Language is constantly changing, especially in English, where new words are added. This constant change is why people adapt word formation processes to make the language flexible so that we can express ourselves in a way that makes sense in today's world. There are different ways to form new words, but they all serve the same purpose: keeping the language fresh and able to describe new things.

(English language plus literature, 2023)

Next

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

NEOLOGISM

START

WORD FORMATION NEOLOGISMS

Neologisms are new words or expressions that come into a language as it evolves, showing how language can change and adapt to new situations, trends, and technology when we create new words due to the needs or interests of users.

Next

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

ETHYMOLOGY

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

ETHYMOLOGY

In the past, some people thought that language changes were terrible because they believed that adding new words or changing the meanings of existing ones led to a decline in the quality of language.

Etymology studies where words come from, showing how language has changed. By exploring the origins and development of words, etymologists reveal how new words enter our language and how they can evolve. This study helps us understand the stories behind specific words and shows how creative and adaptable language can be.

However, etymology proves that language change is a natural and dynamic process influenced by societal, cultural, and technological shifts, making changes that can keep the language fresh and valuable.

For example, Greek and Latin are the sources of many English words, often providing alternative ways to describe things, such as mono- from Greek (mono-cycle) and uni- from Latin (uni-cycle). The other primary source, Germanic, provides an alternative form of one- (one-wheeled cycle).

Next

(Owens, 2023)

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

BORROWING *LOAN-TRANSLATION

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

BORROWING/LOAN-TRANSLATION

BORROWING

LOAN-TRANSLATION

Borrowing words from other languages is a common way for languages to grow and add new vocabulary. English has a long history of adopting words from different languages due to historical events, cultural exchanges, colonization, and globalization, so this borrowing not only increases the number of words in a language but also shows how different cultures and societies are connected.

Loan translation, called calques, happens when words or phrases from one language are directly translated into another. This translation means the structure stays the same, but the words are in a new language, indicating that it's a way of borrowing that shows how languages and cultures can connect and share ideas.

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WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice question.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 1/10

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is an example of a calque, and which one is an example of borrowing?

Identify the calque example:

Identify the borrowing example:

Jardin d'enfants (French "garden of children") – Kindergarten (German "children garden")

Footobooru (Japanese) – football (English)

Tréning (Hungarian) – training (English)

Tréning (Hungarian) – training (English)

Luna de miel (Spanish "moon of honey") – honeymoon (English)

Luna de miel (Spanish "moon of honey") – honeymoon (English)

AWESOME!

Keep working like that!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

COMPOUNDING/BLENDING

COMPOUNDING

BLENDING

Compounding is when two or more separate words are joined to create a new word. It is a common way to form new terms in languages like English and German, helping us describe complex things or ideas with just one word and showing how languages can be creative, efficient, and adaptable. In English, compounding is a popular way to make new words because it lets us communicate complicated concepts without lengthy explanations.

Blending combines parts of words to create new terms. Unlike compounding, where whole words are joined, blending merges sections of words to form unique expressions that can be fun and memorable.

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WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice question.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 2/10

QUESTION 2

Which word-formation process is the source of the English word modem?

The word "modem" is created through a word-formation process called blending since it combines parts of two words into a new word.

The word "modem" results from conversion, where a word changes from one part of speech to another.

A "modem" is formed through compounding, where two complete words are joined together.

YOU NAILED IT!

KEEP WORKING LIKE THAT!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

CLIPPING *HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONTINUE

Next

WORD FORMATION

CLIPPING/HYPOCORISM/BACKFORMATION

(Postan, 2024)

HYPOCORISM

BACKFORMATION

CLIPPING

Hypocorisms are a playful way of shortening longer words by adding "-y" or "-ie" to the end. This process is widespread in Australian and British English and is often used to make words sound more friendly and familiar. When people use hypocorisms, it can make the conversation feel lighter and more personal since these shortened forms are frequently used to show a sense of affection.

Clipping is when a longer word is shortened to make it easier to understand. It is common in language because it speeds up and makes communication less formal. Clipping allows people to say things more quickly, so these shorter versions often become popular in everyday language.

Backformation is another type of reduction that allows new words to be made by shortening a longer word, often to create a new verb. Usually, this happens when people notice patterns in language, as in the words that end in "-er," like "editor" or "sculptor." people might think there's a verb, like "edit" or "sculpt" that goes with it, creating a new term for that specific action.

WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice question.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 3/10

QUESTION 3

Which process is clearly involved in creating the new term selfie?

The word "selfie" is created by compounding, where two complete words are joined to form a new one.

"Selfie" is made using acronyms, where the initials of different words are used to create a new term.

The term "selfie" is created using a process called hypocorism.

WAY TO GO!

KEEP WORKING LIKE THAT!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

CONVERSION

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

ConVERSION

Conversion, or "category change," occurs when a word changes its grammatical role without altering its spelling or pronunciation. This process allows a word to be used in multiple ways depending on the context of a sentence. A typical example is when a noun becomes a verb. For instance, "text" can refer to written content, but it can also mean sending a message, such as "I'll text you later."

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WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice questions.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 4/10

QUESTION 4

Which two processes were involved in the creation of the verb Google, as in Have you ever googled yourself??

Compounding and Clipping

Neologism and Borrowing

Coinage and Conversion

WORD FORMATION

Question 5/10

QUESTION 5

Which of the following multiple-choice options correctly matches the word-formation process with the underlined word in each sentence?

a) The house next door was burgled when I was babysitting the Smiths’ children.

b) "When I’m ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet."

c) "These new skateboards from Zee Designs are kickass."

Conversion

Backformation

Compounding

Blending

Conversion

Coinage

Derivation

Clipping

Acronym

IMPRESSIVE!

KEEP WORKING LIKE THAT!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

COINAGE *ACRONYMS

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

COINAGE/ACRONYMS

COINAGE

ACRONYMS

Coinage is the process of creating entirely new words in a language. This often happens when a brand name becomes so popular that people start using it to describe similar products, even if they are not made by the original company. Over time, these brand names can turn into everyday words that everyone uses.

Acronyms are words created by taking the first letters of a group of words and putting them together. Some acronyms are pronounced by saying each letter separately, while others are pronounced as one complete word.

(Acronym, s. f.)

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WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice question.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 6/10

QUESTION 6

When is an eponym a neologism?

When an eponym is derived from a foreign language.

When an eponym is used as a new word in the language.

When an eponym is included in a dictionary.

GOOD JOB!

KEEP WORKING LIKE THAT!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

DERIVATION *PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

DERIVATION/PREFIXES/SUFFIXES/INFIXES

PREFIXES

DERIVATION

Prefixes change the meaning of a word by adding something to the front of it. For example:

Derivation is creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes to existing words. A prefix is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, while a suffix is added to the end to create a new form. .

(Own elaboration)

SUFFIXES

On the other hand, suffixes are added to the end of a word and can change the word's function or meaning. Some examples are:

INFIXES

Next

(Own elaboration)

WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice questions.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 7/10

QUESTION 7

In Khmu, the word kap means “to grasp with tongs,” and tiap means “to fold a small package.” What would be the words for “tongs” and “a small package”?

The word for "tongs" in Khmu would be "kap" and the word for "a small package" would be "tiap".

The word for "tongs" would be "tiap" and for "a small package" would be "kap".

The word for "tongs" would be "kmap" and for "a small package" would be "tiac".

WORD FORMATION

Question 8/10

QUESTION 8

Identify the correct prefixes and suffixes used in these words:

1. Disagreement

2. Ineffective

3. Unfaithful

Prefix: ine- / Suffix: -active

Prefix: un- / Suffix: -faith

Prefix: dis- / Suffix: -ement

Prefix: in- / Suffix: -tive

Prefix: dis- / Suffix: -ment

Prefix: un- / Suffix: -ful

Prefix: in- / Suffix: -ive

Prefix: u- / Suffix: -faithful

Prefix: dis- / Suffix: -ent

AWESOME!

KEEP WORKING LIKE THAT!

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

CONTINUE

WORD FORMATION

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

Sometimes, new words are created by combining different processes to illustrate how two or more word-formation processes can work together to create new words or meanings. One example is the word "snowball," which demonstrates the compounding process, which involves combining two words to create a new one, as in the words "snow" and "ball." The conversion process since the word "snowball" can also be used as a verb, meaning to grow or accumulate rapidly, like a snowball rolling down a hill .

Next

(Singer, s. f.)

WORD FORMATION

CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

And answer the multiple choice questions.

LET'S GO!

WORD FORMATION

Question 9/10

QUESTION 9

What do we call the process whereby a new word is formed to be like an existing word?

Conversion

Backformation

Analogy

WORD FORMATION

Question 10/10

QUESTION 10

Which of the following statements accurately describes the processes involved in creating the underlined words in the given sentences?

a) “Police have reported an increase in carjackings in recent months.”

c) “Jeeves, could you tell the maid to be sure to hoover the bedroom carpet?”

b) "I had to temp for a while before I got a real job."

Blending + Backformation

Compounding + Derivation

Compounding + Derivation

Clipping + Hypocorism

Clipping + Conversion

Clipping + Conversion

Compounding + Derivation

Eponym + Conversion

Blending + Coinage

YOU'VE DONE A GOOD JOB!

Congratulations! You have answered all the questions.

CONTINUE

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DERIVATION*PREFIXES *SUFFIXES *INFIXES

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

COINAGE*ACRONYMS

COMPOUNDING *BLENDING

BORROWING*LOAN-TRANSLATION

CLIPPING*HYPOCORISM *BACKFORMATION

CONVERSION

ETHYMOLOGY

NEOLOGISM

INDEX

WORD FORMATION

NEXT

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

• Yule, G. (2017). The Study of Language. Sixth Edition U.K: Cambridge University Press
• English language plus literature. (2023, 18 agosto). word formation process|word formation in linguistics| types of word formation in English [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5bUzP_vtik
• Owens, A. (2023, 26 Mayo). Unraveling the tapestry of words: Exploring Etymology. TLC Translation - Translation & Interpreting Services. https://www.tlctranslation.com/unraveling-the-tapestry-of-words-exploring-etymology/
• Learn Easy English. (2022, 11 febrero). COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH ✅ | Closed, Open & Hyphenated Compound words [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwFK3oWepdU}
• Redirect notice. (s. f.). https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.writeathome.com%2Findex.php%2F2016%2F06%2Fclipped-words%2F&psig=AOvVaw1NSNvFNp3utuvqHBMzvMbp&ust=1714344238020000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPje8oy844UDFQAAAAAdAAAAAB
• Postan, L. (2024, 1 marzo). Clipping and Word Formation. Localization Services By BLEND. https://www.getblend.com/blog/clipping-word-formation/
• Acronym. (s. f.). https://contenthub-static.grammarly.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Nov.blog_header_Acronym.png
• Singh, G. (2022, 31 julio). Word Formation - Etymology, Borrowing, Compounding, Blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, coinage, Derivation. True Blue Guide : Digital Education, Marketing, Tips &Amp; Tricks, Digital Tools. https://www.trueblueguide.com/2022/07/word-formation-process-in-english.html
• Singer, F. M. B. o. B. E. o. S. (s. f.). WORD FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY. Ppt Download. https://slideplayer.com/slide/12811534/

FINISH

• Redirect notice. (s. f.-i). https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admagazine.com%2Farticulos%2Flego-es-mejor-inversion-que-las-acciones-los-bonos-o-incluso-el-oro&psig=AOvVaw0jbLJVKb9IzNiLnZAQ_TvL&ust=1714341334639000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCJip2aOx44UDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
• Redirect notice. (s. f.-k). https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.lego.com%2Fes-es%2F&psig=AOvVaw0jbLJVKb9IzNiLnZAQ_TvL&ust=1714341334639000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCJip2aOx44UDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
• Wilkes, J. (2022, 30 agosto). Did the Earl of Sandwich invent the sandwich? https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/did-earl-sandwich-invent-sandwich/
• Sanwich. (s. f.). https://www.ecoenvasesbenidorm.com/blog/novedades-4-john-montagu-iv-conde-de-sandwich
• Steve.Zhang. (2023, 11 octubre). On Word Conversion in E-C Translation. CCJK. https://www.ccjk.com/word-conversion-e-c-translation/
• Harris, E. (2017, 14 julio). Faculty of Arts English Department Morphology. Ppt Video Online Download. https://slideplayer.com/slide/9395301/#google_vignette

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

START AGAIN

Another example is the word "microwave," which began as a noun referring to an appliance used for heating food. It came from compounding "micro-" (small) and "wave" and later became a verb meaning "to heat food using a microwave." Also, the word "yuppie" combines the acronym for "Young Urban Professional" with the "-ie" ending, a form of hypocorism that makes words sound friendlier or more casual. This process is also influenced by analogy, where new words are formed to be like an existing, like how "yuppie" follows the same ending as "hippie."

Some examples are:

• Bikkie (from "biscuit")
• Brekkie (from "breakfast")
• Telly (from "television")
• Take a sickie ("a day of sick leave from work, whether for real sickness or not")
• Selfie (from "picture portrate")

A well-known example of clipping is "fax," which comes from "facsimile." As fax machines became common for sending documents electronically, the shorter term "fax" caught on because it's easier to say and remember.Another example is "gas," clipped from "gasoline." This shortened form is used in both American and British English to refer to fuel for cars. People use "gas" instead of "gasoline" because it's quicker to say and just as easy to understand.

(Redirect Notice, s. f.)

Other examples are:

• "Ad," a clipped form of "advertisement." It's a shorter way to refer to commercials, promotions, or marketing materials.
• "Bra" is Clipped from "brassiere," an undergarment worn for support.
• "Fan" is a shorter version of "fanatic." It describes someone enthusiastic about something, like a sports team or a celebrity.

Some examples of backformation could be:• Edit (from "editor") • Donate (from "donation") • Resurrect (from "resurrection") • Sculpt (from "sculptor" Another exciting thing about backformation is that it sometimes comes from misunderstandings or assumptions about language. For instance, if someone sees a word that seems to suggest a specific action, they might naturally create a verb to describe it, even if that verb didn't exist before, as in the word "babysitter," which describes someone who watches over children, so people might assume there's a verb to describe that action, and that is how they create the word "babysit," showing how flexible and creative language can be.

Some examples are:

• "Smog" combines "smoke" and "fog," describing polluted air where smoke and fog combine.
• "Brunch" mix "breakfast" and "lunch" for a late-morning meal combining both. "Blog" comes from "web" and "log," indicating an online journal.
• "Motel" combines "motor" and "hotel," creating a term for a hotel designed for travelers with cars, offering convenient parking and access.
• "Modem" is a mix of "modulator" and "demodulator," referring to a device that connects computers to networks or the internet.
• "Telethon" combines "television" and "marathon," used to describe a long television show, usually for charity, running for several hours or days.

• Also, technology, business, and government often use acronyms to save time and simplify communication. For example, the ATM "automatic teller machine" and the required PIN "personal identification number" are acronyms that help people understand their functions without knowing the exact meaning and are easier to remember.

• For example, "USA" stands for the "United States of America," and people say it by pronouncing each letter one at a time: U-S-A. However, the acronym "NASA," which stands for the "National Aeronautics and Space Administration," is spoken as a single word: NASA.

• Sometimes, acronyms become words that we use every day. A clear example is the word "laser," which stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." Even though it has a long origin, we say "laser" like a regular word instead of saying its long origin since it is more complicated to communicate. Hence, it is essential to notice that acronyms make our lives easy because they make long names or phrases shorter and easier to remember.

Here are more examples:

(Singh, 2022)

• Infixes are a type of affix that gets inserted in the middle of a word.
• Infixes are uncommon in English, but sometimes, you might see them in slang or expressive language. For example, you might hear "un-freakin'-believable," where "-freakin'-" is placed in the middle of "unbelievable," or "absogoddamlutely," where "-goddam-" is inserted into "absolutely." In English, this is usually used for emphasis or humor.
• In the Khmu language, infixes are more common and can be used to turn verbs into nouns. For instance, the verb "kap" means "to grasp with tongs," and the corresponding noun for "tongs" can be created by adding an infix or another affix to form a new word. Similarly, the verb "tiap," which means "to fold a small package," can be changed into the noun for "a small package" by using an infix or a different morphological process.
• Understanding how infixes work in Khmu gives us insights into the language's structure and word formation patterns.

(Harris, 2017)

Another example is the word "babysitter" because it combines compounding and derivation.

• Combining is when two words are combined to make a new one. Here, we have "baby" and "sitter."
• Derivation involves adding a prefix or suffix. In "Babysitter," the "-er" at the end indicates someone who acts.

The word 'babysitter' is a perfect example of how these linguistic processes collaborate. It's formed by compounding ('baby' and 'sitter') and then adding a suffix ('-er '). This demonstrates how multiple processes can harmoniously work together to create a single word, showcasing the interconnections of language formation.

(Rue, 2014)

For example:

• "Bookcase" is a compound of "book" and "case," meaning a piece of furniture for holding books.
• "Doorknob" is a mix of "door" and "knob," describing a handle to open a door.
• "Toothbrush" combines "tooth" and "brush," referring to a brush used to clean teeth.
• "Football" comes from "foot" and "ball," describing a game where a ball is kicked with the feet.
• "Sunflower" joins "sun" and "flower," indicating a flower that looks like the sun and often follows its path.

(Learn Easy English, 2022)

• One example of loan translation is the French term "gratte-ciel," which means "scrape-sky" and is a direct translation of the English word "skyscraper." Thus, the idea of a tall building that looks like it's scraping the sky is apparent in both languages, showing how languages can borrow and keep the original meaning.

• Another example is the English word "superman." This word has been translated into other languages through loan translation, as in German, where it's "Übermensch." In French, it's "surhomme," keeping the idea of a superhuman or someone with extraordinary abilities, just like the original English term.